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美学自学考试名词解释汇总

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美学自学考试名词解释汇总

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自考美学名词解释汇总

1、崇高作为审美形态,它主要指对象以其粗犷、博大的感性形态,劲健的物质力量和精神力量,雄伟的气势,给人以心灵的震撼,使人惊心动魄、心潮澎湃,进而受到强烈的鼓舞和激越,引起人们产生敬仰和赞叹的情怀,从而提升和扩大了人的精神境界。在审美意象的形式构成上,崇高往往具有粗犷博大的感性形态。2、灵感是艺术家在意象创造中,由于各种心理机制、功能处于高度协调的自由状态而突然生成的精神昂奋、注意集中、情绪激动、想象力空前活跃的一种思维活动的境界。3、气韵中国美学思想中的一种审美形态。其特征是审美对象洋溢着一股不可抑制的生命的活动,源源不断地流淌出来,而且这种生命的波动又具有一定的节奏和规律性,形成美的形象和美的感受,并且在文字、线条、色彩和声音等表现形式之外,给人留下很多联想和回味的余地。4、自然的人化人化自然是马克思提出的一个十分重要的美学观点,马克思以此来描述客观的自然界不断进入人的活动,被人社会化、人化的过程。马克思认为,人在改造自然的过程中,将自己的本质力量作用于自然,使自然与人的关系从完全“异己的、对立的”关系,转化为被人类所认识、改造、利用、支配的关系,自然界在越来越广泛的意义上成为人化了的自然,人由此确立自己的存在。自然的人化使人得以从审美的角度把握自然,自然界因此而具有了审美上的意义。5、自然美指自然事物的美,它是社会性与自然性的统一。社会性指自然美的根源于人类社会生活的实践,自然性是指自然事物的某些属性和特征是形成自然美的必要条件。6、优美是理想人生境界与人生存在实践完满统一的现实呈现和展示,是和谐化一的人生存在至境。7、通感人是一个有机的生命整体。它们之间并不是相互割裂、互不相通的。一种感官的变化,常会引起其他感官的变化。它们之间还有协作,还有相互的影响和沟通。这种感觉现象就是通感。8、艺术品是精神性的人工制品,是艺术家审美创造活动的结晶,也是艺术家对世界审美关系的感性显现和凝定,它一旦进入接受者的审美欣赏活动,与接受者建立起审美关系,便生成、显现为最高层次的审美对象。9、审美形态指在审美活动中展现出来,以复杂的人生样态、自由的人生境界为核心的审美情趣、审美风格等感性显现的对象化的形态,以及人们对不同形态的逻辑分类。10、.审美关系是植跟于人与世界存在关系的、借助感性形式建构起来的、自由的情感体验关系。

美学原理名词解释汇总:

美学思想:美学思想是人类宙美实践和艺术实践发展到一定历史阶段的产物,是对人类审美实践和艺术实践的哲学概括。人类早期的美学思想散见于古代大量的文学、画论、书论、乐论及折学、历史等著作中。这些不具备系统的理论。体系的美学思想往往凝聚、结晶为某些美学范畴和美学命题,是美学产生的基础,但还不是作为独立学科的美学。

审美主体:审美主体特指审美活动中的主体,是审美活动的发出者、承扣者,在审美活动中与审美客体构成对象性关系,审美主体有着内在的审美需要、审美追求,这是审美活动得以开展的动因,在审美活动中起者积极的主导作用。因此也可以说。

审美主体是特定的人。审美主体还具有相应的审美能力与审美标准,这是审美活动得以展开的保证与审美活动必需的评价标准。

《美学原理》是意大利作家克罗齐创作的美学研究图书,由上海人民出版社发行于2007年4月。该作主要讲述了美学在整个哲学中的地位,审美活动与其他心灵活动的分别与关系。

很多小伙伴问,关于美学自考必考知识点有哪些?自考知识点的相关问题,今天本站编辑就给大家整理了关于美学自考必考知识点有哪些?自考知识点全部问题,希望对你有帮助!美学自考必考知识点有哪些?美学自考知识重点:1、审美趣味:个人在审美活动和审美评价中所体现出来的个人的爱好和倾向,它是主体社会性的显现,具有强烈的社会性。2、美感:主体在具体活动中与审美对象同时建立起来的呈现出的审美主体的存在方式和存在状态,它体现出主体直观到超越功利、伦理、认识的人生境界,体验出人和世界的意义而表现出来的幸福感、自由感和愉悦感。 3、审美意识:审美主体在具体的活动中被具有独特性质的个体深深吸引,而情不自禁的对之进行领悟、体会、咀嚼,进而陶醉其中,心灵受到摇荡和震撼的一种独特的精神状态。4、寓教于乐:古罗马贺拉斯提出,将美育看作娱乐和道德教育的统一,要求文艺要具有艺术魅力,以感动给人以教益。5、审美直观: 直观是审美经验的一种重要特征,它是指不需要概念推理能够直接把握对象的审美特征,直观分为感性直观和本质直观,前者是指通过主体感觉器官不把握对象的感性特征,后者是指通过直觉把握对象的本质特征。6、美感欣赏活动:指主体对美的现象进行感受体验、观照鉴赏和评价,提出艺术教育和审美教育通过感性的途径完善人性7、费希纳:倡导“自上而下”研究美学的方法,实验学家命运悲剧。自考本科教育学要考哪些科目自考本科教育学要考的科目如下:中国近现代史纲要、马克思主义基本原理概论、教育统计与测量、中外教育简史、心理卫生与心理辅导、发展与教育、心理学、教育管理原理、课程与教学论、德育原理、教育学原理、教育科学研究方法(二)、认知心理、现代教育技术等。教育学是一门普通高等学校本科专业,这一专业的学生主要学习教育科学的基本理论和基本知识,受到教育科学研究的基本训练,掌握从事教育教学工作等方面的基本能力。教育学专业教育教学应坚持以马克思主义为指导,以国家政治、经济和文化建设发展需求为基本原则,以中国高等教育定位和特点为参考框架。同时以行业标准和社会需求为导向,培养具有坚定正确的政治方向、高尚的道德品质,具备良好的科学与人文素养,具有国际视野,系统掌握教育科学和本专业必需的基础知识、基本理论、基本技能和方法,具有较强的创新创业精神和教育创业实践能力和管理能力,能够在各级各类教育及管理机构胜任教育、教学、管理与研究工作的高级专门人才。混凝土结构设计原理知识点总结是什么?《混凝土结构设计原理》知识点如下:1、强度越高的钢筋要求与混凝土的粘结强度越高,提高粘结强度的办法是将钢筋表面轧成有规律的突出花纹,也即带肋钢筋(我国为月牙纹)。2、屈服强度fy loweryield ,是钢筋强度的设计依据。3、余热处理钢筋RRB400Ⅳ级钢筋强度太高,不适宜作为钢筋混凝土构件中的配筋,一般冷拉后作预应力筋。4、钢筋的塑性指标主要有两个:延伸率和冷弯性能。这两个指标反映了钢筋的塑性性能和变形能力。5、预应力钢丝是以优质高碳钢盘条经等温淬火再拉拔而成的钢丝。第一次复习自学考试教材应该做什么?知识点怎样能记得更牢固?很多自考生在正式进入复习阶段,开始第一遍复习教材的时候,容易找不到方法,一页一页继续看,继续啃知识点,其实,有可能会造成时间的浪费,考生们可以尝试这样做。01多分析多总结在第一次复习教材的时候,每学习一个章节都做一次总结,总结出这个章节的知识点,易错点,重点,难点等,等到以后再复习这个章节的时候也能很方便明了地看懂这个章节的所有知识点。在做题之后也要分析总结,看自己错在哪里,如果是粗心,那之后就要多注意、仔细一点,如果是知识点还未掌握,那就再去攻克。02循环复习,不断巩固记忆是有时间限制的,要记的内容我们不断去复习。复习完一个章节之后,在下次复习下一个章节前把之前的那个章节温习一遍。这样可以加强之前章节知识点的掌握,能够不断进行巩固,也可以检测一下你是否忘记了上一章节所学的知识点了。03一定要坚持学习很多参加高等教育自学考试的考生,平时上班,业余时间本来就不多,还总想着玩玩手机,打打游戏。学习是一个长期坚持的事情,至少在考试前是不可松懈的。每天都要坚持看看,复习温习一下之前复习的,再学习一点新的知识点,一直坚持到高等教育自学考试考试。04报读考前辅导班如果考生的基础水平实在是不好,自己复习,静不下来看书,记不住知识点,那么就可以选择一个高等教育自学考试考前辅导班,上辅导课进行学习。有专业的自考辅导班的老师面授课辅导,这样复习起来就不用那么吃力,也容易掌握书中的知识点。总之,考生们一定要有针对性地复习教材,讲究方法,讲究效率。八月份自考就开始了,还有好多内容没记,越急越记不住怎么办,有什么好的学习方法?一、学以致用:理解的知识就要运用,运用才是学习的目的。该记住的东西要马上记住,并及时巩固,反复运用,以达到滚瓜烂熟的地步。二、重复是记忆之本:学习、尝试记忆、重复、巩固、再重复,直到倒背如流、运用自如才放过。三、反复思考:思考是一座桥,把别人的知识转化为你自己的东西。四、温故而知新:注意知识内在之间的联系、比较,注重知识之间的整理归纳,将零星的知识串连起来,使之系统化、条理化、形成知识链,便于对比,也便于选择,更利于应用。五、理解加上总结等于记忆。六、突出重点:可以全面复习,但不要面面俱到,还是要抓住关键、突出重点,这样成效才好,学得又轻松。自考/成考有疑问、不知道自考/成考考点内容、不清楚当地自考/成考政策,点击底部咨询官网老师,免费领取复习资料:

美学自学考试名词解释汇总

美学自考必考知识点如下:

1、审美趣味:个人在审美活动和审美评价中所体现出来个人爱好和倾向,它是主体社会显现,具有强烈社会。

2、美感:主体在具体活动中与审美对象同时建立起来呈现出审美主体存在方式和存在状态,它体现出主体直观到超越利、伦理、认识人生境界,体验出人和世界意义而表现出来幸福感、自由感和愉悦感。

3、美学的学科性质:美学是一门关于审美现象的综合性的人文学科。美学研究的核心方法是哲学方法。

4、美学发展的三个阶段

(1)审美意识,审美意识是人类在生存实践中萌发出来的有某种不明晰审美追求的意识。

(2)特性:具体感性的审美活动体现出来,缺乏明确而系统的理论表述,不成熟,不自觉。

(3)分类:分为初级审美意识和高级审美意识。

5、美学是研究美和美的规律这样一门学科;代表人物:柏拉图,代表作品:《大希庇阿斯篇》美学在古希腊没成为一门学科,但开始研究美本身、美的本质。

6、美学研究的方法多种多样,从学科性质来看,美学核心方法应当是哲学方法。

7、审美需要的特征

(1)生命需要:是人所独有的一种生命需要,它植根于人的生命活动本身的独特性质。

(2)高级的精神追求:审美需要属于人的一种高级的精神追求,而不仅仅是感官欲求的享受。

8、审美理想的概念:是主体心目中关于完善的美的观念。所谓审美理想就是主体通过想象在头脑中构造出来的理想形态的美。审美理想在主体的审美心理结构中必然处于最高的位置。

9、审美理想与人生理想的内在关联:审美理想反映着一定时代的民族性、时代性和阶级性,它与社会理想联系在一起。审美理想不仅仅是审美活动本身的产物,而是主体全部人生实践的结晶。

10、审美趣味的两重性:存在着个体性与社会性、特殊性与普遍性的矛盾。

二、多项选择题(本大题共5小题,每小题2分,共10分) 在每小题列出的五个备选项中有二至五个是符合题目要求的,请将其选出并将“答题卡”的相应代码涂黑。未涂、错涂、多涂或少涂均无分。 31. 在西方美学,提倡“快乐说”的理论家是 A. 格兰特?艾伦 B. 托马斯?阿奎那 C. 斯宾塞 D. 亨利?马歇尔 E. 席勒 32. 狄德罗曾认为“美在关系”,他所谓的“关系”不包括 A. 一事物内在结构上的秩序、安排、对称关系 B. 一事物与其他事物的关系 C. 人与人的关系 D. 人与自我的关系 E. 事物与人的关系33. 以下属于古希腊毕达哥拉斯学派的美学观念的是 A. 美来源于数的秩序 B. 数是宇宙的本源 C. 美在于客观事物的对立、冲突 D. 人体美在于各个部分之间的比例对称 E. 一切艺术都产生于数34. 作为审美关系主体的人,包括以下哪些方面的本质属性 A. 自然性 B. 物质性 C. 社会性 D. 精神性 E. 历史性35. 在西方美学,关于喜剧产生的原因有多种解释,其中具有代表性的有 A. 突然荣耀说 B. 乖讹说 C. 生命的机械化 D. 心理能量消耗的节省说 E. 游戏说 三、名词解释(本大题共4小题,第36、37小题每小题4分,第38、39小题每小题3分,共14分) 36. 心理距离说 37. 美感 38. 艺术的审美功能 39. 无我之境 四、简答题(本大题共3小题,第40、41小题每小题7分,第42小题6分,共20分) 40. 简述审美活动中会产生通感现象的原因。 41. 简述现当代西方的一些美学家反对给美和艺术下定义的原因。 42. 简述美育转移人的心理气质和精神面貌的途径。 五、论述题(本大题共2小题,第43小题12分,第44小题14分,共26分) 43. 从矛盾统一的观点出发,举例说明美感欣赏活动的深层心理特征。 44. 为什么说“技”与“道”是艺术创造中不可逾越的环节?二者的关系如何?

设计美学自考名词解释汇总

美学自考必考知识点如下:

1、审美趣味:个人在审美活动和审美评价中所体现出来个人爱好和倾向,它是主体社会显现,具有强烈社会。

2、美感:主体在具体活动中与审美对象同时建立起来呈现出审美主体存在方式和存在状态,它体现出主体直观到超越利、伦理、认识人生境界,体验出人和世界意义而表现出来幸福感、自由感和愉悦感。

3、美学的学科性质:美学是一门关于审美现象的综合性的人文学科。美学研究的核心方法是哲学方法。

4、美学发展的三个阶段

(1)审美意识,审美意识是人类在生存实践中萌发出来的有某种不明晰审美追求的意识。

(2)特性:具体感性的审美活动体现出来,缺乏明确而系统的理论表述,不成熟,不自觉。

(3)分类:分为初级审美意识和高级审美意识。

5、美学是研究美和美的规律这样一门学科;代表人物:柏拉图,代表作品:《大希庇阿斯篇》美学在古希腊没成为一门学科,但开始研究美本身、美的本质。

6、美学研究的方法多种多样,从学科性质来看,美学核心方法应当是哲学方法。

7、审美需要的特征

(1)生命需要:是人所独有的一种生命需要,它植根于人的生命活动本身的独特性质。

(2)高级的精神追求:审美需要属于人的一种高级的精神追求,而不仅仅是感官欲求的享受。

8、审美理想的概念:是主体心目中关于完善的美的观念。所谓审美理想就是主体通过想象在头脑中构造出来的理想形态的美。审美理想在主体的审美心理结构中必然处于最高的位置。

9、审美理想与人生理想的内在关联:审美理想反映着一定时代的民族性、时代性和阶级性,它与社会理想联系在一起。审美理想不仅仅是审美活动本身的产物,而是主体全部人生实践的结晶。

10、审美趣味的两重性:存在着个体性与社会性、特殊性与普遍性的矛盾。

美学原理名词解释汇总:

美学思想:美学思想是人类宙美实践和艺术实践发展到一定历史阶段的产物,是对人类审美实践和艺术实践的哲学概括。人类早期的美学思想散见于古代大量的文学、画论、书论、乐论及折学、历史等著作中。这些不具备系统的理论。体系的美学思想往往凝聚、结晶为某些美学范畴和美学命题,是美学产生的基础,但还不是作为独立学科的美学。

审美主体:审美主体特指审美活动中的主体,是审美活动的发出者、承扣者,在审美活动中与审美客体构成对象性关系,审美主体有着内在的审美需要、审美追求,这是审美活动得以开展的动因,在审美活动中起者积极的主导作用。因此也可以说。

审美主体是特定的人。审美主体还具有相应的审美能力与审美标准,这是审美活动得以展开的保证与审美活动必需的评价标准。

《美学原理》是意大利作家克罗齐创作的美学研究图书,由上海人民出版社发行于2007年4月。该作主要讲述了美学在整个哲学中的地位,审美活动与其他心灵活动的分别与关系。

自学考试名词解释汇总

名词解释: 1. 组织:是在共同目标指导下协同工作的人群社会实体单位;它建立一定的机构,成为独立的法人;它又是通过分工合作而协调配合人们行为的组织活动过程。 2. 行为:狭义的行为是指人受其生理、心理支配或客观环境的刺激而表现出能被观察到的一切外显的活动。广义的行为除上述可以直接观察到的外显行为外,还包括内隐的心理活动;广义行为的概念实际是把心理和行为统称为人的行为。 3. 组织行为学:是研究在组织中以及组织与环境相互作用中,人们从事工作的心理活动和行为反应规律性的科学。 4. 感觉:是客观事物直接作于人的感觉器官,人脑中所产生的对这些事物个别属性的反映。它也是客观事物在人的认知过程中最简单的最初的反映形式,是构成知觉和思维等复杂的高级的反映形式的基础。 5. 知觉:是在感觉的基础上,把所感觉到的客观事物的各种个别属性联系起来,在人脑中产生的对该事物各种属性的组合整体反映。 6. 社会知觉:是指主体对社会环境中有关人的知觉,包括对个人、群体和组织特性的知觉。 7. 自我知觉:是指主体对自己的心理与行为状态的知觉,通过自我知觉发现和了解自己,从而使自己的行为能更好地适应外界环境的要求。 8. 价值观:是人们对客观事物(包括人、物、事)在满足主观需要方面的有用性、重要性、有效性的总评价和总看法,这是人们的一种观点和信念,是世界观的组成部分,是指导人们行为的准则。 9. 态度:是个人对某一对象所持有的评价和行为倾向。 10. 工作态度:是对工作所持有的评价与行为倾向。 11. 工作参与度:是指员工对自己工作的认可程度、投入程度,以及认为工作对自我价值实现的重要程度。 12. 个性:是个人所具有的各种心理特征和意识倾向的较稳定的有机组合。 13. 气质:是指与个人神经过程的特性相联系的行为特征。 14. 能力:是个人顺利完成某种活动所必备的心理特征。 15. 性格:是个人对现实的稳定态度和习惯化的行为方式。 16. 控制方位论:是指个人行为能否达到某种结果靠那方面原因控制的看法。 17. 创造性行为:是指人这个主题综合各方面的信息后形成一定目标和控制或调节客体过程中产生出前所未有的并具有社会价值的新成果的一种行为。 18. 事业生涯:是指一个人一生所连续地担负的工作职业和工作职务、职位及岗位的发展道路。 19. 事业生涯的设计:是对个人今后所要从事的职业、要去的工作组织和单位、要担负的工作职务和工作职位的发展道路,作出设想和计划的过程。 20. 事业生涯的开发:是指为达到事业生涯设计所列出的各阶段的事业目标,而进行的知识、能力专业和技术的开发性(培训、教育)活动。 21. 事业生涯的管理:是指组织和职工本人对事业生涯进行设计、规划、实施和监控的过程。 22. 群体:是指为了实现某个特定的目标,两个或两个以上相互作用、相互依赖的个体的组合。 23. 正式群体:是指由组织结构确定的、职务分配很明确的群体。 24. 非正式群体:是那些既没有正式结构、也不是由组织确定的联盟,它们是人们为了满足社会交往的需要在工作环境中自然形成的。 25. 角色:是指人们对某个社会性单位中占有一个职位的人所期望的一系列行为模式。 26. 角色同一性:是指对一种角色的态度与实际角色行为的一致性。 27. 角色知觉:是指一个人对于自己在某种环境中应该有什么样的行为反应的认识。 28. 角色期待:是指别人认为你在一个特定的情境中应该做出什么样的行为反应。 29. 群体凝聚力:是指群体成员之间相互吸引并愿意留在群体中的程度。是维持群体行为有效性的一种合力。 30. 群体助长(群体促进):一个人的活动由于有别人同时参加或在场旁观,活动效率会提高,这种现象就叫群体助长或群体促进作用。 31. 社会惰化:是指一种倾向,一个人在群体中工作不如单独一个人工作时更努力。 32. 协同效应:是指由两种以上的物质相互作用所产生的效果不同于每个物质作用的总和。 33. 正式沟通:是指组织和群体中正式的沟通过程,它是按照组织的结构和功能特性进行沟通传递的,如组织和群体的管理行为、例行的汇报、总结、工作任务分配等均属此列。 34. 群体思维:指群体对于从众的压力使群体对不寻常的、少数人的或不受欢迎的观点得不出客观的评价,会严重损害群体效绩。 35. 群体转移:是指讨论可选择的方案进行决策的过程,群体成员倾向于夸大自己最初的立场和观点,在某些情况下谨慎的态度占上风,形成保守转移,但在大多数情况下,容易向冒险转移。 36. 人际关系:指人们在共同活动的过程中形成的彼此之间的关系。 37. 合作:是指人们为了实现某个共同目标而进行的协同活动。 38. 竞争:是指与合作相对立的行为,人们为了各不相同的目的而进行的活动,或为了同一个目的,但在达到目的的过程中必然损害或牺牲对方的利益的行为。 指一个人在冲突中寻求自我利益的满足,而不考虑他人的影响。 39. 群体间互动:是指发生在不同工作群体之间的相互影响和相互作用。 40. 冲突:定义为一种过程,这种过程肇始于一方感觉到另一方对自己关心的事情产生消极影响或将要产生消极影响。 41. 协作:指的是冲突双方均希望满足两方利益,并寻求相互受益的结果。 42. 回避:指的是一个人可能意识到冲突的存在,但希望逃避它或抑制它。 43. 迁就:指为了维持相互关系,一方愿意作出自我牺牲。 44. 领导:是影响和指引他人或组织在一定条件下实现其目标的行动过程。 45. :是发挥主导影响力作用的人,包括个人或集体;是领导行为过程的核心,也是组织中工作关系、人际关系以及多种社会关系的中心。 46. 正式领导:是指通过组织所赋予的职权来引导和影响所属员工实现组织目标的活动过程。 47. 非正式领导:是指不是靠组织所赋予的职权,而是靠其自身的特长而产生的实际影响力进行的领导活动。 48. 授权:是一种特殊的权利分配形式,是指将权利和责任授予下级,使下级再一定的监督下,有相当的行动自主权。 49. 有效领导行为:是指领导的行为能适应既定的环境,并根据各种特定的情景,能作出正确的决定。 50. 满意度:是指员工希望得到的报酬与他们实际得到的报酬之间的差距。 51. 领导素质:是指自身的内在条件,即在领导过程中表现出来的气质、能力、品质等个人特征。 52. 的工作作风:是指在领导活动中比较固定和经常使用的行为方式和方法的总和。 53. 领导方式:是领导过程中、被及其作用对象相结合的具体形式。 54. 决策:是在一定的环境条件下,从若干可行的备选方案中选取实现既定目标的方案。 55. 动机:是引起某种行为,维持该行为,并将该行为导向一定目标的心理过程。 56. 目标:就是期望达到的成就和结果,也是行为的导向。 57. 激励:通过某些内部或外部刺激,是人奋发起来,驱使人去实现目标。 58. 激发力量(激发水平)M:即调动一个人的积极性,激发其内在潜力的强度。 59. 目标效价V:是指目标对于满足个人需要的价值,即目标对于个人的重要程度。 60. 期望值E:是指采取某种行为可能导致的结果和某种需要的概率,即采取某种行为对实现目标可能性的大小。 61. 公平差别阈:刚刚能使两个条件不相等的人产生公平感时的适应差别的比值。 62. 激励机制:是为了达到激励员工而采取的一系列方针政策、规章制度、行为准则、道德规范、文化理念以及相应的组织机构、激励措施的总和。 63. 组织结构:是在组织理论的指导下,经过组织设计,由组织要素相互联结而成的相对稳定的结构模式。 64. 组织内部结构:是指组织各要素的排列组合方式,是组织各部门、各层次所建立的一种人与人及人与事的相互关系。 65. 管理幅度:就是指一个管理者能够直接指挥和监督的下属数目。 66. 管理层次:是指因管理幅度的限制而形成的组织纵向结构的等级层次。 67. 组织体制:是组织结构中各层次、各部门之间组织管理关系制度化的表现形式。 68. 企业集团:是一些有经济联系的企业为了实现共同的经营目标而在生产或经营的有关环节上联合起来的协作组织。 69. 文化:是人类群体或民族时代相传的行为模式、艺术、宗教信仰、群体组织和其他一切人类生产活动、思维活动的本质特征的总和。 70. 组织结构合理化:是从静态标准的角度来衡量组织行为科学化的,是指组织内部各运行要素的有效配置及其相关机制的有效发挥。 71. 组织决策体制:是指决策机构和决策人员所组成的一定的组织体系及其指定决策的基本程序和制度。 72. 组织成员的认同感:是指组织成员愿意为组织目标而奋斗的精神状态,是组织成员群体意识与群体态度的总和。 73. 解冻:是指激励个体或群体改变原有的态度,即改变原有的习惯或传统,接受新的观念和思想。 74. 改变:是指通过对认同和内在化等方式,使成员形成新的态度并接受和学会新的行为。 75. 冻结:是指用必要的强化方法使所期望的新态度和新行为融合成为成员个人品德中永久部分的过程。 76. 突破式变革:指领导用的决心和魄力对重大的变革要求一步到位,定期内必须按时完成变革。 77. 渐进式变革:是指利用足够的时间分步骤地逐渐推进变革并最终达成变革目标。 78. 管理模式:是指从管理思想、管理理论、管理原则、组织结构(包括职能结构、部门结构、责权结构)、运行机制及运行方式,到管理技法、管理工具的整个管理体系的总称。 79. 组织文化:通常是指在狭义的组织管理领域内产生的一种特殊的文化倾向,实质上是一个组织在长期发展过程中,把组织成员结合再一起的行为方式、价值观念和道德规范的总和。

古代文学一般包括欧洲古代文学和中国古代文学。欧洲古代文学又包括古希腊文学和罗马文学,中国古代文学按时间分类,包括先秦两汉文学,魏晋南北朝文学,唐宋文学,元明清文学。下面是我整理的自学考试古代文学名词解释,欢迎阅览。

桐城派:

是清中叶最重要的散文流派,因其代表人物方苞、刘大、姚鼐都是安徽桐城人,所以被称为“桐城派”。其散文理论的基本特征是:以程朱理学国思想基础,以为清王朝政权服务为目的,以先秦两汉和唐宋八大家的古文为楷模,在文章体制和作法上有细致规则的系统散文理论。方苞是桐城派的创始人,其散文理论的`核心是“义法”二字;姚鼐使桐城派理论更加完整和系统化,提出了义理、考证、文章三者兼备的理论,并在自己周围形成了一个庞大的作家队伍。

铁崖体:

元代后期著名诗人杨维桢号铁崖,他所作宫词、竹枝词和古乐府在当时极为流行。由于其能自成一派,仿效者很多,故世称“铁崖体”或“铁体”。

台阁体:

从永乐到天顺年间,以宰辅权臣杨士奇、杨溥和杨荣为代表的一批文人垄断了文坛。他们的创作内容以粉饰太平、歌功颂德为主旨。所用文体以诗为主,兼及散文,其中除朝廷诏令奏议外,多属应酬、题赠或应制、颂圣之作,风格雍容华贵,典雅工丽。由于他们均为台阁重臣,地位特殊,故使这种文风在社会上风靡一时,以致沿为流派,称台阁体。

唐宋派:

是出现在明代中期嘉靖年间,以反拨李梦阳、何景明为代表的前七子的复古理论为主要目标的文学派别,其主要代表人物是王慎中、唐顺之、茅坤和归有光。他们的基本观点是反对以文采取代道统,主张恢复唐宋八大家的散文传统,倡导文道统一。

同光体:

实为晚清宋诗运动之第三期。他们不明言宗宋而称“不墨守盛唐”,即以学宋为主,而不以此自限。称“同光”乃出于标榜,以上承道光、咸丰以来的宋诗传统自居,其实“同”字所指同治并无着落,改称“光宣”更切实际。这派诗人的创作多始于光绪中叶以后,故同光体即是指称光绪、宣统以至民国后的宋诗派。同光体诗人中以陈三立成就最高,沈曾植、郑孝胥等为重要员。

汉魏六朝诗派:

道光、咸丰之际,湘人王贻运独树一帜,其论诗首尊“八代”,明言复古,其诗作亦刻意模仿。邓辅纶、高心夔为该派的两位主要作者。史称这一诗派为汉魏六朝诗派,亦称湖湘诗派。当时此派诗名甚盛,但后之论者一致指认其“墨守古法”,甚至讥其为“假古董”,故在邓、高二位谢世之后,此派即告衰微。

自考英美文学选读名词解释汇总

The major writers of the Modern Period Ⅰ。Ezra Pound (1885-1972) 一。 一般识记 Ezra Pound's contribution to American literature: Pound was one of the most important poets and critics of his time and he was regarded as the father of modern American poetry. He is a leading spokesman of the "Imagist Movement", which though short-lived, had a tremendous influence on modern poetry. 二。 识记 His major works: Pound composed poems, wrote criticisms and did translations. (1) His poetic works: In 1915 Pound began writing his great work, The Cantos, which spanned from 1917 to 1959 and were collected in The Cantos of Ezra Pound (1986)。 He joined a famous literary salon run by an American woman writer Gertrude Stein, and became involved in the experimentations on poetry. His other poetic works include twelve volumes of verse Collected Early Poems of Ezra Pound (1982), and Personae (1909), and some longer pieces such as Hugh Selwyn Mauberley (1920)。 (2) His critical essays: Make It New (l934), Literary Essays (l954), The ABC of Reading (1934) and Polite Essays (l937), etc. These essays best reflect Pound's appraisals of literary traditions and of modern writing. (3) His translations: The Translations of Ezra Pound (1953), Confucius (1969), and Shih-Ching (1954) These translations have not only cast light on Pound's affinity to the Chinese and his strenuous effort in the study of Oriental literature, but also offered us a clue to the understanding of his poetry and literary theory. From the analysis of the Chinese ideogram Pound learned to anchor his poetic language in concrete, perceptual reality, and to organize images into larger patterns through juxtoposition. 三。 领会 1. Ezra Pound's poetic subjects or themes: (1) His earlier poetry is saturated with the familiar poetic subjects that characterize the 19th century Romanticism: songs in praise of a lady, songs concerning the poet's craft, love and friendship, death, the transience of beauty and the permanence of art, and some other subjects that Pound could call his own: the pain of exile, metamorphosis, the delightful psychic experience, the ecstatic moment, etc. (2) Later he is more concerned about the problems of the modern culture: the contemporary cultural decay and the possible sources of cultural renewal as well. In The Cantos, Pound traces the rise and fall of eastern and western empires, the moral and social chaos of the modern world, especially the corruption of America after the heroic time of Jefferson. From the perception of these things, stems the poet's search for order, which involves a search for the principles on which the poet's craft is based. 2. His artistic achievment: (1) He is the leader of the Imagist Movement: Led by the American poet Ezra Pound, Imagist Movement is a poetic movement that flourished in the U.S. and England between 1909-1917. It advances modernism in arts which concentrated on reforming the medium of poetry as opposed to Romanticism, especially Tennyson's wordiness and high-flown language in poetry. Pound endorsed three main principles as guidelines for Imagism, including direct treatment of poetic subjects, elimination of merely ornamental or superfluous words, and rhythmical composition in the sequence of the musical phrase rather than in the sequence of a metronome. The primary Imagist objective is to avoid rhetoric and moralizing, to stick closely to the object or experience being described, and to move from explicit generalization. The leading poets are Ezra Pound, Wallace Stevens, D.H.Lawrence, etc. Pound's famous one-image poem "In a Station of the Metro" would serve as a typical example of the Imagist ideas. (2) His use of myth and personae: Pound argued that the poet cannot relate a delightful psychic experience by speaking out directly in the first person: he must "screen himself" and speak indirectly through as impersonal and objective story, which is usually a myth or a piece of the earlier literature, or a "mask," that is a persona. In this way, Pound could sustain a dialogue between past and present succesfully. (persona: It is an invented person; a character in drama or fiction. Persona, a Latin word meaning "mask ," is used in Jungian psychology to refer to one's "public personality"-the facade or mask presented to the world but not representative of inner feelings and emotions. In literary criticism, persona is sometimes used to refer to a person figuring in, for example, a poem, someone who may or may not represent the author himself. ) (3) His language: His lines are usually oblique yet marvelously compressed. His poetry is dense with personal, literary, and historical allusions, but at the expense of syntax and summary statements. 四。应用:Selected Readings: 1. In a Station of the Metro (1) Theme: This poem is an observation of the poet of the human faces seen in a Paris subway station or a description of a moment of sudden emotion at seeing beautiful faces in a Metro in Paris. He sees the faces, turned variously toward light and darkness, like flower petals which are half absorbed by, half resisting, the wet, dark texture of a bough. (2) The one image in this poem: This poem is probably the most famous of all imagist poems. In two lines it combines a sharp visual image or two juxtoposed images (意象叠加) "Petals on a wet, black bough" with an implied meaning. The faces in the dim light of the Metro suggest both the impersonality and haste of city life and the greater transience of human life itself. The word "apparition" is a well-chosen one which has a two-fold meaning: Firstly, it means a visible appearance of something real. Secondly, it builds an image of a ghostly sight, a delusive and unexpected appearance. (3) Pound uses the fewest possible words to convey an accurate image, which is the principle of the Imagist poetry. This poem looks to be a modern adoption of the haiku form of Japanese poetry which adapts the 3-line, 17 syllable and where the title is an intergral part of the whole. The poem succeeds largely because of its internal rhymes: station/apparition; Metro/petals/wet; crowd/bough. Its form was determined by the experience that inspired it, involving organically rather than being chosen arbitrarily. 2. The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter (1) Theme: It is an adaptation from the Chinese Li Po (701-762) named Rihaku in Japanese, which, by means of vivid images and shifting tones, describes the silky shy tenderness of the young wife writing to her absent husband the river-merchant. The history of her feelings for her husband develops as the following: her bashfulness when she was a young girl, her spiritual affinity with him during the phase of their marriage, the material nature of her love at the time of his departure as well as her longing for his return when she grows old. (2) use of images and allusion: In this poem Pound uses images such as "hair" "grown moss" "falling leaves" to suggest the passing years and growing age. Besides, Pound employs an allusion to "a story of a woman waiting for her husband on a hill." In Pound's version, the line emphasizes the otherworldly nature of her love during her marriage. 3. A Pact This poem is about Pound's evaluation on Whitman. Pound started to find some agreement between "Whitmanesque" free verse, which he had attacked for its carelessness in composition, and the "verse libre" of the Imagists who showed more concern for formal values. In the poem Pound affirmed Whitman's contribution in the experiment on the form and content of American poetry and expressed his eagerness to communicate with Whitman…… Ⅱ。 Robert Lee Frost (l874-l963) 一。 一般识记 His life and writing: Frost is an important poet in the 20th century .He won the Pulitzer Prize four times and read poetry at the inauguration of President John F. Kennedy in 1961. He spent his early childhood in the Far West and later the family moved to New Hampshire. He went to Harvard but left in the middle because of his tuberculosis. When he was 28, he began to venture on writing. 二。 识记 His major works: His first book A Boy's Will (1913), whose lyrics trace a boy's development from self-centered idealism to maturity, is marked by an intense but restrained emotion and the characteristic flavor of New Eng1and life. His second book, a volume of poems North of Boston (1914), is described by the author as "a book of people," which shows a brilliant insight into New England character and the background that formed it. Many of his major poems are collected in this volume, such as "Mending the Wall," in which Frost saw man as learning from nature the zones of his own 1imitations, and "Home Buria1," which probes the darker corners of individual lives in a situation where man cannot accept the facts of his condition. Mountain Interval (19l6) contains such characteristic poems as "The Road Not Taken," "Birches". New Hampshire (1923) that won Frost the first of four Pulitzer Prizes includes "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening", which stems from the ambiguity of the speaker's choice between safety and the unknown. The collection West-Running Brook (1928) poses disturbing uncertainties about man's prowess and importance. Collected Poems (l930) and A Further Range (1935) gathered Frost's second and third Pulitzer Prizes. Both translate modern upheaval into poetic materia1 the poet could skillfully control. Frost's fourth Pulitzer Prize was awarded for A Witness Tree (l942) which includes "The Gift Outright," the poem he later recited at President Kennedy's inauguration. Frost took up a religious question most notably in "After Apple-Picking:" can a man's best efforts ever satisfy God? A Masque of Reason (l945) and A Masque of Mercy (1947) are comic-serious dramatic narratives, in both of which biblical characters in modern settings discuss ethics and man's re1ations to God. 三。 领会 1. His thematic concerns: (1) Generally Frost is considered a regional poet whose subject matters mainly focus on the landscape and people in New England. These thematic concerns include the terror and tragedy in nature, as well as its beauty, and the 1oneliness and poverty of the isolated human being. But first and foremost Frost is concerned with his love of life and his belief in a serenity that only came from working usefully, which he practiced himself throughout his life. (2) Frost wrote many poems that investigate the basic themes of man's life: the individual's relationships to himself, to his fellow-man, to world, and to his God. Profound meanings are hidden underneath the plain language and simple form. His poetry, by using nature as a storehouse of analogy and symbol, often probes mysteries of darkness and irrationality in the bleak and chaotic landscapes of an indifferent universe when men stand alone, unaided and perplexed. 2. His nature poems: Robert Frost is mainly known for his poems concerning New England life. He learned from the tradition, especially the familiar conventions of nature poetry and of classical pastoral poetry, and made the colloquial New England speech into a poetic expression. A poem so conceived thus becomes a symbo1 or metaphor, a careful, loving exploration of reality, in Frost's version, "a momentary stay against confusion." Many of his poems are fragrant with natural quality. Images and metaphors in his poems are drawn from the rural world, the simple country 1ife and the pastoral 1andscape. However, profound ideas are delivered under the disguise of the p1ain language and the simple form, for what Frost did is to take symbols from the limited human world and the pastoral landscape to refer to the great world beyond the rustic scene. These thematic concerns include the terror and tragedy in nature, as well as its beauty, and the 1oneliness and poverty of the isolated human being. But first and foremost Frost is concerned with his love of life and his belief in a serenity that only came from working usefully, which he practiced himself throughout his life. 3. Frost's style in language: By using simple spoken language and conversational rhythms, Frost achieved an effortless grace in his style. He combined traditiona1 verse forms —— the sonnet, rhyming coup1ets, blank verse with a clear American local speech rhythm, the speech of New England farmers with its idiosyncratic diction and syntax. In verse form he was assorted; he wrote in both the metrical forms and the free verse, and sometimes he wrote in a form that borrows freely from the merits of both, in a form that might be called semi-free or semi-conventional. 四。 应用 Selected Readings: l. After Apple-Picking This poem is so vivid a memory of experience on the farm in which the end of labor leaves the speaker with a sense of completion and fulfilment yet finds him blocked from success by winter's approach and physical weariness. On the one hand, Frost expressed his love of life and his belief in a serenity that only came from working usefully. On the other hand, the poet was concerned with individual's relationships to himself, to his fellow-man, to world, and to his God. He took up a religious question: can a man's best efforts ever satisfy God? Besides this is a typical lyric poem describing the pastoral landscape in New England. Symbols and images from the pastoral landscape to refer to the great world beyond the rustic scene. The language of this poem is characterized by simple spoken language and conversational rhythms, the combination of traditiona1 verse forms —— the sonnet, rhyming coup1ets, blank verse with the speech of New England farmers with its idiosyncratic diction and syntax. Frost wrote in both the metrical forms and the free verse, in a form that might be called semi-free or semi-conventional. 2. The Road Not Taken (1) The theme: This poem seems to be about the poet, walking in the woods in autumn, hesitating for a long time and wondering which road he should take since they are both pretty. In reality, this is a meditative poem symbolically written. It concerns the important decisions which one must take in the course of life, when one must give up one desirable thing in order to possess another. Then, whatever the outcome, one must accept the consequences of one's choice for it is not possible to go back and have another chance to choose differently. In the poem, he followed the one which was not frequently travelled by. Symbolically, he chose to follow an unusual, solitary life; perhaps he was speaking of his choice to become a poet rather than some common profession. But he always remembered the road which he might have taken, and which would have given him a different kind of life. (2) Language: This poem is written in classic five-line stanzas, with the rhyme scheme a-b-a-a-b and conversational rhythm. The poet uses "the road " to symbolize life's journey. 3. Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening (1) The theme: This is a deceptively simple poem in which the speaker literally stops his horse in the winter twilight to observe the beauty of the forest scene, and then is moved to continue his journey. Philosophically and symbolically, it stems from the ambiguity of the speaker's choice between safety and the unknown. (2) This poem suggests deep thought about death and about life. The strange attraction of death to man is symbolized by the dark woods silently filled up with the coldness of snow. Frost frequently uses the technique of symbolism in his poetry. Some critics think that the "village" stands for the human world, "woods" for nature, "horse" for the animal world, and "promises" for obligations. The poem represents a moment of relaxation from the burdensome journey of life, an almost aesthetic enjoyment and appreciation of natural beauty which is wholesome and restorative against the chaotic existence of modern man. (3) The last stanza shows a kind of sad, sentimental but also strong and responsible feeling. The attraction of the beauty of the nature makes the speaker stop in the journey. He finally turns away from it, with a certain weariness and yet with quiet determination, to face the needs of life. This stresses the central conflict of the poem between man's enjoyment of nature's beauty and his responsibility in society. This shows a man's despairing courage to seek out the meaning of life. In the last stanza, the three adjectives "lovely" "dark" "deep" reinforce one another. Not only do they represent beauty and terror of nature symbolized by the dark woods, but they also reveal the speaker's love for nature and human isolation from it. Besides, the word "sleep" here means "die" symbolically.

Chapter II The Neoclassical Period 一。新古典主义时期概述 1. 识记:(1)新古典主义时期的界定 (2)政治经济背景 (3)启蒙运动的意义与影响 2. 领会:(1)启蒙运动的主张与文学的特点 (2)新古典主义时期文学的艺术特点 3. 应用:启蒙运动,新古典主义,英雄双行诗,英国现实主义小说等名词的解释 1. 识记Definitions of literary terms 1) The Enlightenment Movement The 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France & swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th & 16th centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical & artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality & science. They called for a reference to order, reason & rules & advocated universal education. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander pope & so on. 2) Neoclassicism In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek & Roman writers (Homer, Virgil, & so on)& those of the contemporary French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion & accuracy, & that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. This belief led them to seek proportion, unity, harmony & grace in literary expressions, in an effort to delight, instruct & correct human beings, primarily as social animals. Thus, a polite, urbane, witty, & intellectual art developed. 3) The heroic couplet It means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry, which rhyme & are written with five beats each…… 4) the Realistic Novel The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form, the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. This-the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century - is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution & a symbol of the growing importance & strength of the English of the growing importance & strength of the English middle class, Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe ,Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias Creorge Smollott, & Oliver Goldsmith. 2. 领会Characteristics of Neoclassical Literature According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek & Roman writers (Homer, Virgil, Horace, Ovid, etc,)& those of the contemporary French ones. Neoclassicists had some fixed laws &rules for almost every genre of literature, prose should be precise, direct, smooth & flexible. Poetry should be lyrical, epical, didactic, satiric or dramatic, & each class should be guided by its own principles. Drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets (iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines); the three unities of time, space & action should be strictly observed; regularity in construction should be adhered to & type characters rather than individuals should be represented. 二。该时期的重要作家 1,一般识记:重要作家的创作生涯 2,识记:重要作品及主要内容 3,领会:重要作家的创作思想,艺术特色其代表作的主题结构,人物刻画,语言风格,艺术特色,社会意义等。 4,应用:(1)《天路历程》中“名利场”的寓义。 (2)蒲伯的文学(诗歌)批评观及其诗歌特色。 (3)《格列佛游记》的社会讽刺。 (4)菲尔丁的“散文体史诗”。 (5)格雷诗歌的主题与意象。 I. John Bunyan 1. 一般识记His life English author & preacher, born in Elstow, England, probably Nov.28, 1628,and died in London, England, Aug, 31, 1688. 2. 识记His major works John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress (1678) is the outstanding 17th-century English religious literature. For more than 200 years this book was second in popularity only to the Bible. Bunyan did not attempt to portray the political confusion & social upheaval of 17th-century England. His concern was rather the study of man’s spiritual life. Bunyan chiefly wrote four prose works - Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners (1666), The Life & Death of Mr. Badman (1680), The Holy War (1682) & The Pilgrim’s Progress, part II (1684)。 3. 领会Characteristics of his works Bunyan’s style was modeled after that of the English Bible. With his concrete &living language & carefully observed & vividly presented details, he made it possible for the reader of the least education to share the pleasure of reading his novel & to relive the experience of his characters. 4. 应用Selected Reading "The Vanity Fair", an excerpt from Part I of The Pilgrim’s Progress. (1) Theme: The Pilgrim’s Progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. Its purpose is to urge people to comply with Christian doctrines & seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weakness & all kinds of social evils. It is not only about something spiritual but also beats much relevance to the time. Its predominant metaphor-life as a journey-is simple & familiar. (2) "Vanity Fair" is the most famous part of The Pilgrim’s Progress. It tells how Christian & his friend Faithful come to Vanity Fair on their way to heaven," a fair where in should be sold all sorts of vanity & that it should last all the year long: therefore at this fair all such merchandise sold, as houses, lands, trades, places, honors, preferments, titles, countries, kingdoms, lusts, pleasures & delights of all sorts as harlots, wives, husbands, children, masters, servants, lives, blood, bodies, souls, silver, gold, pearls, precious stones & what not." As they refuse to buy anything but truth, they are beaten & put in a cage & then taken out & led in chains up & down the fair. They are sentenced to death-to be put to the most cruel death that can be invented." Vanity Fair" is a satirical picture of English society, law & religion in Bunyan’s day.

Chapter 3 The Modern Period Ⅰ。本章学习目的和要求 通过本章的学习,了解20世纪初期至中叶美国现代文学产生 的历史、文化背景,认识该时期文学创作的基本特征、基本主张,及其对当代美国文学发展的影响;了解该时期主要作家的文学生涯、创作意图、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画和语言风格等;同时结合注释,读懂所选作品,了解其思想内容和写作特色,培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。 Ⅱ。本章重点及难点 1. 美国现代文学的特征 2. 主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画和语言风格 3. 名词解释:“迷惘的一代”,意象派诗歌,象征主义,表现主义,意识流 4. 选读作品的主题结构、艺术特色、人物刻画和语言风格 Ⅲ。 考核知识点和考核要求 (一)现代时期美国文学概述 1. 识记: A.两次世界大战期间美国文学产生的历史及文化背景 (1)两次世界大战 (2)移居国外的美国人 (3)马克思主义理论和弗洛伊德学说 (4)欧洲现代派艺术 B.战后美国文学产生的历史及文化背景 2. 领会: A. 两次世界大战期间的美国文学 (1)诗歌:意象派诗人;象征主义 (2)小说;“迷恫的一代” (3)戏剧:表现主义 B.战后美国文学 (1)诗歌:“垮掉的一代”等 (2)小说:黑人小说、*人小说、实验小说(荒诞派 小说)等 (3)美国现代文学多元化的现象 C.美国现代文学写作手法的创新 3.应用 A.名词解释:“迷惘的一代”,意象派诗歌,象征主义,表现主义,意识流 B.“荒原”意识在美国20世纪文学中的反映 C.分析选读作品的主题结构、艺术特色、人物刻画和语言风格 (二)美国现代时期的主要作家 A.埃兹拉。庞德 1.一般识记:庞德的生平和创作生涯 2.识记:庞德的诗歌 (1)短诗:《地铁站一瞥》 (2)长诗:《诗章》 3. 领会: (1)庞德与意象主义 (2)庞德与中国文化 (3)庞德的诗歌理论及艺术特色 4.应用:《地铁站一瞥》《盟约》《河商的妻子》:主题、意象、语言 B.罗伯特。弗洛斯特 1.一般识记:弗洛斯特的生平及创作生涯 2.识记:弗洛斯特的诗歌:田园诗;自然诗 3.领会: (1)弗洛斯特诗歌的艺术特色 (2)弗洛斯特的诗论 4.应用: (1) 弗洛斯特的自然诗 (2)《摘苹果后》《未选择的路》《雪夜停马在林边》:主题、 象征与比喻、语言 C.尤金。奥尼尔 1.一般识记:奥尼尔的生平及创作生涯 2.识记:奥尼尔的戏剧 (1)早期作品:独幕剧;多幕剧《天外边》 (2)中期作品:《琼斯皇帝》《伟大之神布朗》《毛猿》 ——表现主义和象征主义的力作 (3)后期作品:《直到夜晚的漫长一天》 一 自传体戏剧 剧 3.领会: (1)奥尼尔戏剧的悲观主义和神秘主义色彩 (2)奥尼尔戏剧的艺术特色 4.应用:选读《毛猿》第八场:主题结构、表现主义和象征主义手 法、语言特色 D.司各特。菲兹杰拉德 1.一般识记:菲兹杰拉德的生平及创作生涯 2.识记: (1)菲兹杰拉德与“爵士时代” (2)主要作品:短篇小说集:《爵士时代的故事》 中、长篇小说:《人间天堂》《了不起的盖茨比》《夜色温柔》《最后一个巨头》 3.领会: (1)《了不起的盖茨比》与“美国梦” (2)菲兹杰拉德的小说艺术 4.应用:《了不起的盖茨比》第三章:主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格 E.欧内斯特。海明威 1.一般识记:海明威的生平及创作生涯 2.识记:海明威的主要作品 (1)短篇小说集:《在我们的时代里》-一涅克的故事 (2)长篇小说:《太阳照样升起》《永别了,武器》《丧钟为谁而鸣》《老人与海》 3.领会:海明威与“迷惘的一代” 4.应用: (1)海明威小说的艺术特色:“硬汉”形象、“重压下的风 度”、“冰山”原则等 (2)《在我们的时代里》选篇:主题结构、人物刻画、语言 风格 F.威廉。福克纳 1.一般识记: 福克纳的生平及创作生涯 2.识记: (l)福克纳的主要作品:中、短篇小说:《给艾米莉小姐的玫瑰》《老人》《熊》等;长篇小说:《喧嚣与骚动》 《八月之光》《我弥留之际》《押沙龙,押沙龙!》 (2)福克纳的“约克纳帕塔法”神话王国 3.领会: (1)福克纳小说的艺术特色:“意识流”、“内心独白”、“时序颠倒”、“对位式结构”、“象征隐喻”等 (2)福克纳的文体 (3)福克纳与美国南方文学 4.应用:《给艾米莉小姐的玫瑰》:主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格

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