丑（1）否定性的价值，使人厌恶、鄙弃、反感； （2）违背自身发展规律，有碍人生； （3）形式凌乱，不能怡人。 无我之境(1)无我之境是意境的主要类型之一；(2)指创作主体完全消失，隐藏在艺术意象的后面。期待视野：西方接受美学认为，人自身的生理素质，文化教育，传统积淀以及所处的社会历史环境等，形成了每个艺术接受者在接触艺术之前的主休境况，包括其自身的敏感度、想象能力、文化基础、艺术修养、审美趣味以及传统影响、现实社会变化的影响因素等等，造就了接受者的接受眼光和特定审美文化心理结构，即“期待视野”。通感是人在审美活动中的特殊心理现象，指从感觉的整体出发，在诸心理功能统一的基础上，不同感觉之间的感受借助于想象力的作用面相互挪移，各感官相互为用，更换官能的感受领域。这是一种辅助的心理功能。化丑为美：艺术运用符号把丑变为审美对象，赋予它美的价值
1、崇高作为审美形态，它主要指对象以其粗犷、博大的感性形态，劲健的物质力量和精神力量，雄伟的气势，给人以心灵的震撼，使人惊心动魄、心潮澎湃，进而受到强烈的鼓舞和激越，引起人们产生敬仰和赞叹的情怀，从而提升和扩大了人的精神境界。在审美意象的形式构成上，崇高往往具有粗犷博大的感性形态。2、灵感是艺术家在意象创造中，由于各种心理机制、功能处于高度协调的自由状态而突然生成的精神昂奋、注意集中、情绪激动、想象力空前活跃的一种思维活动的境界。3、气韵中国美学思想中的一种审美形态。其特征是审美对象洋溢着一股不可抑制的生命的活动，源源不断地流淌出来，而且这种生命的波动又具有一定的节奏和规律性，形成美的形象和美的感受，并且在文字、线条、色彩和声音等表现形式之外，给人留下很多联想和回味的余地。4、自然的人化人化自然是马克思提出的一个十分重要的美学观点，马克思以此来描述客观的自然界不断进入人的活动，被人社会化、人化的过程。马克思认为，人在改造自然的过程中，将自己的本质力量作用于自然，使自然与人的关系从完全“异己的、对立的”关系，转化为被人类所认识、改造、利用、支配的关系，自然界在越来越广泛的意义上成为人化了的自然，人由此确立自己的存在。自然的人化使人得以从审美的角度把握自然，自然界因此而具有了审美上的意义。5、自然美指自然事物的美，它是社会性与自然性的统一。社会性指自然美的根源于人类社会生活的实践，自然性是指自然事物的某些属性和特征是形成自然美的必要条件。6、优美是理想人生境界与人生存在实践完满统一的现实呈现和展示，是和谐化一的人生存在至境。7、通感人是一个有机的生命整体。它们之间并不是相互割裂、互不相通的。一种感官的变化，常会引起其他感官的变化。它们之间还有协作，还有相互的影响和沟通。这种感觉现象就是通感。8、艺术品是精神性的人工制品，是艺术家审美创造活动的结晶，也是艺术家对世界审美关系的感性显现和凝定，它一旦进入接受者的审美欣赏活动，与接受者建立起审美关系，便生成、显现为最高层次的审美对象。9、审美形态指在审美活动中展现出来，以复杂的人生样态、自由的人生境界为核心的审美情趣、审美风格等感性显现的对象化的形态，以及人们对不同形态的逻辑分类。10、.审美关系是植跟于人与世界存在关系的、借助感性形式建构起来的、自由的情感体验关系。
美学自考必考知识点如下：
1、审美趣味：个人在审美活动和审美评价中所体现出来个人爱好和倾向，它是主体社会显现，具有强烈社会。
2、美感：主体在具体活动中与审美对象同时建立起来呈现出审美主体存在方式和存在状态，它体现出主体直观到超越利、伦理、认识人生境界，体验出人和世界意义而表现出来幸福感、自由感和愉悦感。
3、美学的学科性质：美学是一门关于审美现象的综合性的人文学科。美学研究的核心方法是哲学方法。
4、美学发展的三个阶段
（1）审美意识，审美意识是人类在生存实践中萌发出来的有某种不明晰审美追求的意识。
（2）特性：具体感性的审美活动体现出来，缺乏明确而系统的理论表述，不成熟，不自觉。
（3）分类：分为初级审美意识和高级审美意识。
5、美学是研究美和美的规律这样一门学科；代表人物：柏拉图，代表作品：《大希庇阿斯篇》美学在古希腊没成为一门学科，但开始研究美本身、美的本质。
6、美学研究的方法多种多样，从学科性质来看，美学核心方法应当是哲学方法。
7、审美需要的特征
（1）生命需要：是人所独有的一种生命需要，它植根于人的生命活动本身的独特性质。
（2）高级的精神追求：审美需要属于人的一种高级的精神追求，而不仅仅是感官欲求的享受。
8、审美理想的概念：是主体心目中关于完善的美的观念。所谓审美理想就是主体通过想象在头脑中构造出来的理想形态的美。审美理想在主体的审美心理结构中必然处于最高的位置。
9、审美理想与人生理想的内在关联：审美理想反映着一定时代的民族性、时代性和阶级性，它与社会理想联系在一起。审美理想不仅仅是审美活动本身的产物，而是主体全部人生实践的结晶。
10、审美趣味的两重性：存在着个体性与社会性、特殊性与普遍性的矛盾。
美学是一门关于审美现象的综合性的人文学。
既包括错觉是人们日常生活中非常广泛存在的一种心理现象。错觉的外延非常大,轻重错觉等其他感觉到错觉和各颜色错觉等视错觉,也包括空间定位错觉、 几何图形错觉、后还有一定主、客观 设计美学 名词解释它既包括错觉是人们日常生活中非常广泛存在的一种心理现象。
1、设计美学的定义设计美学是在现代设计理论和应用的基础上,结合美学与艺术研究的传统理论而发展起来的一门新兴学科。设计是一门以技术和艺术为基础并在应用中使二者相结合的边缘性学科,它的研究对象、研究范围和具体应用等都有别于传统的艺术学科。设计美学作为设计学科的一个理论分支,其理论也与传统的美学艺术研究不同。因此,它不但在学科定位、研究对象和研究范围上具有自身的特点,不能完全照搬传统的美学理论,而且在现实应用中也有自己独特的要求；2、设计美学的基本构成要素：形式美、功能美、技术美和材料美。
不清楚啦，应该是自己看着美的东东吧！呼呼，我飘过~~~~~
类似包豪斯的，空间学派的
The major writers of the Modern Period Ⅰ。Ezra Pound （1885-1972） 一。 一般识记 Ezra Pound's contribution to American literature： Pound was one of the most important poets and critics of his time and he was regarded as the father of modern American poetry. He is a leading spokesman of the "Imagist Movement"， which though short-lived， had a tremendous influence on modern poetry. 二。 识记 His major works： Pound composed poems， wrote criticisms and did translations. （1） His poetic works： In 1915 Pound began writing his great work， The Cantos， which spanned from 1917 to 1959 and were collected in The Cantos of Ezra Pound （1986）。 He joined a famous literary salon run by an American woman writer Gertrude Stein， and became involved in the experimentations on poetry. His other poetic works include twelve volumes of verse Collected Early Poems of Ezra Pound （1982）， and Personae （1909）， and some longer pieces such as Hugh Selwyn Mauberley （1920）。 （2） His critical essays： Make It New （l934）， Literary Essays （l954）， The ABC of Reading （1934） and Polite Essays （l937）， etc. These essays best reflect Pound's appraisals of literary traditions and of modern writing. （3） His translations： The Translations of Ezra Pound （1953）， Confucius （1969）， and Shih-Ching （1954） These translations have not only cast light on Pound's affinity to the Chinese and his strenuous effort in the study of Oriental literature， but also offered us a clue to the understanding of his poetry and literary theory. From the analysis of the Chinese ideogram Pound learned to anchor his poetic language in concrete， perceptual reality， and to organize images into larger patterns through juxtoposition. 三。 领会 1. Ezra Pound's poetic subjects or themes： （1） His earlier poetry is saturated with the familiar poetic subjects that characterize the 19th century Romanticism： songs in praise of a lady， songs concerning the poet's craft， love and friendship， death， the transience of beauty and the permanence of art， and some other subjects that Pound could call his own： the pain of exile， metamorphosis， the delightful psychic experience， the ecstatic moment， etc. （2） Later he is more concerned about the problems of the modern culture： the contemporary cultural decay and the possible sources of cultural renewal as well. In The Cantos， Pound traces the rise and fall of eastern and western empires， the moral and social chaos of the modern world， especially the corruption of America after the heroic time of Jefferson. From the perception of these things， stems the poet's search for order， which involves a search for the principles on which the poet's craft is based. 2. His artistic achievment： （1） He is the leader of the Imagist Movement： Led by the American poet Ezra Pound， Imagist Movement is a poetic movement that flourished in the U.S. and England between 1909-1917. It advances modernism in arts which concentrated on reforming the medium of poetry as opposed to Romanticism， especially Tennyson's wordiness and high-flown language in poetry. Pound endorsed three main principles as guidelines for Imagism， including direct treatment of poetic subjects， elimination of merely ornamental or superfluous words， and rhythmical composition in the sequence of the musical phrase rather than in the sequence of a metronome. The primary Imagist objective is to avoid rhetoric and moralizing， to stick closely to the object or experience being described， and to move from explicit generalization. The leading poets are Ezra Pound， Wallace Stevens， D.H.Lawrence， etc. Pound's famous one-image poem "In a Station of the Metro" would serve as a typical example of the Imagist ideas. （2） His use of myth and personae： Pound argued that the poet cannot relate a delightful psychic experience by speaking out directly in the first person： he must "screen himself" and speak indirectly through as impersonal and objective story， which is usually a myth or a piece of the earlier literature， or a "mask，" that is a persona. In this way， Pound could sustain a dialogue between past and present succesfully. （persona： It is an invented person； a character in drama or fiction. Persona， a Latin word meaning "mask ，" is used in Jungian psychology to refer to one's "public personality"-the facade or mask presented to the world but not representative of inner feelings and emotions. In literary criticism， persona is sometimes used to refer to a person figuring in， for example， a poem， someone who may or may not represent the author himself. ） （3） His language： His lines are usually oblique yet marvelously compressed. His poetry is dense with personal， literary， and historical allusions， but at the expense of syntax and summary statements. 四。应用：Selected Readings： 1. In a Station of the Metro （1） Theme： This poem is an observation of the poet of the human faces seen in a Paris subway station or a description of a moment of sudden emotion at seeing beautiful faces in a Metro in Paris. He sees the faces， turned variously toward light and darkness， like flower petals which are half absorbed by， half resisting， the wet， dark texture of a bough. （2） The one image in this poem： This poem is probably the most famous of all imagist poems. In two lines it combines a sharp visual image or two juxtoposed images （意象叠加） "Petals on a wet， black bough" with an implied meaning. The faces in the dim light of the Metro suggest both the impersonality and haste of city life and the greater transience of human life itself. The word "apparition" is a well-chosen one which has a two-fold meaning： Firstly， it means a visible appearance of something real. Secondly， it builds an image of a ghostly sight， a delusive and unexpected appearance. （3） Pound uses the fewest possible words to convey an accurate image， which is the principle of the Imagist poetry. This poem looks to be a modern adoption of the haiku form of Japanese poetry which adapts the 3-line， 17 syllable and where the title is an intergral part of the whole. The poem succeeds largely because of its internal rhymes： station/apparition； Metro/petals/wet； crowd/bough. Its form was determined by the experience that inspired it， involving organically rather than being chosen arbitrarily. 2. The River-Merchant's Wife： A Letter （1） Theme： It is an adaptation from the Chinese Li Po （701-762） named Rihaku in Japanese， which， by means of vivid images and shifting tones， describes the silky shy tenderness of the young wife writing to her absent husband the river-merchant. The history of her feelings for her husband develops as the following： her bashfulness when she was a young girl， her spiritual affinity with him during the phase of their marriage， the material nature of her love at the time of his departure as well as her longing for his return when she grows old. （2） use of images and allusion： In this poem Pound uses images such as "hair" "grown moss" "falling leaves" to suggest the passing years and growing age. Besides， Pound employs an allusion to "a story of a woman waiting for her husband on a hill." In Pound's version， the line emphasizes the otherworldly nature of her love during her marriage. 3. A Pact This poem is about Pound's evaluation on Whitman. Pound started to find some agreement between "Whitmanesque" free verse， which he had attacked for its carelessness in composition， and the "verse libre" of the Imagists who showed more concern for formal values. In the poem Pound affirmed Whitman's contribution in the experiment on the form and content of American poetry and expressed his eagerness to communicate with Whitman…… Ⅱ。 Robert Lee Frost （l874-l963） 一。 一般识记 His life and writing： Frost is an important poet in the 20th century .He won the Pulitzer Prize four times and read poetry at the inauguration of President John F. Kennedy in 1961. He spent his early childhood in the Far West and later the family moved to New Hampshire. He went to Harvard but left in the middle because of his tuberculosis. When he was 28， he began to venture on writing. 二。 识记 His major works： His first book A Boy's Will （1913）， whose lyrics trace a boy's development from self-centered idealism to maturity， is marked by an intense but restrained emotion and the characteristic flavor of New Eng1and life. His second book， a volume of poems North of Boston （1914）， is described by the author as "a book of people，" which shows a brilliant insight into New England character and the background that formed it. Many of his major poems are collected in this volume， such as "Mending the Wall，" in which Frost saw man as learning from nature the zones of his own 1imitations， and "Home Buria1，" which probes the darker corners of individual lives in a situation where man cannot accept the facts of his condition. Mountain Interval （19l6） contains such characteristic poems as "The Road Not Taken，" "Birches". New Hampshire （1923） that won Frost the first of four Pulitzer Prizes includes "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening"， which stems from the ambiguity of the speaker's choice between safety and the unknown. The collection West-Running Brook （1928） poses disturbing uncertainties about man's prowess and importance. Collected Poems （l930） and A Further Range （1935） gathered Frost's second and third Pulitzer Prizes. Both translate modern upheaval into poetic materia1 the poet could skillfully control. Frost's fourth Pulitzer Prize was awarded for A Witness Tree （l942） which includes "The Gift Outright，" the poem he later recited at President Kennedy's inauguration. Frost took up a religious question most notably in "After Apple-Picking：" can a man's best efforts ever satisfy God？ A Masque of Reason （l945） and A Masque of Mercy （1947） are comic-serious dramatic narratives， in both of which biblical characters in modern settings discuss ethics and man's re1ations to God. 三。 领会 1. His thematic concerns： （1） Generally Frost is considered a regional poet whose subject matters mainly focus on the landscape and people in New England. These thematic concerns include the terror and tragedy in nature， as well as its beauty， and the 1oneliness and poverty of the isolated human being. But first and foremost Frost is concerned with his love of life and his belief in a serenity that only came from working usefully， which he practiced himself throughout his life. （2） Frost wrote many poems that investigate the basic themes of man's life： the individual's relationships to himself， to his fellow-man， to world， and to his God. Profound meanings are hidden underneath the plain language and simple form. His poetry， by using nature as a storehouse of analogy and symbol， often probes mysteries of darkness and irrationality in the bleak and chaotic landscapes of an indifferent universe when men stand alone， unaided and perplexed. 2. His nature poems： Robert Frost is mainly known for his poems concerning New England life. He learned from the tradition， especially the familiar conventions of nature poetry and of classical pastoral poetry， and made the colloquial New England speech into a poetic expression. A poem so conceived thus becomes a symbo1 or metaphor， a careful， loving exploration of reality， in Frost's version， "a momentary stay against confusion." Many of his poems are fragrant with natural quality. Images and metaphors in his poems are drawn from the rural world， the simple country 1ife and the pastoral 1andscape. However， profound ideas are delivered under the disguise of the p1ain language and the simple form， for what Frost did is to take symbols from the limited human world and the pastoral landscape to refer to the great world beyond the rustic scene. These thematic concerns include the terror and tragedy in nature， as well as its beauty， and the 1oneliness and poverty of the isolated human being. But first and foremost Frost is concerned with his love of life and his belief in a serenity that only came from working usefully， which he practiced himself throughout his life. 3. Frost's style in language： By using simple spoken language and conversational rhythms， Frost achieved an effortless grace in his style. He combined traditiona1 verse forms —— the sonnet， rhyming coup1ets， blank verse with a clear American local speech rhythm， the speech of New England farmers with its idiosyncratic diction and syntax. In verse form he was assorted； he wrote in both the metrical forms and the free verse， and sometimes he wrote in a form that borrows freely from the merits of both， in a form that might be called semi-free or semi-conventional. 四。 应用 Selected Readings： l. After Apple-Picking This poem is so vivid a memory of experience on the farm in which the end of labor leaves the speaker with a sense of completion and fulfilment yet finds him blocked from success by winter's approach and physical weariness. On the one hand， Frost expressed his love of life and his belief in a serenity that only came from working usefully. On the other hand， the poet was concerned with individual's relationships to himself， to his fellow-man， to world， and to his God. He took up a religious question： can a man's best efforts ever satisfy God？ Besides this is a typical lyric poem describing the pastoral landscape in New England. Symbols and images from the pastoral landscape to refer to the great world beyond the rustic scene. The language of this poem is characterized by simple spoken language and conversational rhythms， the combination of traditiona1 verse forms —— the sonnet， rhyming coup1ets， blank verse with the speech of New England farmers with its idiosyncratic diction and syntax. Frost wrote in both the metrical forms and the free verse， in a form that might be called semi-free or semi-conventional. 2. The Road Not Taken （1） The theme： This poem seems to be about the poet， walking in the woods in autumn， hesitating for a long time and wondering which road he should take since they are both pretty. In reality， this is a meditative poem symbolically written. It concerns the important decisions which one must take in the course of life， when one must give up one desirable thing in order to possess another. Then， whatever the outcome， one must accept the consequences of one's choice for it is not possible to go back and have another chance to choose differently. In the poem， he followed the one which was not frequently travelled by. Symbolically， he chose to follow an unusual， solitary life； perhaps he was speaking of his choice to become a poet rather than some common profession. But he always remembered the road which he might have taken， and which would have given him a different kind of life. （2） Language： This poem is written in classic five-line stanzas， with the rhyme scheme a-b-a-a-b and conversational rhythm. The poet uses "the road " to symbolize life's journey. 3. Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening （1） The theme： This is a deceptively simple poem in which the speaker literally stops his horse in the winter twilight to observe the beauty of the forest scene， and then is moved to continue his journey. Philosophically and symbolically， it stems from the ambiguity of the speaker's choice between safety and the unknown. （2） This poem suggests deep thought about death and about life. The strange attraction of death to man is symbolized by the dark woods silently filled up with the coldness of snow. Frost frequently uses the technique of symbolism in his poetry. Some critics think that the "village" stands for the human world， "woods" for nature， "horse" for the animal world， and "promises" for obligations. The poem represents a moment of relaxation from the burdensome journey of life， an almost aesthetic enjoyment and appreciation of natural beauty which is wholesome and restorative against the chaotic existence of modern man. （3） The last stanza shows a kind of sad， sentimental but also strong and responsible feeling. The attraction of the beauty of the nature makes the speaker stop in the journey. He finally turns away from it， with a certain weariness and yet with quiet determination， to face the needs of life. This stresses the central conflict of the poem between man's enjoyment of nature's beauty and his responsibility in society. This shows a man's despairing courage to seek out the meaning of life. In the last stanza， the three adjectives "lovely" "dark" "deep" reinforce one another. Not only do they represent beauty and terror of nature symbolized by the dark woods， but they also reveal the speaker's love for nature and human isolation from it. Besides， the word "sleep" here means "die" symbolically.
Chapter II The Neoclassical Period 一。新古典主义时期概述 1. 识记：（1）新古典主义时期的界定 （2）政治经济背景 （3）启蒙运动的意义与影响 2. 领会：（1）启蒙运动的主张与文学的特点 （2）新古典主义时期文学的艺术特点 3. 应用：启蒙运动，新古典主义，英雄双行诗，英国现实主义小说等名词的解释 1. 识记Definitions of literary terms 1） The Enlightenment Movement The 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France & swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th & 16th centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical & artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality， equality & science. They called for a reference to order， reason & rules & advocated universal education. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden， Alexander pope & so on. 2） Neoclassicism In the field of literature， the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. According to the neoclassicists， all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek & Roman writers （Homer， Virgil， & so on）& those of the contemporary French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order， logic， restrained emotion & accuracy， & that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. This belief led them to seek proportion， unity， harmony & grace in literary expressions， in an effort to delight， instruct & correct human beings， primarily as social animals. Thus， a polite， urbane， witty， & intellectual art developed. 3） The heroic couplet It means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry， which rhyme & are written with five beats each…… 4） the Realistic Novel The mid-century was， however， predominated by a newly rising literary form， the modern English novel， which， contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats， gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. This-the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century - is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution & a symbol of the growing importance & strength of the English of the growing importance & strength of the English middle class， Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe ，Samuel Richardson， Henry Fielding， Laurence Sterne， Tobias Creorge Smollott， & Oliver Goldsmith. 2. 领会Characteristics of Neoclassical Literature According to the neoclassicists， all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek & Roman writers （Homer， Virgil， Horace， Ovid， etc，）& those of the contemporary French ones. Neoclassicists had some fixed laws &rules for almost every genre of literature， prose should be precise， direct， smooth & flexible. Poetry should be lyrical， epical， didactic， satiric or dramatic， & each class should be guided by its own principles. Drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets （iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines）； the three unities of time， space & action should be strictly observed； regularity in construction should be adhered to & type characters rather than individuals should be represented. 二。该时期的重要作家 1，一般识记：重要作家的创作生涯 2，识记：重要作品及主要内容 3，领会：重要作家的创作思想，艺术特色其代表作的主题结构，人物刻画，语言风格，艺术特色，社会意义等。 4，应用：（1）《天路历程》中“名利场”的寓义。 （2）蒲伯的文学（诗歌）批评观及其诗歌特色。 （3）《格列佛游记》的社会讽刺。 （4）菲尔丁的“散文体史诗”。 （5）格雷诗歌的主题与意象。 I. John Bunyan 1. 一般识记His life English author & preacher， born in Elstow， England， probably Nov.28， 1628，and died in London， England， Aug， 31， 1688. 2. 识记His major works John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress （1678） is the outstanding 17th-century English religious literature. For more than 200 years this book was second in popularity only to the Bible. Bunyan did not attempt to portray the political confusion & social upheaval of 17th-century England. His concern was rather the study of man’s spiritual life. Bunyan chiefly wrote four prose works - Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners （1666）， The Life & Death of Mr. Badman （1680）， The Holy War （1682） & The Pilgrim’s Progress， part II （1684）。 3. 领会Characteristics of his works Bunyan’s style was modeled after that of the English Bible. With his concrete &living language & carefully observed & vividly presented details， he made it possible for the reader of the least education to share the pleasure of reading his novel & to relive the experience of his characters. 4. 应用Selected Reading "The Vanity Fair"， an excerpt from Part I of The Pilgrim’s Progress. （1） Theme： The Pilgrim’s Progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. Its purpose is to urge people to comply with Christian doctrines & seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weakness & all kinds of social evils. It is not only about something spiritual but also beats much relevance to the time. Its predominant metaphor-life as a journey-is simple & familiar. （2） "Vanity Fair" is the most famous part of The Pilgrim’s Progress. It tells how Christian & his friend Faithful come to Vanity Fair on their way to heaven，" a fair where in should be sold all sorts of vanity & that it should last all the year long： therefore at this fair all such merchandise sold， as houses， lands， trades， places， honors， preferments， titles， countries， kingdoms， lusts， pleasures & delights of all sorts as harlots， wives， husbands， children， masters， servants， lives， blood， bodies， souls， silver， gold， pearls， precious stones & what not." As they refuse to buy anything but truth， they are beaten & put in a cage & then taken out & led in chains up & down the fair. They are sentenced to death-to be put to the most cruel death that can be invented." Vanity Fair" is a satirical picture of English society， law & religion in Bunyan’s day.
美学自考必考知识点如下：
1、审美趣味：个人在审美活动和审美评价中所体现出来个人爱好和倾向，它是主体社会显现，具有强烈社会。
2、美感：主体在具体活动中与审美对象同时建立起来呈现出审美主体存在方式和存在状态，它体现出主体直观到超越利、伦理、认识人生境界，体验出人和世界意义而表现出来幸福感、自由感和愉悦感。
3、美学的学科性质：美学是一门关于审美现象的综合性的人文学科。美学研究的核心方法是哲学方法。
4、美学发展的三个阶段
（1）审美意识，审美意识是人类在生存实践中萌发出来的有某种不明晰审美追求的意识。
（2）特性：具体感性的审美活动体现出来，缺乏明确而系统的理论表述，不成熟，不自觉。
（3）分类：分为初级审美意识和高级审美意识。
5、美学是研究美和美的规律这样一门学科；代表人物：柏拉图，代表作品：《大希庇阿斯篇》美学在古希腊没成为一门学科，但开始研究美本身、美的本质。
6、美学研究的方法多种多样，从学科性质来看，美学核心方法应当是哲学方法。
7、审美需要的特征
（1）生命需要：是人所独有的一种生命需要，它植根于人的生命活动本身的独特性质。
（2）高级的精神追求：审美需要属于人的一种高级的精神追求，而不仅仅是感官欲求的享受。
8、审美理想的概念：是主体心目中关于完善的美的观念。所谓审美理想就是主体通过想象在头脑中构造出来的理想形态的美。审美理想在主体的审美心理结构中必然处于最高的位置。
9、审美理想与人生理想的内在关联：审美理想反映着一定时代的民族性、时代性和阶级性，它与社会理想联系在一起。审美理想不仅仅是审美活动本身的产物，而是主体全部人生实践的结晶。
10、审美趣味的两重性：存在着个体性与社会性、特殊性与普遍性的矛盾。
二、多项选择题（本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分） 在每小题列出的五个备选项中有二至五个是符合题目要求的，请将其选出并将“答题卡”的相应代码涂黑。未涂、错涂、多涂或少涂均无分。 31. 在西方美学，提倡“快乐说”的理论家是 A. 格兰特?艾伦 B. 托马斯?阿奎那 C. 斯宾塞 D. 亨利?马歇尔 E. 席勒 32. 狄德罗曾认为“美在关系”，他所谓的“关系”不包括 A. 一事物内在结构上的秩序、安排、对称关系 B. 一事物与其他事物的关系 C. 人与人的关系 D. 人与自我的关系 E. 事物与人的关系33. 以下属于古希腊毕达哥拉斯学派的美学观念的是 A. 美来源于数的秩序 B. 数是宇宙的本源 C. 美在于客观事物的对立、冲突 D. 人体美在于各个部分之间的比例对称 E. 一切艺术都产生于数34. 作为审美关系主体的人，包括以下哪些方面的本质属性 A. 自然性 B. 物质性 C. 社会性 D. 精神性 E. 历史性35. 在西方美学，关于喜剧产生的原因有多种解释，其中具有代表性的有 A. 突然荣耀说 B. 乖讹说 C. 生命的机械化 D. 心理能量消耗的节省说 E. 游戏说 三、名词解释（本大题共4小题，第36、37小题每小题4分，第38、39小题每小题3分，共14分） 36. 心理距离说 37. 美感 38. 艺术的审美功能 39. 无我之境 四、简答题（本大题共3小题，第40、41小题每小题7分，第42小题6分，共20分） 40. 简述审美活动中会产生通感现象的原因。 41. 简述现当代西方的一些美学家反对给美和艺术下定义的原因。 42. 简述美育转移人的心理气质和精神面貌的途径。 五、论述题（本大题共2小题，第43小题12分，第44小题14分，共26分） 43. 从矛盾统一的观点出发，举例说明美感欣赏活动的深层心理特征。 44. 为什么说“技”与“道”是艺术创造中不可逾越的环节？二者的关系如何？
1、崇高作为审美形态，它主要指对象以其粗犷、博大的感性形态，劲健的物质力量和精神力量，雄伟的气势，给人以心灵的震撼，使人惊心动魄、心潮澎湃，进而受到强烈的鼓舞和激越，引起人们产生敬仰和赞叹的情怀，从而提升和扩大了人的精神境界。在审美意象的形式构成上，崇高往往具有粗犷博大的感性形态。2、灵感是艺术家在意象创造中，由于各种心理机制、功能处于高度协调的自由状态而突然生成的精神昂奋、注意集中、情绪激动、想象力空前活跃的一种思维活动的境界。3、气韵中国美学思想中的一种审美形态。其特征是审美对象洋溢着一股不可抑制的生命的活动，源源不断地流淌出来，而且这种生命的波动又具有一定的节奏和规律性，形成美的形象和美的感受，并且在文字、线条、色彩和声音等表现形式之外，给人留下很多联想和回味的余地。4、自然的人化人化自然是马克思提出的一个十分重要的美学观点，马克思以此来描述客观的自然界不断进入人的活动，被人社会化、人化的过程。马克思认为，人在改造自然的过程中，将自己的本质力量作用于自然，使自然与人的关系从完全“异己的、对立的”关系，转化为被人类所认识、改造、利用、支配的关系，自然界在越来越广泛的意义上成为人化了的自然，人由此确立自己的存在。自然的人化使人得以从审美的角度把握自然，自然界因此而具有了审美上的意义。5、自然美指自然事物的美，它是社会性与自然性的统一。社会性指自然美的根源于人类社会生活的实践，自然性是指自然事物的某些属性和特征是形成自然美的必要条件。6、优美是理想人生境界与人生存在实践完满统一的现实呈现和展示，是和谐化一的人生存在至境。7、通感人是一个有机的生命整体。它们之间并不是相互割裂、互不相通的。一种感官的变化，常会引起其他感官的变化。它们之间还有协作，还有相互的影响和沟通。这种感觉现象就是通感。8、艺术品是精神性的人工制品，是艺术家审美创造活动的结晶，也是艺术家对世界审美关系的感性显现和凝定，它一旦进入接受者的审美欣赏活动，与接受者建立起审美关系，便生成、显现为最高层次的审美对象。9、审美形态指在审美活动中展现出来，以复杂的人生样态、自由的人生境界为核心的审美情趣、审美风格等感性显现的对象化的形态，以及人们对不同形态的逻辑分类。10、.审美关系是植跟于人与世界存在关系的、借助感性形式建构起来的、自由的情感体验关系。
美学原理名词解释汇总：
美学思想：美学思想是人类宙美实践和艺术实践发展到一定历史阶段的产物，是对人类审美实践和艺术实践的哲学概括。人类早期的美学思想散见于古代大量的文学、画论、书论、乐论及折学、历史等著作中。这些不具备系统的理论。体系的美学思想往往凝聚、结晶为某些美学范畴和美学命题，是美学产生的基础，但还不是作为独立学科的美学。
审美主体：审美主体特指审美活动中的主体，是审美活动的发出者、承扣者，在审美活动中与审美客体构成对象性关系，审美主体有着内在的审美需要、审美追求，这是审美活动得以开展的动因，在审美活动中起者积极的主导作用。因此也可以说。
审美主体是特定的人。审美主体还具有相应的审美能力与审美标准，这是审美活动得以展开的保证与审美活动必需的评价标准。
《美学原理》是意大利作家克罗齐创作的美学研究图书，由上海人民出版社发行于2007年4月。该作主要讲述了美学在整个哲学中的地位，审美活动与其他心灵活动的分别与关系。
很多小伙伴问，关于美学自考必考知识点有哪些？自考知识点的相关问题，今天本站编辑就给大家整理了关于美学自考必考知识点有哪些？自考知识点全部问题，希望对你有帮助！美学自考必考知识点有哪些？美学自考知识重点：1、审美趣味：个人在审美活动和审美评价中所体现出来的个人的爱好和倾向，它是主体社会性的显现，具有强烈的社会性。2、美感：主体在具体活动中与审美对象同时建立起来的呈现出的审美主体的存在方式和存在状态，它体现出主体直观到超越功利、伦理、认识的人生境界，体验出人和世界的意义而表现出来的幸福感、自由感和愉悦感。 3、审美意识：审美主体在具体的活动中被具有独特性质的个体深深吸引，而情不自禁的对之进行领悟、体会、咀嚼，进而陶醉其中，心灵受到摇荡和震撼的一种独特的精神状态。4、寓教于乐：古罗马贺拉斯提出，将美育看作娱乐和道德教育的统一，要求文艺要具有艺术魅力，以感动给人以教益。5、审美直观： 直观是审美经验的一种重要特征，它是指不需要概念推理能够直接把握对象的审美特征，直观分为感性直观和本质直观，前者是指通过主体感觉器官不把握对象的感性特征，后者是指通过直觉把握对象的本质特征。6、美感欣赏活动：指主体对美的现象进行感受体验、观照鉴赏和评价，提出艺术教育和审美教育通过感性的途径完善人性7、费希纳：倡导“自上而下”研究美学的方法，实验学家命运悲剧。自考本科教育学要考哪些科目自考本科教育学要考的科目如下：中国近现代史纲要、马克思主义基本原理概论、教育统计与测量、中外教育简史、心理卫生与心理辅导、发展与教育、心理学、教育管理原理、课程与教学论、德育原理、教育学原理、教育科学研究方法（二）、认知心理、现代教育技术等。教育学是一门普通高等学校本科专业，这一专业的学生主要学习教育科学的基本理论和基本知识，受到教育科学研究的基本训练，掌握从事教育教学工作等方面的基本能力。教育学专业教育教学应坚持以马克思主义为指导，以国家政治、经济和文化建设发展需求为基本原则，以中国高等教育定位和特点为参考框架。同时以行业标准和社会需求为导向，培养具有坚定正确的政治方向、高尚的道德品质，具备良好的科学与人文素养，具有国际视野，系统掌握教育科学和本专业必需的基础知识、基本理论、基本技能和方法，具有较强的创新创业精神和教育创业实践能力和管理能力，能够在各级各类教育及管理机构胜任教育、教学、管理与研究工作的高级专门人才。混凝土结构设计原理知识点总结是什么?《混凝土结构设计原理》知识点如下：1、强度越高的钢筋要求与混凝土的粘结强度越高，提高粘结强度的办法是将钢筋表面轧成有规律的突出花纹，也即带肋钢筋（我国为月牙纹）。2、屈服强度fy loweryield ，是钢筋强度的设计依据。3、余热处理钢筋RRB400Ⅳ级钢筋强度太高，不适宜作为钢筋混凝土构件中的配筋，一般冷拉后作预应力筋。4、钢筋的塑性指标主要有两个：延伸率和冷弯性能。这两个指标反映了钢筋的塑性性能和变形能力。5、预应力钢丝是以优质高碳钢盘条经等温淬火再拉拔而成的钢丝。第一次复习自学考试教材应该做什么？知识点怎样能记得更牢固？很多自考生在正式进入复习阶段，开始第一遍复习教材的时候，容易找不到方法，一页一页继续看，继续啃知识点，其实，有可能会造成时间的浪费，考生们可以尝试这样做。01多分析多总结在第一次复习教材的时候，每学习一个章节都做一次总结，总结出这个章节的知识点，易错点，重点，难点等，等到以后再复习这个章节的时候也能很方便明了地看懂这个章节的所有知识点。在做题之后也要分析总结，看自己错在哪里，如果是粗心，那之后就要多注意、仔细一点，如果是知识点还未掌握，那就再去攻克。02循环复习，不断巩固记忆是有时间限制的，要记的内容我们不断去复习。复习完一个章节之后，在下次复习下一个章节前把之前的那个章节温习一遍。这样可以加强之前章节知识点的掌握，能够不断进行巩固，也可以检测一下你是否忘记了上一章节所学的知识点了。03一定要坚持学习很多参加高等教育自学考试的考生，平时上班，业余时间本来就不多，还总想着玩玩手机，打打游戏。学习是一个长期坚持的事情，至少在考试前是不可松懈的。每天都要坚持看看，复习温习一下之前复习的，再学习一点新的知识点，一直坚持到高等教育自学考试考试。04报读考前辅导班如果考生的基础水平实在是不好，自己复习，静不下来看书，记不住知识点，那么就可以选择一个高等教育自学考试考前辅导班，上辅导课进行学习。有专业的自考辅导班的老师面授课辅导，这样复习起来就不用那么吃力，也容易掌握书中的知识点。总之，考生们一定要有针对性地复习教材，讲究方法，讲究效率。八月份自考就开始了，还有好多内容没记，越急越记不住怎么办，有什么好的学习方法？一、学以致用：理解的知识就要运用，运用才是学习的目的。该记住的东西要马上记住，并及时巩固，反复运用，以达到滚瓜烂熟的地步。二、重复是记忆之本：学习、尝试记忆、重复、巩固、再重复，直到倒背如流、运用自如才放过。三、反复思考：思考是一座桥，把别人的知识转化为你自己的东西。四、温故而知新：注意知识内在之间的联系、比较，注重知识之间的整理归纳，将零星的知识串连起来，使之系统化、条理化、形成知识链，便于对比，也便于选择，更利于应用。五、理解加上总结等于记忆。六、突出重点：可以全面复习，但不要面面俱到，还是要抓住关键、突出重点，这样成效才好，学得又轻松。自考/成考有疑问、不知道自考/成考考点内容、不清楚当地自考/成考政策，点击底部咨询官网老师，免费领取复习资料：