自考学士学位只能申请一次。根据国家规定，凡符合条件的高等教育自学考试的本科毕业生均有一次申报资格，第一次未通过者以后不再补办。申请学位的期限是符合申请条件之日起至本科毕业证书注明的毕业日期之后一年内。自考学位证是有申请条件的，各院校的要求不太一致，考生以报考院校的要求为准。考生一定要查看申请条件，最好在毕业之前查看，因为各院校都会对专业课程的分数有限制，若成绩没有达到标准可以重新报考该课程刷高分数。自考申请学士学位条件(以浙江大学2022年自考本科毕业生申请学士学位条件为例)具有良好的道德品质，遵纪守法，并满足以下条件的我校自学考试本科毕业生，可申请学士学位：1.2021年6月或2021年12月毕业;2.本科专业计划规定的全部课程平均成绩达到70分及以上;本科专业计划规定的全部课程和成绩以“浙江省高等教育自学考试毕业生登记表”上所列的相应内容为准，成绩以免考计或等级计的课程不计入平均成绩，毕业论文(设计)作一门课程;3.毕业论文成绩良好(75分)及以上;4.学位外语申请条件：(1)英语语言文学专业：毕业前第二外语成绩达到70分及以上;(2)国际贸易专业：毕业前国际商务英语(或经贸知识英语)成绩达到70分及以上;(3)其他专业：毕业前五年内全国英语等级考试三级以上(含三级)笔试成绩60分及以上，或毕业前五年内英语(二)成绩60分及以上。自考/成人高考有疑问、不知道如何选择主考院校及专业、不清楚自考/成考当地政策，点击底部咨询官网老师，免费领取复习资料：
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外国语言文学，是文学门类下的一级学科名称，设有英语语言文学、俄语语言文学、法语语言文学、德语语言文学、日语语言文学、印度语言文学、西班牙语语言文学、阿拉伯语语言文学、欧洲语言文学、亚非语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学11个二级学科专业。浙江大学外国语言文学考研初试和复试分别该如何准备，如何复习?下面跟随猎考考研一起来详细看一下吧~为大家总结各院校外国语言文学考研初试和复试备考方法详细汇总浙江大学院校简介浙江大学（Zhejiang University），简称“浙大”，是中华人民共和国教育部直属的综合性全国重点大学，中央直管副部级建制，位列首批“世界一流大学和一流学科”、“211工程”、“985工程”。（一）初试1、外国语言文学硕士考试科目：(101)思想政治理论；(251)二外英语/(252)二外俄语/(253)二外日语/(255)二外法语；(716)德语语言与文学； (815)德语翻译与写作2、外国语言文学硕士研究方向以及招生人数（不含推免人数）学院研究方向拟招生人数 (050)外国语言文化与国际交流学院(00)01德语文学02德语语言学与应用语言学03德语文化学与跨文化交际23、外国语言文学硕士分数线：近几年分数线汇总浙江大学最新考研复试分数线查看详情浙江大学2021考研复试分数线查看详情浙江大学2020考研复试分数线查看详情4、浙江大学考研招生简章/招生目录：关注浙江大学外国语言文学硕士考研报考条件、报考日程、联系方式、学制、费用 | 考研有哪些专业招生、各招多少人、考哪些科目等事项：详见浙江大学5、浙江大学考研大纲：关注浙江大学考试范围、考试要求、考试形式、试卷结构等信息：详见浙江大学(二)复试1.复试公告浙江各大研招院校2021考研复试公告汇总2.复试如何备考考研复试英语查看详情考研复试礼仪查看详情考研复试面试注意事项查看详情考研复试-外国语言文学硕士-专业复习查看详情3.复试考核内容复试包括专业综合测试、外国语测试和思想政治素质与 品德考核三部分。专业综合测试主要考查考生的专业知识、综合素质和科 研创新潜质等，采取口头作答的方式进行。专业知识的考查内容可参考院校公布的复试笔试科目。外国语测试主要考查考生的听说能力。4.资格审查材料：1.有效的第二代居民身份证;2.复试考生资格审查单3.诚信复试承诺书4.大学成绩单(应届生提供);5.学历证书(往届生提供);6.教育部学籍在线验证报告(应届生提供);7.教育部学历证书电子注册备案表或学历认证报告(往届生提供);8.思想政治素质和品德调查表备注：【境外学历考生】还需提供教育部留学服务中心学历认证书;【自考本科届时可毕业考生】还需提供自学考试考籍表等相关证明。为同学们准备了《22考研全年备考规划》，从基础择校到各学科备考，从干货分享到直播解读，应有尽有!点击领取>>以上就是猎考小编整理的“浙江大学外国语言文学考研:考研初试和复试该如何准备?”相关内容，希望可以对正在备考2022考研你有所帮助。如果您想了解更多的考研知识，欢迎关注猎考考研指南频道。考研有疑问、不知道如何总结考研考点内容、不清楚考研报名当地政策，点击底部咨询官网，免费领取复习资料：
我只能提供这些了：英语专业 （英语语言文学方向、经贸英语方向、翻译模块）充分发挥浙大理工文管各学科的综合优势、注重训练学生的英语交际能力、思辨能力和创新能力，提高学生的人文知识、交叉学科知识和实用性知识，培养具有扎实语言功底，良好人文素养，较强跨文化交际能力和中英互译能力，并熟谙英语国家国情和国际商贸知识的高级人才。毕业生能从事涉外部门和政府、外宣、出版、教学、广播电视、教育、经贸、旅游、外事等部门工作。主要课程：高级英语、英语戏剧表演及公共演讲、英语辩论与商务谈判、英美文学导论、跨文化交际、西方经典原著精读、国际金融、进出口业务、外事旅游翻译、心理语言学、影视翻译、口译（交传、同传）。全国硕士研究生入学统一考试---英语2005年试题及解析 2005-6-24 13:53:14 考研共济网 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------2005年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, (1) ____ this is largely because, (2) ____ animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are (3) ____ to perceiving those smells which float through the air, (4) ____ the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact, (5) ____, we are extremely sensitive to smells, (6) ____ we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of (7) ____ human smells even when these are (8) ____ to far below one part in one million. Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, (9) ____ others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate (10) ____ smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send (11) ____ to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell (12) ____ can suddenly become sensitive to it when (13) ____ to it often enough. The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it (14) ____ to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can (15) ____ new receptors if necessary. This may (16) ____ explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells —— we simply do not need to be. We are not (17) ____ of the usual smell of our own house, but we (18) ____ new smells when we visit someone else’s. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors (19) ____ for unfamiliar and emergency signals (20) ____ the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire. 1. [A] although [B] as [C] but [D] while 2. [A] above [B] unlike [C] excluding [D] besides 3. [A] limited [B] committed [C] dedicated [D] confined 4. [A] catching [B] ignoring [C] missing [D] tracking 5. [A] anyway [B] though [C] instead [D] therefore 6. [A] even if [B] if only [C] only if [D] as if 7. [A] distinguishing [B] discovering [C] determining [D] detecting 8. [A] diluted [B] dissolved [C] dispersed [D] diffused 9. [A] when [B] since [C] for [D] whereas 10. [A] unusual [B] particular [C] unique [D] typical 11. [A] signs [B] stimuli [C] messages [D] impulses 12. [A] at first [B] at all [C] at large [D] at times 13. [A] subjected [B] left [C] drawn [D] exposed 14. [A] ineffective [B] incompetent [C] inefficient [D] insufficient 15. [A] introduce [B] summon [C] trigger [D] create 16. [A] still [B] also [C] otherwise [D] nevertheless 17. [A] sure [B] sick [C] aware [D] tired 18. [A] tolerate [B] repel [C] neglect [D] notice 19. [A] available [B] reliable [C] identifiable [D] suitable 20. [A] similar to [B] such as [C] along with [D] aside from Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1 Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as ‘all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well. The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males. Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different. In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin. The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. 21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by [A] posing a contrast. [B] justifying an assumption. [C] making a comparison. [D] explaining a phenomenon. 22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, Paragraph 1) implies that [A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals. [B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature. [C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other. [D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions. 23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are [A] more inclined to weigh what they get. [B] attentive to researchers’ instructions. [C] nice in both appearance and temperament. [D] more generous than their male companions. 24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys [A] prefer grapes to cucumbers. [B] can be taught to exchange things. [C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated. [D] are unhappy when separated from other. 25. What can we infer from the last paragraph? [A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions. [B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source. [C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do. [D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild. Text 2 Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves. There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel’s report: “Science never has all the answer. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.” Just as on smoking, voice now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now. Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research —— a classic of “paralysis by analysis.” To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won’t take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound. 26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that [A] there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death. [B] the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant. [C] people had the freedom to choose their own way of life. [D] antismoking people were usually talking nonsense. 27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as [A] a protector. [B] a judge. [C] a critic. [D] a guide. 28. What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis” (Last line, Paragraph 4)? [A] Endless studies kill action. [B] Careful investigation reveals truth. [C] Prudent planning hinders progress. [D] Extensive research helps decision-making. 29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming? [A] Offer aid to build cleaner power plants. [B] Raise public awareness of conservation. [C] Press for further scientific research. [D] Take some legislative measures. 30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because [A] they both suffered from the government’s negligence. [B] a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former. [C] the outcome of the latter aggravates the former. [D] both of them have turned from bad to worse. Text 3 Of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” —— the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line.” And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. “It’s your dream,” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center. “If you don’t like it, change it.” Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep —— when most vivid dreams occur —— as it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain”) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day,” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement. The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events —— until, it appears, we begin to dream. And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep. At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in panic,” Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people’s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep —— or rather dream —— on it and you’ll feel better in the morning. 31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams [A] can be modified in their courses. [B] are susceptible to emotional changes. [C] reflect our innermost desires and fears. [D] are a random outcome of neural repairs. 32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show [A] its function in our dreams. [B] the mechanism of REM sleep. [C] the relation of dreams to emotions. [D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex. 33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to [A] aggravate in our unconscious mind. [B] develop into happy dreams. [C] persist till the time we fall asleep. [D] show up in dreams early at night. 34. Cartwright seems to suggest that [A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams. [B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control. [C] dreams should be left to their natural progression. [D] dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious. 35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams? [A] Lead your life as usual. [B] Seek professional help. [C] Exercise conscious control. [D] Avoid anxiety in the daytime. Text 4 Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, see the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English. Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom”, for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English. But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing,” has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft. Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive —— there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper. Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical educational reforms —— he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china.” A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one. 36. According to McWhorter, the decline of formal English [A] is inevitable in radical education reforms. [B] is but all too natural in language development. [C] has caused the controversy over the counter-culture. [D] brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s. 37. The word “talking” (Line 6, Paragraph 3) denotes [A] modesty. [B] personality [C] liveliness. [D] informality. 38. To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree? [A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk. [B] Black English can be more expressive than standard English. [C] Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining. [D] Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas. 39. The description of Russians’ love of memorizing poetry shows the author’s [A] interest in their language. [B] appreciation of their efforts. [C] admiration for their memory. [D] contempt for their old-fashionedness. 40. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as [A] “temporary” is to “permanent.” [B] “radical” is to “conservative”. [C] “functional” is to “artistic”. [D] “humble” is to “noble”. (英语考研共济网）里面还有很多！
我没有~~~~
1、这7门，每个人的知识基础不同，难易程度也不同的。一般来说，英语功底好的话，选英语科技文选、旅游英语选读、英语词汇学，比较容易通过考试；若是文学功底好的话，选现代语言学、外语教学法、语言与文化，会相对容易些。2、另外，考生也可在浙江省自考现行开考的其他本科专业中自主选考不同的课程，课程门数不低3门，学分不低于12学分，就可以了，不一定要从这7门中选的，也就是说，选修课的范围还可以扩大。
我只能提供这些了：英语专业 （英语语言文学方向、经贸英语方向、翻译模块）充分发挥浙大理工文管各学科的综合优势、注重训练学生的英语交际能力、思辨能力和创新能力，提高学生的人文知识、交叉学科知识和实用性知识，培养具有扎实语言功底，良好人文素养，较强跨文化交际能力和中英互译能力，并熟谙英语国家国情和国际商贸知识的高级人才。毕业生能从事涉外部门和政府、外宣、出版、教学、广播电视、教育、经贸、旅游、外事等部门工作。主要课程：高级英语、英语戏剧表演及公共演讲、英语辩论与商务谈判、英美文学导论、跨文化交际、西方经典原著精读、国际金融、进出口业务、外事旅游翻译、心理语言学、影视翻译、口译（交传、同传）。全国硕士研究生入学统一考试---英语2005年试题及解析 2005-6-24 13:53:14 考研共济网 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------2005年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, (1) ____ this is largely because, (2) ____ animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are (3) ____ to perceiving those smells which float through the air, (4) ____ the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact, (5) ____, we are extremely sensitive to smells, (6) ____ we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of (7) ____ human smells even when these are (8) ____ to far below one part in one million. Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, (9) ____ others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate (10) ____ smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send (11) ____ to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell (12) ____ can suddenly become sensitive to it when (13) ____ to it often enough. The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it (14) ____ to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can (15) ____ new receptors if necessary. This may (16) ____ explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells —— we simply do not need to be. We are not (17) ____ of the usual smell of our own house, but we (18) ____ new smells when we visit someone else’s. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors (19) ____ for unfamiliar and emergency signals (20) ____ the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire. 1. [A] although [B] as [C] but [D] while 2. [A] above [B] unlike [C] excluding [D] besides 3. [A] limited [B] committed [C] dedicated [D] confined 4. [A] catching [B] ignoring [C] missing [D] tracking 5. [A] anyway [B] though [C] instead [D] therefore 6. [A] even if [B] if only [C] only if [D] as if 7. [A] distinguishing [B] discovering [C] determining [D] detecting 8. [A] diluted [B] dissolved [C] dispersed [D] diffused 9. [A] when [B] since [C] for [D] whereas 10. [A] unusual [B] particular [C] unique [D] typical 11. [A] signs [B] stimuli [C] messages [D] impulses 12. [A] at first [B] at all [C] at large [D] at times 13. [A] subjected [B] left [C] drawn [D] exposed 14. [A] ineffective [B] incompetent [C] inefficient [D] insufficient 15. [A] introduce [B] summon [C] trigger [D] create 16. [A] still [B] also [C] otherwise [D] nevertheless 17. [A] sure [B] sick [C] aware [D] tired 18. [A] tolerate [B] repel [C] neglect [D] notice 19. [A] available [B] reliable [C] identifiable [D] suitable 20. [A] similar to [B] such as [C] along with [D] aside from Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1 Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as ‘all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well. The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males. Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different. In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin. The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. 21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by [A] posing a contrast. [B] justifying an assumption. [C] making a comparison. [D] explaining a phenomenon. 22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, Paragraph 1) implies that [A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals. [B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature. [C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other. [D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions. 23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are [A] more inclined to weigh what they get. [B] attentive to researchers’ instructions. [C] nice in both appearance and temperament. [D] more generous than their male companions. 24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys [A] prefer grapes to cucumbers. [B] can be taught to exchange things. [C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated. [D] are unhappy when separated from other. 25. What can we infer from the last paragraph? [A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions. [B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source. [C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do. [D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild. Text 2 Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves. There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel’s report: “Science never has all the answer. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.” Just as on smoking, voice now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now. Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research —— a classic of “paralysis by analysis.” To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won’t take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound. 26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that [A] there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death. [B] the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant. [C] people had the freedom to choose their own way of life. [D] antismoking people were usually talking nonsense. 27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as [A] a protector. [B] a judge. [C] a critic. [D] a guide. 28. What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis” (Last line, Paragraph 4)? [A] Endless studies kill action. [B] Careful investigation reveals truth. [C] Prudent planning hinders progress. [D] Extensive research helps decision-making. 29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming? [A] Offer aid to build cleaner power plants. [B] Raise public awareness of conservation. [C] Press for further scientific research. [D] Take some legislative measures. 30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because [A] they both suffered from the government’s negligence. [B] a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former. [C] the outcome of the latter aggravates the former. [D] both of them have turned from bad to worse. Text 3 Of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” —— the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line.” And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. “It’s your dream,” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center. “If you don’t like it, change it.” Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep —— when most vivid dreams occur —— as it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain”) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day,” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement. The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events —— until, it appears, we begin to dream. And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep. At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in panic,” Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people’s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep —— or rather dream —— on it and you’ll feel better in the morning. 31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams [A] can be modified in their courses. [B] are susceptible to emotional changes. [C] reflect our innermost desires and fears. [D] are a random outcome of neural repairs. 32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show [A] its function in our dreams. [B] the mechanism of REM sleep. [C] the relation of dreams to emotions. [D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex. 33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to [A] aggravate in our unconscious mind. [B] develop into happy dreams. [C] persist till the time we fall asleep. [D] show up in dreams early at night. 34. Cartwright seems to suggest that [A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams. [B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control. [C] dreams should be left to their natural progression. [D] dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious. 35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams? [A] Lead your life as usual. [B] Seek professional help. [C] Exercise conscious control. [D] Avoid anxiety in the daytime. Text 4 Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, see the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English. Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom”, for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English. But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing,” has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft. Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive —— there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper. Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical educational reforms —— he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china.” A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one. 36. According to McWhorter, the decline of formal English [A] is inevitable in radical education reforms. [B] is but all too natural in language development. [C] has caused the controversy over the counter-culture. [D] brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s. 37. The word “talking” (Line 6, Paragraph 3) denotes [A] modesty. [B] personality [C] liveliness. [D] informality. 38. To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree? [A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk. [B] Black English can be more expressive than standard English. [C] Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining. [D] Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas. 39. The description of Russians’ love of memorizing poetry shows the author’s [A] interest in their language. [B] appreciation of their efforts. [C] admiration for their memory. [D] contempt for their old-fashionedness. 40. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as [A] “temporary” is to “permanent.” [B] “radical” is to “conservative”. [C] “functional” is to “artistic”. [D] “humble” is to “noble”. (英语考研共济网）里面还有很多！
只要努力都是可以过关的。继续努力呀。
新编日语。 标准日本语一二册，黄黄的封面。这个简单一点，但是要看你报考的学校的指定教材了。一般先用标准日本语打基础，这本书挺好的，我就是学的这本。 追问： 指定教材好像叫【大学 日本语 】（1-4册）可好多书店都没这书 只有网上有 回答： 那就在你报考的那个大学的网站上买啊。每个大学都有 考研论坛 的，在里面有很详细的报考数目和历年真题，你一起买不就行了，而且每个大学都有专门供考生买书的地方。况且还可以在论坛里提问题，比这儿更方便。。。
今天教务老师给大家收集整理了自考怎么搜教材真题，自考真题答案怎么找的相关问题解答，还有免费的自考历年真题及自考复习重点资料下载哦，以下是全国我们为自考生们整理的一些回答，希望对你考试有帮助！自考资料去哪里找自考的历年真题和资料去哪里找？学会搜索自己想要的自考资料是就显得至关重要。在哪里去找呢？1.哔哩哔哩俗称B站，可以说是一个宝藏网站了，也有手机APP，它的涵盖范围非常广泛，热门频道里还有专门的学习分区，，比如你想找自考外国文学史讲解视频搜，根据关键词搜索，挑一个自己最能接受的风格，在碎片时间都可以看起来，如果有教材，也可以对照教材，随时做重点标记，相对于理清每个科目的整体框架，是非常不错的。最感人的是视频都是免费的。2.百度文库百度文库也有自己的APP，百度文库的强大在于，你能发现很多真题，根据课程名称和代码，就能找到了。所有自考的宝宝们都知道，一套历年真题抵得上10套模拟题，自考的考纲重要内容都在真题里，每年自考的难易程度不会出现忽高忽低状况，重复性也非常高，所以多下载真题刷题哦。我建议大家可以搜索近十年以来某个科目的真题，按照年份全部打印出来，因为在自己打印的资料上，你可以拿荧光笔画出自己薄弱的，容易混淆的，记错的知识点，这样每次翻开，一目了然，便于复习和巩固记忆。如果需要会员，我们可以到某宝花几元钱买个百度文库会员，10年真题尽收眼底，再也不会担心浪费钱了。根据你想要知道的问题，自考名称进行搜索，有海量的资源和大神们的回答，也许有个问题正好是你想问的。如果还想要便宜的网课，可以到二手平台上去搜索一下，上面各种资料，视频课件，教材等，还可以找到一些不错的科目的网课，但是这个要注意甄别，水平差别很大，自己判断好。5.百度网盘百度网盘也是自考宝宝们搜索各类资料的好地方，找到之后直接下载，网盘的容量非常之大，可以把自己的科目资料分类整理到网盘里，随时想起来就打开学习和巩固。不要太方便哦。按照考试科目或者代码来搜索，比较有名的就是一考通和自考通，相当于英语界的新东方，教材资料比较齐全，这种资料要做前期的基础学习，后期考前冲刺还得是和历年真题结合起来备考。7.喜马拉雅纸质资料有时候看烦了，视频也看腻了，不妨在上下班路上，睡觉前，甚至你所能利用的碎片时间，戴上耳机，用自考音频来学习，喜马拉雅APP上有很多优秀的高校老师的上课音频，比如，汉语言文学专业就有一个北师大的一名教授的课堂，妙语连珠，生动有趣的很呢。所以我们自考备考的方法应该是多维度交叉进行，不仅限于科目教材，视频讲解，音频讲解历年真题，科目课件，如果我们想要学好英语，不仅要背单词，也是需要看美剧，听英文歌曲是一样的道理。自考至少多少分算合格自考单门科目的满分为100分，成绩达到60分便为及格。此外，如果想拿到自考的毕业证的话，需要确定好需要修读的学分总数，考完本专业考试计划所规定的所有理论课程且成绩合格才有资格申请毕业。有人知道自考本科的真题资料在哪里找吗？跪求！！！我本人以前也参加了自考，除了自己买一些自考各科的教材外，我也自己从一些网站上搜集一些免费的自考学习资料。我当时是觉得橙鹿学历宝这个网站很正规，基本就锁定这个网站了，下载资料、查院校、查专业、查成绩，甚至一些考试通知我都是直接看这个网站。自考自己学习也是有一定难度的，希望你能坚持下来。争取能够一次性就通过各科考试，这样可以尽快地完成自考学业，早日拿到毕业证。百度上面有这方面的信息。《财务管理学》历年真题的答案哪里有？我是浙江的，在浙江自考网上找365自考网！请问有知道网络上哪有自考真题答案的吗?我是福建的我一般在这里下载试卷/答案这里的自考资料比较全的了希望能够帮助到你自考/成考有疑问、不知道自考/成考考点内容、不清楚当地自考/成考政策，点击底部咨询官网老师，免费领取复习资料：
我只能提供这些了：英语专业 （英语语言文学方向、经贸英语方向、翻译模块）充分发挥浙大理工文管各学科的综合优势、注重训练学生的英语交际能力、思辨能力和创新能力，提高学生的人文知识、交叉学科知识和实用性知识，培养具有扎实语言功底，良好人文素养，较强跨文化交际能力和中英互译能力，并熟谙英语国家国情和国际商贸知识的高级人才。毕业生能从事涉外部门和政府、外宣、出版、教学、广播电视、教育、经贸、旅游、外事等部门工作。主要课程：高级英语、英语戏剧表演及公共演讲、英语辩论与商务谈判、英美文学导论、跨文化交际、西方经典原著精读、国际金融、进出口业务、外事旅游翻译、心理语言学、影视翻译、口译（交传、同传）。全国硕士研究生入学统一考试---英语2005年试题及解析 2005-6-24 13:53:14 考研共济网 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------2005年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, (1) ____ this is largely because, (2) ____ animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are (3) ____ to perceiving those smells which float through the air, (4) ____ the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact, (5) ____, we are extremely sensitive to smells, (6) ____ we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of (7) ____ human smells even when these are (8) ____ to far below one part in one million. Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, (9) ____ others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate (10) ____ smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send (11) ____ to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell (12) ____ can suddenly become sensitive to it when (13) ____ to it often enough. The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it (14) ____ to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can (15) ____ new receptors if necessary. This may (16) ____ explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells —— we simply do not need to be. We are not (17) ____ of the usual smell of our own house, but we (18) ____ new smells when we visit someone else’s. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors (19) ____ for unfamiliar and emergency signals (20) ____ the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire. 1. [A] although [B] as [C] but [D] while 2. [A] above [B] unlike [C] excluding [D] besides 3. [A] limited [B] committed [C] dedicated [D] confined 4. [A] catching [B] ignoring [C] missing [D] tracking 5. [A] anyway [B] though [C] instead [D] therefore 6. [A] even if [B] if only [C] only if [D] as if 7. [A] distinguishing [B] discovering [C] determining [D] detecting 8. [A] diluted [B] dissolved [C] dispersed [D] diffused 9. [A] when [B] since [C] for [D] whereas 10. [A] unusual [B] particular [C] unique [D] typical 11. [A] signs [B] stimuli [C] messages [D] impulses 12. [A] at first [B] at all [C] at large [D] at times 13. [A] subjected [B] left [C] drawn [D] exposed 14. [A] ineffective [B] incompetent [C] inefficient [D] insufficient 15. [A] introduce [B] summon [C] trigger [D] create 16. [A] still [B] also [C] otherwise [D] nevertheless 17. [A] sure [B] sick [C] aware [D] tired 18. [A] tolerate [B] repel [C] neglect [D] notice 19. [A] available [B] reliable [C] identifiable [D] suitable 20. [A] similar to [B] such as [C] along with [D] aside from Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1 Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as ‘all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well. The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males. Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different. In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin. The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. 21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by [A] posing a contrast. [B] justifying an assumption. [C] making a comparison. [D] explaining a phenomenon. 22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, Paragraph 1) implies that [A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals. [B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature. [C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other. [D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions. 23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are [A] more inclined to weigh what they get. [B] attentive to researchers’ instructions. [C] nice in both appearance and temperament. [D] more generous than their male companions. 24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys [A] prefer grapes to cucumbers. [B] can be taught to exchange things. [C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated. [D] are unhappy when separated from other. 25. What can we infer from the last paragraph? [A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions. [B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source. [C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do. [D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild. Text 2 Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves. There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel’s report: “Science never has all the answer. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.” Just as on smoking, voice now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now. Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research —— a classic of “paralysis by analysis.” To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won’t take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound. 26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that [A] there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death. [B] the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant. [C] people had the freedom to choose their own way of life. [D] antismoking people were usually talking nonsense. 27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as [A] a protector. [B] a judge. [C] a critic. [D] a guide. 28. What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis” (Last line, Paragraph 4)? [A] Endless studies kill action. [B] Careful investigation reveals truth. [C] Prudent planning hinders progress. [D] Extensive research helps decision-making. 29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming? [A] Offer aid to build cleaner power plants. [B] Raise public awareness of conservation. [C] Press for further scientific research. [D] Take some legislative measures. 30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because [A] they both suffered from the government’s negligence. [B] a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former. [C] the outcome of the latter aggravates the former. [D] both of them have turned from bad to worse. Text 3 Of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” —— the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line.” And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. “It’s your dream,” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center. “If you don’t like it, change it.” Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep —— when most vivid dreams occur —— as it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain”) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day,” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement. The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events —— until, it appears, we begin to dream. And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep. At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in panic,” Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people’s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep —— or rather dream —— on it and you’ll feel better in the morning. 31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams [A] can be modified in their courses. [B] are susceptible to emotional changes. [C] reflect our innermost desires and fears. [D] are a random outcome of neural repairs. 32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show [A] its function in our dreams. [B] the mechanism of REM sleep. [C] the relation of dreams to emotions. [D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex. 33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to [A] aggravate in our unconscious mind. [B] develop into happy dreams. [C] persist till the time we fall asleep. [D] show up in dreams early at night. 34. Cartwright seems to suggest that [A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams. [B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control. [C] dreams should be left to their natural progression. [D] dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious. 35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams? [A] Lead your life as usual. [B] Seek professional help. [C] Exercise conscious control. [D] Avoid anxiety in the daytime. Text 4 Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, see the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English. Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom”, for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English. But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing,” has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft. Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive —— there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper. Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical educational reforms —— he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china.” A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one. 36. According to McWhorter, the decline of formal English [A] is inevitable in radical education reforms. [B] is but all too natural in language development. [C] has caused the controversy over the counter-culture. [D] brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s. 37. The word “talking” (Line 6, Paragraph 3) denotes [A] modesty. [B] personality [C] liveliness. [D] informality. 38. To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree? [A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk. [B] Black English can be more expressive than standard English. [C] Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining. [D] Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas. 39. The description of Russians’ love of memorizing poetry shows the author’s [A] interest in their language. [B] appreciation of their efforts. [C] admiration for their memory. [D] contempt for their old-fashionedness. 40. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as [A] “temporary” is to “permanent.” [B] “radical” is to “conservative”. [C] “functional” is to “artistic”. [D] “humble” is to “noble”. (英语考研共济网）里面还有很多！
朋友，在Google.com上找找看看，可能会有帮助的。但是，可不要作弊啊！～～
我没有~~~~
教务老师，听见很多自考的同学在问浙江自考本科有哪些专业(浙江全日制自考本科有哪些学校)相关问题，那么今天教务老师来告诉同学们这些问题的解答！浙江自考本科专业科目一览表浙江自考本科专业科目一览表：分别是：市场营销、财务管理、电子商务、物流管理、行政管理、国际经济与贸易、经济学、新闻学、土木工程、教育学、小学教育、日语、艺术教育、人力资源管理、法学、心理健康教育、播音与主持艺术、广播电视编导、公安管理学、服装与服饰设计、视觉传达设计、汉语言文学、英语、护理学、环境设计、工业设计。动画、汽车服务工程、工商管理、金融学、会计学、计算机科学与技术、计算机科学与技术、旅游管理、学前教育。浙江自考院校有：浙江农林大学、浙江财经大学、浙江工商大学、浙江中医药大学、嘉兴学院、宁波大学、浙江警察学院、浙江师范大学、浙江外国语学院、浙江工业大学、浙江传媒学院、中国美术学院、浙江科技学院、宁波工程学院、浙江经济职业技术学院、浙江商业职业技术学院、浙江树人大学、温州职业技术学院。浙江自考专、本科共有哪些专业浙江省高等教育自学考试专科现有60个专业，本科有46个专业；有19个主考院校。详见下表:主考院校本科专科浙江大学金融、国际贸易、经济学、法律、行政管理学、汉语言文学、英语、心理健康教育、电力系统及其自动化、建筑工程计算机通信工程、道路与桥梁工程、新闻学国际贸易、律师、法律、行政管理、秘书、汉语言文学、新闻学、英语、广告、档案管理、电厂热能动力工程、电力系统及其自动化、计算机及应用、房屋建筑工程、道路与桥梁工程、农业推广、临床医学、护理学杭州电子工业学院机电一体化、电子工程、计算机网络统计、电子技术、通信技术杭州商学院工商企业管理、市场营销、旅游管理、电子商务、秘书学、国际贸易工商企业管理、市场营销、旅游管理、电子商务、秘书、工商企业管理、中英合作金融管理、商务管理专业浙江工业大学计算机及应用、计算机信息管理机械制造及自动化、管理工程、建筑经济管理浙江中医学院中医学、护理学、药学中医学、中药学浙江财经学院会计、保险会计、电算会计、金融中国人民公安大学公安管理公安管理浙江师范大学教育学、学前教育、英语学前教育、小学教育、心理健康教育宁波大学律师、电子商务、法律房地产经营与管理、电子商务、机电一体化工程、计算机技术与应用浙江教育学院思想政治教育、数学教育、教育管理、汉语言文学教育、英语教育浙江科技学院服装艺术设计、视觉传达设计装潢设计、服装艺术设计嘉兴学院人力资源管理人力资源管理浙江师范学院社会工作与管理社会工作与管理浙江交通职业技术学院交通运输宁波职业技术学院日语浙江商业职业技术学院饭店管理、烹饪工艺浙江医院高等专科学院药学浙江经贸职业技术学院连锁企业经营管理浙江水利水电专科学院电力、市场营销责任编辑：中华维思网校浙江自考一般考哪些科目？自学考试相对来说还是比较难的。因为自学考试不像成人高考那样只有一次入学考试， 自考是无需入学学习的，需要考生一门一门考，直到全部科目通过之后才可以领取毕业证。自考大专的考试科目一般来说会有12门左右,每次考试最多也只能报考两门，因此自考要全部考出的时间跨度是比较大的,难度相对来说也是很大的。但是也要说明的一点就是，自考大专本身的考试题目难度不大，只不过很多考生学习时间少，学习能力、自律能力不够的话，那么难度必定是很大的。而且据了解，自考大专的通过率不足20%，其实有一个很大的影响因素就是缺考，半途而废的考生太多，那么通过率必定也是很低的。浙江自考开考专业有哪些？本科：金融 保险 国际贸易 经济学 餐饮管理 调查与分析 文化产业管理 工商企业管理 会计 市场营销 旅游管理 财务管理 电子商务 人力资源管理 房地产经营与管理 物流管理 劳动和社会保障 法律 律师 社会工作与管理 行政管理学 公安管理 学前教育 教育学 心理健康教育 小学教育 义务教育 体育教育 秘书学 汉语言文学 英语语言文学 日语 新闻学 公共关系 播音与主持 广播电视编导 服装艺术设计 视觉传达设计 音乐教育 美术教育 环境艺术设计 摄影 数字媒体艺术 工业设计 动漫设计 电力系统及其自动化 计算机及应用 电子工程 计算机通信工程 计算机网络 建筑工程 道路与桥梁工程 食品质量与安全 汽车营销与售后技术服务 计算机信息管理 电子政务 产品质量工程 检验 护理学 药学 中药学 思想政治教育 数学教育 教育管理 汉语言文学教育 英语教育 国际贸易 法律 英语 新闻 专科：统计 国际贸易 餐饮管理 文化产业管理 人力资源管理 房地产经营与管理 市场营销 旅游管理 电子商务 物流管理 劳动和社会保障 律师 法律 社会工作与管理 行政管理 公安管理 学前教育 小学教育 心理健康教育 义务教育 体育教育 汉语言文学 英语 日语 广告 新闻学 网络编辑 音乐教育 美术教育 环境艺术设计 动漫设计 电力系统及其自动化 电子技术 通信技术 房屋建筑工程 道路与桥梁工程 电子政务 护理学 中药学 金融 会展策划与管理 工商企业管理 会计 饭店管理 物业管理 空中乘务 秘书 韩国语 商务英语 公共关系 服装艺术设计 工业设计 装潢设计 机械制造及自动化 模具设计与制造 机电一体化工程 计算机及应用 数控技术应用 计算机控制技术 食品质量与安全 汽车运用技术 计算机信息管理 建筑经济管理 产品质量工程 园林 药学自考/成考有疑问、不知道自考/成考考点内容、不清楚当地自考/成考政策，点击底部咨询官网老师，免费领取复习资料：
朋友，在Google.com上找找看看，可能会有帮助的。但是，可不要作弊啊！～～
一、 个人介绍
本科211翻译专业，二外德语；21年4月决定考研，因大三下课程较多，大约从7月下旬暑假开始准备，但是在家效率不高， 9月初回到学校才开始正式进入备考状态；虽然上岸，但不是绝对高分，本文会总结经验+教训。
二、 择校原因
为什么考浙大：①城市：对一线城市的割裂感深有感触，希望未来能在二线城市定居。②考题：浙大文学历年考题以主观题居多，我自认为自己可能主观题会比客观题答得好些，更能发挥优势。并且，浙大的考题涉及很广，符合我想要通过备考“变得更博学”的期待；即便没有考上，也能在备考过程中积累很多知识，提升各方面的能力，并不会全无收获。③给分：浙大给分公平，不会因为过度压分导致无法调剂，算是少一分对于退路的担心。
三、 专业课备考
英美文学与语言学：
今年题型变化比较大，我自己文学部分答的也不太好。今年文学占90分，语言学60分，不再是往年的各占75分；题型包括：名词解释（文学语言学各5个，每个6分），简答（文学语言学各2道，每个15分），论述（文学，30分），时间规划上要注意，要留出足够时间给后面大题。
文学：
反思了我的备考经历，主要问题是我对文学史不够重视，这跟我本专业不是文学有一点关系，加上考场上看错题、时间规划不好，导致文学部分答得不太好。
比较建议想要考这个专业的同学在正式备考前先读一点文学作品，未必是特别经典的，当代的短篇小说也可以，主要是培养一下文学兴趣和素养，确定是真的喜欢/适合这个专业再投入备考。接下来梳理一下文学史，第一遍也不见得要梳理得多么清晰，因为对作家不熟悉的情况下很难把握整体脉络，大概有个轮廓，复习到每个作家的时候可以对应到文学史当中的位置就可以。把两本参考书过了1-2遍后，再翻看文学史会有更深的感悟，也更容易记忆。
往年文学要考作家作品、名词解释、文学选段赏析、诗歌赏析、作家评论，今年题型虽然变了，但是写简答和论述题还是需要结合例子来写的，之前准备的还是可以用到。我参考了文学史里的评论、课后题、学姐笔记等，自己看书有什么想法也会直接标记在旁边。我个人非常不擅长背诵，文学评论基本全靠理解，没有背太多东西，准备自己临场发挥，其实印象深刻的那几点看到一点蛛丝马迹就能想起来。名词解释我是到11中旬开始整理背诵的，这个时候已经有了一定的文学知识基础，能更好地理解名词术语，记忆负担会小一点。
用过的资料：
《美国文学选读》陶洁；《英国文学选读》王守仁——这两本是浙大多年前给的参考书目
《新编简明英语文学史》上海外语教育出版社；《美国文学史》童明——文学史看别的也行
星火英语考点精梳与精练（文学）——这本书个人感觉过于应试了，名词解释可以参考，但也不是很全面准确，最好自己再总结补充一下
语言学：
文学专业的语言学部分考的比较浅，我主要用了yule，新编简明，星火。教材中有些表述并不是最新的说法，不过对于考试也已经够用了。我在前期主要还是看书、理解、补充笔记，11月开始背诵比较专业的表述。语言学常考的知识点就那么几个，所以在文学题型变化的情况下，语言学分数可以作为保底的基础分。
用过的资料：
The Study of Language by George Yule——比较易读，适合初学者自学
《新编简明英语语言学教程》戴炜栋&何兆熊——更像一本教学用书，涵盖的内容比yule稍多一些
星火英语考点精梳与精练（语言学）
十分语言学
翻译与写作：
9月返校后每周会练一次汉译英+英译汉。主要练习过文学翻译和政治翻译，还找了一些跟浙江人文地理有关的中英介绍。个人认为，考翻译对于文学专业的意义在于能够训练理解原文的能力，所以比表达更重要的是思考，先思考清楚原文是什么意思、作者是什么意图，然后再寻找合适的表达落笔。
写作今年考的是翻译评论（往年类似专八作文），挺措手不及的，可能想要高分最好能结合翻译理论、翻译策略等来答。前期没有花时间在写作上，12月开始每天看1-2篇专八写作。我没有练过笔，一方面原因是时间不够，没有时间练笔；另一方面是觉得翻译和写作在遣词造句方面是相通的，既然练了翻译就不作重复性工作了。并且，翻译和写作的不同在于，翻译一般是要传达别人的想法，写作要表达出自己的观点，而自己的观点是观察和思考出来的，也不是练出来的。不过有时间最好还是练练，有备无患。
翻译写作这种主观性很强的科目，或许水平有限很难说展现出什么“亮点”，但可以尽量减少失分点，避免语法、拼写的错误。
用到的资料：
专八单词，专八翻译，专八写作
本科的翻译课笔记
《旅游英汉互译教程》陈刚——主要用于了解一些翻译策略
Catti三笔用书——本来想考一下三笔顺便练翻译，结果错过报名时间了hhh
《英汉翻译简明教程》庄绎传——按文本类型分好了类，译文后有解说，对学习者比较友好
张培基散文选——第一册挑着看了几篇，感觉有点难，翻得好是好，但是正是因为太好了，对于我来说反而很难模仿其中的思路和表达，后来就没再看
《散文佳作108篇》——这本会简单一点
四、 政治备考
个人认为在政治上花费太多时间并不值得，大家分数都差不多，能保证这一科不会拖后腿就够了。
用过的资料：
徐涛强化班（马原史纲部分）+1000题
腿姐技巧班（一开始看了一点视频，后来没时间就看的网上一些博主的总结笔记）+腿姐背诵小册子
肖四肖八+各种模拟卷
看到有往届学姐说，因为英语语言文学后期要背诵的东西比较多，最好肖八出来就赶快背，不然后期可能来不及。我没有这样做，原因是肖八要背的内容比肖四多太多，对我这种不擅长记忆的人来说很不友好。而且等肖四出来，肖八也差不多忘了，只能徒增记忆负担。不过我因为担心肖四背不过来，先把开题报告、日常作业这些在12月前尽早解决了，这样后期冲刺能够全心全意投入。
1.整个政治复习阶段规划：
7、8月份开始复习其实正好，正值暑假，初识政治，翻翻书看看网课，为9月份正式备考做准备，9-11月份属于强化阶段，教材+练习题最起码都要过一遍（至少一遍），这个阶段你会出现很多错误+很多理论上的不足，这些绝大部分都是需要在强化期应对且解决的。11-12月份为冲刺阶段，对于前面整体所学内容进行查缺补漏，另外对于政治主观题也要开始着手，12-考前，主要精力放在主观题，选择题每天都要做，能刷出一个不足就是大赚，另外调整心态，安心等待考试。
2. 政治试卷剖析
做了那么多套题，你会发现其实选择题才是最拉分的，反之主观题答好了并不会给你带来过大优势，因为大家在考场上主观题这一块都会写的满满的，平时想不起来的点都往上面凑，都想尽可能答得体面一些，所以阅卷人在面对这种情况，给分还是较为宽容的，只要你沾了一些重点，那么或多或少都给点分。
学姐建议大家在主观题这一块，如果有把握，最好分点叙述，按照1/2/3/4小点来回答，这样让阅卷人看得更方便（你好她也好），也是对自己知识点掌握充分的一种表现。越是全文覆盖，字数码的满满的，说明这样的人越没自信，生怕自己少答/漏答，其实正确答案可能就两段话，你只要找准解题点，把答案写清楚就够了，既节省时间还能拿到高分。（写到点子上很重要）。
另外字迹要好好练一练，文科类目考试一是考察你的个人思维逻辑+知识掌握程度，第二个就是你这个人的“门面”——字迹，不需要写太好，哪怕清晰工整，都会给人很愉悦的感觉，所以我当时在网上找的“衡水体”字帖练了两周，见效非常快，这种方块字练起来不但节省时间成本，还是近几年阅卷人较为青睐的一种字体。（读研之后马院一博导也阐述过字迹给人的愉悦感，所以我到现在一直也保持着临摹字帖的习惯，打发时间+培养心性）
说到选择题，其实它完全决定了你的分数上下限，最初我的模考阶段均分只能拿到30+，有时候还不到30，算了一下总分，如果真正考试，我可能就废了……，所以后面给自己制定目标，往40+冲，只有这样才不能让这一科拖后腿，选择题满分50，这就意味着你的容错区间还是很小的，看到这里，估计大家或多或少都有点压力了，放松心态，只要努力做不怕实现不了。考前预估的理想状态是选择拿40+，大题拿30+，我当时考的时候感觉选择题有几道拿不准，所以估计大题我应该是是拿了40上下。
另外关于各科考研网课资料问题，也一直是很多人关注的点，学姐送给你一个最中肯的建议，大一不要盲目花太多钱投入在上面，因为有很多免费考研资料不比那些差！
五、 德语备考
我德语考的也不是很高，好在没有太拖后腿。大二大三的德语课学的还算认真，算是有一定基础。前期主要是看课文、背单词、做课后题，勾画出了课文里比较好的句子，隔2-3天会读一读勾画过的部分（其实背一背课文可能会更好些，但是因为我实在很不擅长背诵就没有坚持），期间自己整理了常用语法点，遇到不熟悉的内容及时翻看补充；大概10月下旬开始做题，11月在复习课文的同时写了写常见话题的作文。
考德语的同学确实比较少，可以参考的经验和资料也相对有限，但是有英语学习作基础，按部就班学下来，自己也能摸索出语言学习的规律，而且二外的考察难度不会特别大，教材上的基础知识点弄清楚差不多就够应付考试了。
22年题型：单选（20道），完型1篇，阅读1篇（10道选择），名词转换动词（10个），汉译德（5个句子，每个3分），德译汉（一个篇章），作文100词。
21年：单选20个左右，介词10/15个，选词填空，动名词转换，翻译2小段，作文
20年：单选 20分，动名词互换 10分，介词 10分，阅读 16分，句子的中德翻译 5个句子每个2分， 段落的德中翻译 15分，作文100词
用过的资料：
新编大学德语1-4册（主要看这套就行）+教师手册+学习指南
大学德语1、2册（本科的二外教材，我偶尔会翻翻以前的笔记）
外教社现代德语语法
备战大学德语四级考试.词汇篇——有一定词汇积累后再看，附录表格总结很好用
全国名校外国语学院二外德语考研真题详解（第3版）
浙大12年前的二外德语真题
圣才的二外德语考研习题库——电子版，都是单选题，可以利用零碎时间刷刷全国高等学校德语专业四级考试样题集、德语综合练习与解析——这两本比较难，有余力的话可以提高用。
英语查德语网站：
gzh：德语世界（上外梁锡江老师办的gzh）
回顾整个备考过程，我其实每天都很开心——因为能够真正心无旁骛地学习自己想学的东西，真切地感受到一点一滴的进步。可以说，考研那几个月是我本科四年里最快乐的一段时光。
虽然各个学校考的会略有不同，但是核心内容还是一样的，呵呵。亲要考哪个学校？可以去这个学校的网站上来看看，一般学校都会把信息发布到网站上的。我2011年考的就是浙大英语语言文学专业，既考文学又考语言学，呵呵。现转让考浙大英语语言文学时的精华笔记哦，真的精华哦，嘻嘻，有截图有成绩为证。各科都有哦，包括英美文学、语言学、翻译、法语，购买笔记赠送视频、电子书、辅导书、真题神马的，呵呵。同时也欢迎童鞋们就英研的问题跟我交流。
朋友在HAO123上，点击考研，会有很多资料的！
我只能提供这些了：英语专业 （英语语言文学方向、经贸英语方向、翻译模块）充分发挥浙大理工文管各学科的综合优势、注重训练学生的英语交际能力、思辨能力和创新能力，提高学生的人文知识、交叉学科知识和实用性知识，培养具有扎实语言功底，良好人文素养，较强跨文化交际能力和中英互译能力，并熟谙英语国家国情和国际商贸知识的高级人才。毕业生能从事涉外部门和政府、外宣、出版、教学、广播电视、教育、经贸、旅游、外事等部门工作。主要课程：高级英语、英语戏剧表演及公共演讲、英语辩论与商务谈判、英美文学导论、跨文化交际、西方经典原著精读、国际金融、进出口业务、外事旅游翻译、心理语言学、影视翻译、口译（交传、同传）。全国硕士研究生入学统一考试---英语2005年试题及解析 2005-6-24 13:53:14 考研共济网 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------2005年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, (1) ____ this is largely because, (2) ____ animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are (3) ____ to perceiving those smells which float through the air, (4) ____ the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact, (5) ____, we are extremely sensitive to smells, (6) ____ we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of (7) ____ human smells even when these are (8) ____ to far below one part in one million. Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, (9) ____ others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate (10) ____ smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send (11) ____ to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell (12) ____ can suddenly become sensitive to it when (13) ____ to it often enough. The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it (14) ____ to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can (15) ____ new receptors if necessary. This may (16) ____ explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells —— we simply do not need to be. We are not (17) ____ of the usual smell of our own house, but we (18) ____ new smells when we visit someone else’s. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors (19) ____ for unfamiliar and emergency signals (20) ____ the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire. 1. [A] although [B] as [C] but [D] while 2. [A] above [B] unlike [C] excluding [D] besides 3. [A] limited [B] committed [C] dedicated [D] confined 4. [A] catching [B] ignoring [C] missing [D] tracking 5. [A] anyway [B] though [C] instead [D] therefore 6. [A] even if [B] if only [C] only if [D] as if 7. [A] distinguishing [B] discovering [C] determining [D] detecting 8. [A] diluted [B] dissolved [C] dispersed [D] diffused 9. [A] when [B] since [C] for [D] whereas 10. [A] unusual [B] particular [C] unique [D] typical 11. [A] signs [B] stimuli [C] messages [D] impulses 12. [A] at first [B] at all [C] at large [D] at times 13. [A] subjected [B] left [C] drawn [D] exposed 14. [A] ineffective [B] incompetent [C] inefficient [D] insufficient 15. [A] introduce [B] summon [C] trigger [D] create 16. [A] still [B] also [C] otherwise [D] nevertheless 17. [A] sure [B] sick [C] aware [D] tired 18. [A] tolerate [B] repel [C] neglect [D] notice 19. [A] available [B] reliable [C] identifiable [D] suitable 20. [A] similar to [B] such as [C] along with [D] aside from Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1 Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as ‘all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well. The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males. Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different. In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin. The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. 21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by [A] posing a contrast. [B] justifying an assumption. [C] making a comparison. [D] explaining a phenomenon. 22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, Paragraph 1) implies that [A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals. [B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature. [C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other. [D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions. 23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are [A] more inclined to weigh what they get. [B] attentive to researchers’ instructions. [C] nice in both appearance and temperament. [D] more generous than their male companions. 24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys [A] prefer grapes to cucumbers. [B] can be taught to exchange things. [C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated. [D] are unhappy when separated from other. 25. What can we infer from the last paragraph? [A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions. [B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source. [C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do. [D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild. Text 2 Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves. There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel’s report: “Science never has all the answer. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.” Just as on smoking, voice now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now. Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research —— a classic of “paralysis by analysis.” To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won’t take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound. 26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that [A] there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death. [B] the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant. [C] people had the freedom to choose their own way of life. [D] antismoking people were usually talking nonsense. 27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as [A] a protector. [B] a judge. [C] a critic. [D] a guide. 28. What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis” (Last line, Paragraph 4)? [A] Endless studies kill action. [B] Careful investigation reveals truth. [C] Prudent planning hinders progress. [D] Extensive research helps decision-making. 29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming? [A] Offer aid to build cleaner power plants. [B] Raise public awareness of conservation. [C] Press for further scientific research. [D] Take some legislative measures. 30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because [A] they both suffered from the government’s negligence. [B] a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former. [C] the outcome of the latter aggravates the former. [D] both of them have turned from bad to worse. Text 3 Of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” —— the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line.” And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. “It’s your dream,” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center. “If you don’t like it, change it.” Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep —— when most vivid dreams occur —— as it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain”) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day,” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement. The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events —— until, it appears, we begin to dream. And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep. At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in panic,” Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people’s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep —— or rather dream —— on it and you’ll feel better in the morning. 31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams [A] can be modified in their courses. [B] are susceptible to emotional changes. [C] reflect our innermost desires and fears. [D] are a random outcome of neural repairs. 32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show [A] its function in our dreams. [B] the mechanism of REM sleep. [C] the relation of dreams to emotions. [D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex. 33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to [A] aggravate in our unconscious mind. [B] develop into happy dreams. [C] persist till the time we fall asleep. [D] show up in dreams early at night. 34. Cartwright seems to suggest that [A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams. [B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control. [C] dreams should be left to their natural progression. [D] dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious. 35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams? [A] Lead your life as usual. [B] Seek professional help. [C] Exercise conscious control. [D] Avoid anxiety in the daytime. Text 4 Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, see the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English. Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom”, for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English. But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing,” has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft. Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive —— there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper. Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical educational reforms —— he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china.” A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one. 36. According to McWhorter, the decline of formal English [A] is inevitable in radical education reforms. [B] is but all too natural in language development. [C] has caused the controversy over the counter-culture. [D] brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s. 37. The word “talking” (Line 6, Paragraph 3) denotes [A] modesty. [B] personality [C] liveliness. [D] informality. 38. To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree? [A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk. [B] Black English can be more expressive than standard English. [C] Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining. [D] Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas. 39. The description of Russians’ love of memorizing poetry shows the author’s [A] interest in their language. [B] appreciation of their efforts. [C] admiration for their memory. [D] contempt for their old-fashionedness. 40. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as [A] “temporary” is to “permanent.” [B] “radical” is to “conservative”. [C] “functional” is to “artistic”. [D] “humble” is to “noble”. (英语考研共济网）里面还有很多！
朋友，在Google.com上找找看看，可能会有帮助的。但是，可不要作弊啊！～～