自考高级英语考生一定要在考前过一到两遍教材，熟悉教材里面的文章，也是积累词汇量和句型结构的过程，而这些都是学习英语的基本功，有助于考生英文写作水平的提高。那么高级英语自考重点有哪些呢？
自考高级英语应多做题，分析题型和命题方式，考生除了了解教材以外，还要多做真题，清楚考试题型和得分要点，有助于考生分清楚重、难、易点，有的放矢地提高复习效率。
高级英语自考重点
第一课
1．课文重点段落:2、4、5、6
2.重点短语:adulation、disaffection、embody、reverence、sprinkle、swelter
3.重点短语:conceive of :设想，想象、see......as :把......视为，把.…...当作、ratherthan :不是.…而是......、takeplace : 发生
第二课
4．课文重点段落:1、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、12
5 .重点短语:affluent、available、cleanse、dwindle、disillusionment、tedious.relevant
6．重点短语: contribute..........贡献，捐款、 batten on:靠损害他人养肥自己.drop out :放弃，退出
第三课
7.课文重点段落:2、3、15、16、17、21、30
8.重点短语:apologetic、apprehension、coax、contemptible、desist
9.重点短语: break in:插入，闯入、hold down:控制、reduce to:变成
第四课
10 ．课文重点段落∶2、6、7、8
11．重点短语:arguable、dodge、intrude、languish、legalize
12.重点短语:e to light 公布于众. go over:检查细节、hold out:持续、omplywith 依从，顺从
第五课
13 ．课文重点段落:1、2、4、6、7、10、12、15、16
14 .重点短语:drawback、incredulous、inferior、predominate、mold、register
15.重点短语: be content with :满足、be supposed to:理应，应该、run for :竞选、be aware of :意识，知道、convince sb. of sth./that......说服，使相信
……
高级英语语法讲解比起初级语法来相对来说比较深入剖析。下面是我给大家整理的高级英语语法，供大家参阅!
一 、定语从句的回顾
定语从句两种连接词：关系代词&关系副词
关系代词：that、which、who 关系副词：when、where、why(一般不可省略)
eg. Fruit that contains vitamin C can relieve a cold.(that充当主语)
eg. The man who we met yesterday is a famous psychologist. (who充当宾语)
eg. This is the right/very() book that you are looking for. (that充当宾语)
关系代词在从句中只能充当主语或宾语
二、关系词充当宾语的时候：可以直接省略，而从句不发生任何形式的改变
三、关系词充当主语
(1)谓语结构为实词：关系代词进行省略，从句中实词要发生形式的改变。若原从句是主动语态，则动词直接变成ing形式，若原从句谓语动词是被动语态，则可以直接保留过去的分词。
eg. Fruit that contains vitamin C can relieve a cold.= Fruit containing vitamin C can relieve a cold.
eg. I have a dog which is called King.= I have a dog called King.
(2)谓语结构为be + 名词：可将be动词同时省略，将后面的名词和前面从句所修饰的名词构成同位语结构。
eg. I know YU Minhong who is the president of New Oriental School.
= I know YU Minhong, the president of New Oriental School.
四、先行词为the way，后边的关系代词可以使that，in which或者不加任何关系代词。
eg. I like the way you talk.
一、主句和从句的助于保持一致，称为分词作状语。
(1)条件：状语从句，前后主语一致
(2)形式：分词作状语在句首+分词作状语在句后
(3)省略方式：省略从句的主语，关系词(可保留)+动词形式变化(主动语态-ing/被动语态-ed)
(一)时间状语从句：when、after、as soon as
eg. When the mouse saw the cat, it ran off = (when) Seeing the cat , the mouse ran off.
(二)原因状语从句
eg. As she was very weak, she couldn’t move. = Being very weak , she couldn’t move.
(三)条件状语从句
eg. If you work hard, you will succeed. = Working hard , you will succeed.
eg. If we are united, we stand; if we divided, we fall. = United, we stand; divided, we fall.
(四)让步状语从句
eg. Although he lived miles away, he attended the course. = Although living miles away=Living miles away
(五)伴随状语从句
eg. He sat in the chair reading a newspaper.
eg. He came in, followed by his wife.
(六)方式状语从句
eg. He came as we expected. =He came as (he was) expected.
(七)结果状语从句 eg. He fired and killed one of the passers-by. = He fired, killing one of the passers-by.
若前后主语不一致，则成为独立主格结构。
1、构成：分词短语的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致。独立结构只能作状语，多用于书面语言。
(1)名词/代词+分词(现在分词&过去分词)
eg. The boy ran quickly, his father following.(表伴随情况，父亲主动跟随)
eg. He lay on his back, his hands acrossed under his head.(one’s hands be acrossed)
(2)名词/代词+形容词
eg. They started home, theirs minds full of plans for increasing production.
eg. He was silent for a moment, his lips tight.
(3)名词/代词+副词
eg. He put on his socks, wrong side out.(表示补充说明)
eg. The war over, all the Chinese people’s volunteers came back to China.
(4)名词/代词+介词(短语)
eg. She came in, a baby in her arms.
eg. He went off, gun in hand.
2、句中的作用
(1)表示时间
eg. His homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play.
= After his homework was done, he decided to go and see the play.
(2)表示原因
eg. The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.
=Because the last bus having gone, we had to walk home.
(3)表示原因
eg. (with) Weather permitting, we’ll go for outing tomorrow.
=If weather permitting, we’ll go for outing tomorrow.
(4)表示伴随情况
eg. They walked though the forest, (with) an old hunter leading the way.
(5)表示补充说明
eg. He lived in a wooden house with two rooms, one being a bedroom and the other being an office.
=He lived in a wooden house with two rooms, one was a bedroom, the other was an office.
3、独立主格的变化
在带有逻辑主语的分词及其短语前加“with”
虚拟语气
【1】if 引导的虚拟语气(与事实相反，过去&现在&将来)
if—如果(可能发生&不可能发生)
If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.(主将从现)
(1)表示与过去事实相反时，从句中应使用had+过去分词，主句中用would，could，might +have+过去分词
eg. If you had got there earlier, you would have caught the bus.
(2)表示与现在事实相反时，从句中所有的be都有were，动词都要用过去式，主句中用would，could，might +动词原形 eg. If there were no air, people would die.
eg. If I had wings, I would fly over the sea to see you.
(3)表示与将来事实相反时，从句中be变成were，动词变成should+动词原形，主句中用would，could，might +动词原形 eg. If it were Sunday tomorrow, we would not have an examination.
错综虚拟语气：eg. If you had followed my advice yesterday, you would know how to do it now.
倒装形式的虚拟语气：从句中出现助动词do或were，可以将if省略，将do或were提前
eg. Had you got there earlier yesterday(=if you had got…), you could have caught the bus.
eg. Were I you(=if I were you), I would help him.
【2】馒头面条原理
当句子中出现建议、命令、要求这三个单词的时候，不管它是什么词性，也不管其后接何种从句，从句中的动词都应使用should+动词原形，should可以省略。
注：虽为虚拟语气的一种用法，但后面的句子并不表示与事实相反。
常见表示建议、命令、要求的单词：advice, suggest, propose, recommend; order, command; demand, require, insist, urge
eg. He suggested that we (should) go to tomorrow’s exhibition together.
eg. Mike’s uncle insisted that he (should) not live in this hotel.
注：suggest表“表明”义时不使用虚拟语气。
eg. Her face suggested that she was ill. So I suggested that she (should) be sent to the nearest hospital immediately.
【3】固定句型
1、It is time that ...
It is time that sb. did sth.早该做某事了
It is (high/about) time that…
eg. It is time that you worked hard on English.
eg. It is already 5 o’clock now, don’t you think it is time we went home?
eg. I think it is high time that she made up her mind.
2、Would rather that .....
只要是与现在或过去相反，从句中be动词变成were，动词变为过去式。如果与过去相反，则用had+过去分词。
eg. I would rather he came tomorrow than today.
eg.John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening.
eg. I would rather everything hadn' t happened in the past.
3、“It is (was)+形容词(或过去分词)+that+ (should) do……”结构中的虚拟语气
eg. It is necessary that we (should)have a walk now.
eg. It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time.
eg. It is required that nobody (should) smoke here.
eg. It is important that every pupil (should) be able to understand the rule of school.
4、as if，wish等后使用虚拟语气
Although it is summer, it seems as if it were spring.
He wished we would go there with him.
(wish表示不可能实现的愿望，hope表示可以实现的愿望)
倒装
全部倒装:主谓宾构成了正常的语序，把谓语动词提到了动词的前面，谓语动词直接发生在主语之前，那么就是全部倒装。
1、当首句为方位或时间副词，谓语动词为go，come等时通常用全部倒装。如果是进行时态的话，倒装后要改为一般现在时。 eg. The bus is coming here. Here comes the bus.
进行时态在变为倒装的时候要变为一般现在时。
eg. Students went away. Away went students.
eg. The boy rushed out. Out rushed the boy.
here/away/out/ 在英语当中称作方位副词或时间副词。
eg. Then came the hour we had been looking forward to. 方位副词或时间副词置于句首
2、如果句首出现了地点状语，句子也可以进行全部倒装。
eg. The old man lives in the city center. In the city center lives the old man.
eg. A temple stands on the mountain. On the mountain stands a temple.
3、当句子当中出现分词结构的时候，可以把现在分词或过去分词和地点状语联系在一起放在句首，把be 动词留在中间当作谓语动词，主语放在后面。
eg. Lying on the floor was a boy aged about 18. On the floor lies a boy aged about 18.
eg. Sitted on the ground are a group of young people.
eg. 访问北京的是300名日本青年。/ 300名日本青年正在访问北京。
300 Japanese young people are visiting Beijing.
Visiting Beijing are 300 Japanese young people.
部分倒装：主谓宾保持原来的形式，谓语动词的助动词放到主语的前面。
1、当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，这个句子就需要部分倒装
这类词语有hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, never, few, little, less, at no time, by no means, in no case, under no circumstance, in no way, on no account, on no consideration, no longer, not only等。
eg. He never smokes. 他从来不抽烟。Never does he smoke.
eg. Not only did the customer complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it.
这位顾客不仅仅 抱怨食物不好，还拒绝付费。
eg. Under no circumstance do I trust you.在任何情况下我都不会相信你。
2、当句首为only加状语的时候，这个句子需要部分倒装。
eg. Only with you can I feel happy.
eg. Only when you come, can we start the meeting.
只有当你来了这，我们才可以开始会议。
3、so......that 结构中的so位于句首时，常引起部分倒装
eg. He runs so fast that I can't catch up with him.
他跑得实在是太快了，以致于我都没有办法追上他。
So fast does he run that I can't catch up with him.
eg. The moon was so bright that the flowers bright as by day.
皓月当空，花朵就像白天那样的鲜艳。
So bright was the moon that the flowers bright as by day.
4、句子开头的as 处在第二个单词的位置上，表示虽然的意思。(表让步)
eg. Although I am young, I can live by myself. 虽然我很小但是我却能养活自己了。
Young as I am, I can live by myself.
eg. Although she is a girl, she can support the whole family.
虽然她是个女孩，但是她却可以养活整个家庭的人。
Girl as she is, she can support the whole family.
eg. Although I like music very much,.... Much as I like music,.....
5、常见的固定搭配结构中需要用倒装的情况。
(1)hardly/ scarcely.....when.... 一......就......
hardly，scarcely 后面一定要用过去完成时，when 后面用一般过去时。
eg. Hardly had he seen me when he ran away. 他一看到我就跑开了。
eg. Hardly had the baby cried when his mother rushed to carry him.
婴儿一哭，他妈妈就跑去抱他。
(2)no sooner....than..... 一......就......
no sooner 后面一定要用过去完成时，than 的后面用一般过去时。
eg. No sooner had they reached home than it rained more and more heavily. 他们一到家，雨就越下越大起来。
(3)the more ......the more... 越....越....
eg. The harder you work, the happier you feel. 你工作越努力，就越觉得快乐。
总结：倒装分为全部倒装和部分倒装。
全部倒装：
①当首句为方位或时间副词，谓语动词为go，come等时通常用全部倒装。
② 如果句首出现了地点状语，句子也可以进行全部倒装。 ③ 当句子当中出现分词结构的时候，可以把现在分词或过去分词和地点状语联系在一起放在句首，
把be 动词留在中间当作谓语动词，主语放在后面。
部分倒装：
1、当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，这个句子就需要部分倒装 。
2、当句首为only加状语的时候，这个句子需要部分倒装。
3、so......that 结构中的so位于句首时，常引起部分倒装 。
4、句子开头的as 处在第二个单词的位置上，表示虽然的意思。
5、常见的固定搭配结构中需要用倒装的情况。
hardly.....when....; scarcely .....when..... ;no sooner....than.....： hardly，scarcely，no sooner 后面一定要用过去完成时，when 后面用一般过去时;the more ......the more... 越....越.... ;
否定：
eg. All the birds can not fly.
Not all the birds can fly. 不是所有的鸟都会飞。
1. 部分否定
eg. All the birds can not fly. 并非所有的鸟都会飞。
None of the birds can fly. 所有的鸟都不会飞。
表示全部意思的代词或副词如all, both, every, everybody, every day, everyone, everything, everywhere等与not搭配使用时，无论not在前还是在后，都表示部分否定，意思为“并非都是"等。
eg. All is not gold that glitters. = Not all is gold that glitters. 发光的并非都是金子。
2. 全部否定
英语中常用not, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere, neither, never等表示全部否定的概念。
eg. Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it. 世上无难事，只怕有心人。
双重否定：
1.在一个句子中出现两个否定词：not, never, hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, few, little, none等，双重否定表示肯定的概念。 eg. No one can command others who cannot command himself.
A person can command others who command himself. 正人先正己。
eg. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they can not fully participate in our democracy.
如果没有能力进行批判性思维，维护自己的观点，并理解他人的观点，他们就不能充分的参与我们的民主政治中来。
2.形式否定，意义肯定
eg. A man can never have too many ties. 一个男人可以拥有很多的领带。
A woman can never have too many dresses. 一个女人拥有再多的衣服也不为过。
eg. We can hardly praise his achievement too much. 对他的成就我们无论怎样赞扬也不过分。
eg. A mother can never be patient enough with her child. 一个母亲对她的孩子再怎么耐心也不为过。
A teacher can never be strict enough with his students. 一个老师对他的学生再怎么严格也不为过。
3. 形式肯定，意义否定
①more A than B 意思为“A不是B;与其说是B，不如说是A”
eg. The book seems to be more a dictionary than a grammar. 这本书看起来与其说是一本语法书，不如说是一本词典。
He is more a composer than a singer. 与其说他是一个歌唱家不如说他是一个创作者。
② anything but 意思为“一点都不是，根本不是，绝对不是”
eg. I am anything but a teacher. 我一定不是一个老师。
eg. I will do anything but that. 我决不干那件事。
③ no more ...than 与 not more ....than
no more ...than意为“两者都不....” not more....than 意为“两者都肯定，前者不如后者”
eg. This book is no more interesting than that one. 这本书和那本书一样特别没趣。
eg. This book is not more interesting than that one. 这本书不如那本书有趣。
eg. This boy is not more honest than that one. 这两男孩都很诚实，前面的男孩不如后面的男孩诚实。
This boy is no more honest than that one. 这两个男孩都不诚实。
④ no more than与 not more than
no more than 强调“少”，译作“只有、不过、仅仅” not more than 是客观叙述，意为“不超过”。
eg. He said no more than we had expected. 他只是说了我们所预料的而已。
eg. Though they think it takes no more than three days to fulfill the mission, I believe it takes not less than six days. 虽然他们认为完成这任务只需三天，但我却认为至少需要六天。
eg. He has not more than five dollars on him. 他身上带的钱不超过五美元。
eg. He is not more than 10 years old. 他最多不超过10岁。
总结：
1. 部分否定
2. 全部否定
3. 双重否定：①在一个句子中出现两个否定词;②形式否定，意义肯定
4. 形式肯定，意义否定
5. no more .... than与 not more ....than ;no more than与 not more than
Lesson Nine The Trouble with Television 电视的毛病 The Trouble with Television 要摆脱电视的影响是困难的。 It is difficult to escape the influence of television. 假如统计的平均数字适用于你的话，那么你到20岁的时候就至少看过2万个小时的电视了，从那以后每生活10年就会增加1万小时。 If you fit the statistical averages， by the age of 20 you will have been exposed to at least 20，000 hours of television. You can add 10，000 hours for each decade you have lived after the age of 20. 笔起看电视，美国人只有在工作和睡眠上花时间更多。 The only things Americans do more than watch television are work and sleep. 稍微计算一下，使用这些时间的一部分能够做些什么。 Calculate for a moment what could be done with even a part of those hours. 听说一个大学生仅用5000小时就可以获得学士学位。 Five thousand hours， I am told， are what a typical college undergraduate spends working on a bachelor's degree. 在1万个小时内你能学成一个天文学家或工程师，流利掌握几门外语。 In 10，000 hours you could have learned enough to become an astronomer or engineer. You could have learned several languages fluently. 如果你感兴趣的话，你可能读希腊原文的荷马史诗或俄文版的陀思妥耶夫斯基的作品；如果对此不感兴趣，那你可以徒步周游世界，撰写一本游记。 If it appealed to you， you could be reading Homer in the original Greek or Dostoyevsky in Russian. If it didn't， you could have walked around the world and written a book about it. 电视的毛病在于它分散了人们的注意力。 The trouble with television is that it discourages concentration. 生活中几乎一切有趣的、能给人以满足的事都需要一定的建设性的、持之以恒的努力。 Almost anything interesting and rewarding in life requires some constructive， consistently applied effort. 即使是我们中间那些最迟钝、最没有天才的人也能做出一些事来，而这些事使那些从来不在任何事情上专心致志的人感到像是奇迹一般。 The dullest， the least gifted of us can achieve things that seem miraculous to those who never concentrate on anything. 但电视鼓励我们不做出任何努力，它向我们兜售即时的满足，它给我们提供娱乐，使我们只想娱乐，让时间在毫无痛苦中消磨掉。 But Television encourages us to apply no effort. It sells us instant gratification. It diverts us only to divert， to make the time pass without pain. 电视节目的多样化成了一种麻醉剂而不是促进思考的因素。 Television's variety becomes a narcotic ， nor a stimulus. 它那系列的、多变的画面引着我们跟着它走。 Its serial， kaleidoscopic exposures force us to follow its lead. 观众无休无止地跟着导游游览：参观博物馆30分钟，看大教堂30分钟，喝饮料30分钟，然后上车去下一个参观点，只是电视的特点是时间分配以分秒计算，而所选择的内容却多为车祸和人们的互相残杀。 The viewer is on a perpetual guided tour： 30 minutes at the museum， 30 at the cathedral， 30 for a drink， then back on the bus to the next attraction —-except on television.， typically， the spans allotted arc on the order of minutes or seconds， and the chosen delights are more often car crashes and people killing one another. 总之许多电视节目取代了人类最可贵的一种才能，即主动集中自己的注意力，而不是被动地奉送注意力。 In short， a lot of television usurps one of the most precious of all human gifts， the ability to focus your attention yourself， rather than just passively surrender it. 吸引并抓住人们的注意力是大多数电视节目安排的主要目的，它加强了电视是有利可图的广告的载体的作用。 Capturing your attention —and holding it—is the prime motive of most television programming and enhances its role as a profitable advertising vehicle. 节目安排使人生活在无休止的恐惧之中，唯恐抓不住人们的注意力——不管是什么人的注意力都担心。 Programmers live in constant fear of losing anyone's attention—anyone's. 避免造成这一局面的最有把握的办法就是使一切节目都保持简短，不要使任何人的注意力过于集中而受到损害，而要通过多样化、新奇性、动作和行动不断地提供刺激。 The surest way to avoid doing so is to keep everything brief， not to strain the attention of anyone but instead to provide constant stimulation through variety， novelty， action and movement. 很简单，电视的运作原则就是迎合观众的注意力跨度短这一特点。 Quite simply， television operates on the appeal to the short attention span. 这只是最简单的解决办法，但它逐渐被看作是电视这一宣传媒体特定的，内在固有的性质，是必须履行的职责，似乎是司令萨尔诺夫或另一个令人敬畏的电视创始人给我们传下了刻有铭文的石碑，命令电视上出现的一切节目均不得使观众需要片刻以上的注意力。 It is simply the easiest way out. But it has come to be regarded as a given， as inherent in the medium itself； as an imperative， as though General Sarnoff， or one of the other august pioneers of video， had bequeathed to us tablets of stone commanding that nothing in television shall ever require more than a few moments' Concentration. 要是运用得恰当，这倒也无可厚非。 In its place that is fine. 如此出色地把使人忘却现实的娱乐作为大规模推销工具加以包装，谁又能反对这样一种宣传媒介呢？ Who can quarrel with a medium that so brilliantly packages escapist entertainment as a mass-marketing tool？ 但是我看到了它的价值现已充斥于这个国家及其生活之中。 Rut I see its values now pervading this nation and its life. 认为快速思维和快餐食品一样影响着生活节奏很快、性情急躁的公众，这已成了时髦的看法。 It has become fashionable to think that， like fast food， fast ideas are the way to get to a fast-moving， impatient public. 在新闻方面，我认为这种做法不能进行很好的交流。 In the case of news， this practice， in my view， results in inefficient communication. 我怀疑电视每晚的新闻节目真正能够被人吸收和理解的有多少。 I question how much of television's nightly news effort is really absorbable and understandable. 其中许多被形象地描述为“机关枪不连贯地点射”。 Much of it is what has been aptly described as “machine-gunning with scraps.” 我认为这种技术是与连贯性作对的。 I think the technique fights coherence. 我认为它最终会使事情变得枯燥乏味、无足轻重（除非伴以恐怖的画面），因为任何一件事，如果你对它几乎一无所知，那么它差不多总会是枯燥乏味、使人觉得无足轻重的。 I think it tends to make things ultimately boring and dismissible （unless they are accompanied by horrifying pictures） because almost anything is boring and dismissible if you know almost nothing about it. 我认为，电视迎合观众注意力跨度短的做法不仅会造成交流不畅，而且还会降低文化水平。 I believe that TV's appeal to the short attention span is not only inefficient communication but decivilizing as well. 想一想电视要达到的那些极不慎重的原则吧：必须避免复杂性，用视觉刺激来代替思考，语言的精确早已是不合时宜的要求。 Consider the casual assumptions that television tends to cultivate： that complexity must be avoided， that visual stimulation is a substitute for thought， that verbal precision is an anachronism. 它可能已过时，但我所受的教育告诉我思想就是语言，是按准确的语法规则组织起来的。 It may be old-fashioned， but I was taught that thought is words， arranged in grammatically precise 在美国存在着读写能力的危机。 There is a crisis of literacy in this country. 据一项研究估计，约有3000万美国成年人是“功能性文盲”。他们的读写能力无法回答招聘广告，或读懂药瓶上的说明。 One study estimates that some 30 million adult Americans are “functionally illiterate” and cannot read or write well enough to answer the want ad or understand the instructions on a medicine bottle. 能读写可能算不上是一项不可剥夺的人权，但是我们学识渊博的开国元勋们并不感到它是不合理的或者甚至是达不到的。 Literacy may not be an inalienable human right， but it is one that the highly literate Founding Fathers might not have found unreasonable or even unattainable. 从统计数字上看，我们的国家不仅未达到人人能读写的程度，而且离这一目标越来越远。 We are not only not attaining it as a nation， statistically speaking， but we are falling further and further short of attaining it. 尽管我不会天真到认为电视是造成这一情况的原因，但我却相信它起了一定的作用，是有影响的。 And， white I would not be so simplistic as to suggest that television is the cause， 1 believe it contributes and is an influence. 美国的一切：社会结构、家庭组织形式、经济、在世界上的地位，都变得更为复杂，而不是相反。 Everything about this nation —the structure of the society， its forms of family organization， its economy， its place in the world— has become more complex， not less. 然而其占主导地位的传播媒介，全国联系的主要方式，却在人类存在的问题上推销简单的解决方式，而这些问题通常是没有简单的解决方式的。 Yet its dominating communications instrument， its principal form of national linkage， is one that sells neat resolutions to human problems that usually have no neat resolutions. 在我的心目中，那30秒钟一个的商业广告：一位家庭主妇因选对了牙膏而感到幸福的那小小的戏剧性场面就是这一切的象征。电视已使这极其成功的艺术形式成为我们文化不可缺少的一个部分了。 It is all symbolized in my mind by the hugely successful art form that television has made central to the culture，the 30-second commercial： the tiny drama of the earnest housewife who finds happiness in choosing the right toothpaste. 在人类历，几时曾有这样多的人共同把自己这样多的业余时间奉送给一件玩具，一项大众娱乐？ When before in human history has so much humanity collectively surrendered so much of its leisure to one toy， one mass diversion？ 几时曾有一个国家使自己整个地置于商品推销媒介的摆布之下？ When before has virtually an entire nation surrendered itself whole-sale to a medium for selling？ 几年前，耶鲁大学的法学教授小查尔斯？L？布莱克写道：“……被喂食本身并不是件琐碎小事。” Some years ago Yale University law professor Charles L. Black. Jr.，wrote：“…… forced feeding on trivial fare is not itself a trivial matter-” 我认为我们这个社会正在强行被喂食。 I think this society is being forced-fed with trivial fare， 我担心这一做法对我们的思维习惯，对我们的语言、我们努力的极限度及对复杂情况的兴趣等方面所造成的影响，这一点我们还只是极模糊地意识到。 and I fear that the effects on our habits of mind， our language， our tolerance for effort， and our appetite for complexity are only dimly perceived. 就算我的看法不对，用怀疑和批判的眼光来分析这个问题，来考虑如何抵制它，也不会有任何害处。 If I am wrong， we will have done no harm to look at the issue skeptically and critically，to consider how we should be resisting it. I hope you will join with me in doing so.
高级英语语法讲解比起初级语法来相对来说比较深入剖析。下面是我给大家整理的高级英语语法，供大家参阅!
一 、定语从句的回顾
定语从句两种连接词：关系代词&关系副词
关系代词：that、which、who 关系副词：when、where、why(一般不可省略)
eg. Fruit that contains vitamin C can relieve a cold.(that充当主语)
eg. The man who we met yesterday is a famous psychologist. (who充当宾语)
eg. This is the right/very() book that you are looking for. (that充当宾语)
关系代词在从句中只能充当主语或宾语
二、关系词充当宾语的时候：可以直接省略，而从句不发生任何形式的改变
三、关系词充当主语
(1)谓语结构为实词：关系代词进行省略，从句中实词要发生形式的改变。若原从句是主动语态，则动词直接变成ing形式，若原从句谓语动词是被动语态，则可以直接保留过去的分词。
eg. Fruit that contains vitamin C can relieve a cold.= Fruit containing vitamin C can relieve a cold.
eg. I have a dog which is called King.= I have a dog called King.
(2)谓语结构为be + 名词：可将be动词同时省略，将后面的名词和前面从句所修饰的名词构成同位语结构。
eg. I know YU Minhong who is the president of New Oriental School.
= I know YU Minhong, the president of New Oriental School.
四、先行词为the way，后边的关系代词可以使that，in which或者不加任何关系代词。
eg. I like the way you talk.
一、主句和从句的助于保持一致，称为分词作状语。
(1)条件：状语从句，前后主语一致
(2)形式：分词作状语在句首+分词作状语在句后
(3)省略方式：省略从句的主语，关系词(可保留)+动词形式变化(主动语态-ing/被动语态-ed)
(一)时间状语从句：when、after、as soon as
eg. When the mouse saw the cat, it ran off = (when) Seeing the cat , the mouse ran off.
(二)原因状语从句
eg. As she was very weak, she couldn’t move. = Being very weak , she couldn’t move.
(三)条件状语从句
eg. If you work hard, you will succeed. = Working hard , you will succeed.
eg. If we are united, we stand; if we divided, we fall. = United, we stand; divided, we fall.
(四)让步状语从句
eg. Although he lived miles away, he attended the course. = Although living miles away=Living miles away
(五)伴随状语从句
eg. He sat in the chair reading a newspaper.
eg. He came in, followed by his wife.
(六)方式状语从句
eg. He came as we expected. =He came as (he was) expected.
(七)结果状语从句 eg. He fired and killed one of the passers-by. = He fired, killing one of the passers-by.
若前后主语不一致，则成为独立主格结构。
1、构成：分词短语的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致。独立结构只能作状语，多用于书面语言。
(1)名词/代词+分词(现在分词&过去分词)
eg. The boy ran quickly, his father following.(表伴随情况，父亲主动跟随)
eg. He lay on his back, his hands acrossed under his head.(one’s hands be acrossed)
(2)名词/代词+形容词
eg. They started home, theirs minds full of plans for increasing production.
eg. He was silent for a moment, his lips tight.
(3)名词/代词+副词
eg. He put on his socks, wrong side out.(表示补充说明)
eg. The war over, all the Chinese people’s volunteers came back to China.
(4)名词/代词+介词(短语)
eg. She came in, a baby in her arms.
eg. He went off, gun in hand.
2、句中的作用
(1)表示时间
eg. His homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play.
= After his homework was done, he decided to go and see the play.
(2)表示原因
eg. The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.
=Because the last bus having gone, we had to walk home.
(3)表示原因
eg. (with) Weather permitting, we’ll go for outing tomorrow.
=If weather permitting, we’ll go for outing tomorrow.
(4)表示伴随情况
eg. They walked though the forest, (with) an old hunter leading the way.
(5)表示补充说明
eg. He lived in a wooden house with two rooms, one being a bedroom and the other being an office.
=He lived in a wooden house with two rooms, one was a bedroom, the other was an office.
3、独立主格的变化
在带有逻辑主语的分词及其短语前加“with”
虚拟语气
【1】if 引导的虚拟语气(与事实相反，过去&现在&将来)
if—如果(可能发生&不可能发生)
If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.(主将从现)
(1)表示与过去事实相反时，从句中应使用had+过去分词，主句中用would，could，might +have+过去分词
eg. If you had got there earlier, you would have caught the bus.
(2)表示与现在事实相反时，从句中所有的be都有were，动词都要用过去式，主句中用would，could，might +动词原形 eg. If there were no air, people would die.
eg. If I had wings, I would fly over the sea to see you.
(3)表示与将来事实相反时，从句中be变成were，动词变成should+动词原形，主句中用would，could，might +动词原形 eg. If it were Sunday tomorrow, we would not have an examination.
错综虚拟语气：eg. If you had followed my advice yesterday, you would know how to do it now.
倒装形式的虚拟语气：从句中出现助动词do或were，可以将if省略，将do或were提前
eg. Had you got there earlier yesterday(=if you had got…), you could have caught the bus.
eg. Were I you(=if I were you), I would help him.
【2】馒头面条原理
当句子中出现建议、命令、要求这三个单词的时候，不管它是什么词性，也不管其后接何种从句，从句中的动词都应使用should+动词原形，should可以省略。
注：虽为虚拟语气的一种用法，但后面的句子并不表示与事实相反。
常见表示建议、命令、要求的单词：advice, suggest, propose, recommend; order, command; demand, require, insist, urge
eg. He suggested that we (should) go to tomorrow’s exhibition together.
eg. Mike’s uncle insisted that he (should) not live in this hotel.
注：suggest表“表明”义时不使用虚拟语气。
eg. Her face suggested that she was ill. So I suggested that she (should) be sent to the nearest hospital immediately.
【3】固定句型
1、It is time that ...
It is time that sb. did sth.早该做某事了
It is (high/about) time that…
eg. It is time that you worked hard on English.
eg. It is already 5 o’clock now, don’t you think it is time we went home?
eg. I think it is high time that she made up her mind.
2、Would rather that .....
只要是与现在或过去相反，从句中be动词变成were，动词变为过去式。如果与过去相反，则用had+过去分词。
eg. I would rather he came tomorrow than today.
eg.John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening.
eg. I would rather everything hadn' t happened in the past.
3、“It is (was)+形容词(或过去分词)+that+ (should) do……”结构中的虚拟语气
eg. It is necessary that we (should)have a walk now.
eg. It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time.
eg. It is required that nobody (should) smoke here.
eg. It is important that every pupil (should) be able to understand the rule of school.
4、as if，wish等后使用虚拟语气
Although it is summer, it seems as if it were spring.
He wished we would go there with him.
(wish表示不可能实现的愿望，hope表示可以实现的愿望)
倒装
全部倒装:主谓宾构成了正常的语序，把谓语动词提到了动词的前面，谓语动词直接发生在主语之前，那么就是全部倒装。
1、当首句为方位或时间副词，谓语动词为go，come等时通常用全部倒装。如果是进行时态的话，倒装后要改为一般现在时。 eg. The bus is coming here. Here comes the bus.
进行时态在变为倒装的时候要变为一般现在时。
eg. Students went away. Away went students.
eg. The boy rushed out. Out rushed the boy.
here/away/out/ 在英语当中称作方位副词或时间副词。
eg. Then came the hour we had been looking forward to. 方位副词或时间副词置于句首
2、如果句首出现了地点状语，句子也可以进行全部倒装。
eg. The old man lives in the city center. In the city center lives the old man.
eg. A temple stands on the mountain. On the mountain stands a temple.
3、当句子当中出现分词结构的时候，可以把现在分词或过去分词和地点状语联系在一起放在句首，把be 动词留在中间当作谓语动词，主语放在后面。
eg. Lying on the floor was a boy aged about 18. On the floor lies a boy aged about 18.
eg. Sitted on the ground are a group of young people.
eg. 访问北京的是300名日本青年。/ 300名日本青年正在访问北京。
300 Japanese young people are visiting Beijing.
Visiting Beijing are 300 Japanese young people.
部分倒装：主谓宾保持原来的形式，谓语动词的助动词放到主语的前面。
1、当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，这个句子就需要部分倒装
这类词语有hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, never, few, little, less, at no time, by no means, in no case, under no circumstance, in no way, on no account, on no consideration, no longer, not only等。
eg. He never smokes. 他从来不抽烟。Never does he smoke.
eg. Not only did the customer complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it.
这位顾客不仅仅 抱怨食物不好，还拒绝付费。
eg. Under no circumstance do I trust you.在任何情况下我都不会相信你。
2、当句首为only加状语的时候，这个句子需要部分倒装。
eg. Only with you can I feel happy.
eg. Only when you come, can we start the meeting.
只有当你来了这，我们才可以开始会议。
3、so......that 结构中的so位于句首时，常引起部分倒装
eg. He runs so fast that I can't catch up with him.
他跑得实在是太快了，以致于我都没有办法追上他。
So fast does he run that I can't catch up with him.
eg. The moon was so bright that the flowers bright as by day.
皓月当空，花朵就像白天那样的鲜艳。
So bright was the moon that the flowers bright as by day.
4、句子开头的as 处在第二个单词的位置上，表示虽然的意思。(表让步)
eg. Although I am young, I can live by myself. 虽然我很小但是我却能养活自己了。
Young as I am, I can live by myself.
eg. Although she is a girl, she can support the whole family.
虽然她是个女孩，但是她却可以养活整个家庭的人。
Girl as she is, she can support the whole family.
eg. Although I like music very much,.... Much as I like music,.....
5、常见的固定搭配结构中需要用倒装的情况。
(1)hardly/ scarcely.....when.... 一......就......
hardly，scarcely 后面一定要用过去完成时，when 后面用一般过去时。
eg. Hardly had he seen me when he ran away. 他一看到我就跑开了。
eg. Hardly had the baby cried when his mother rushed to carry him.
婴儿一哭，他妈妈就跑去抱他。
(2)no sooner....than..... 一......就......
no sooner 后面一定要用过去完成时，than 的后面用一般过去时。
eg. No sooner had they reached home than it rained more and more heavily. 他们一到家，雨就越下越大起来。
(3)the more ......the more... 越....越....
eg. The harder you work, the happier you feel. 你工作越努力，就越觉得快乐。
总结：倒装分为全部倒装和部分倒装。
全部倒装：
①当首句为方位或时间副词，谓语动词为go，come等时通常用全部倒装。
② 如果句首出现了地点状语，句子也可以进行全部倒装。 ③ 当句子当中出现分词结构的时候，可以把现在分词或过去分词和地点状语联系在一起放在句首，
把be 动词留在中间当作谓语动词，主语放在后面。
部分倒装：
1、当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，这个句子就需要部分倒装 。
2、当句首为only加状语的时候，这个句子需要部分倒装。
3、so......that 结构中的so位于句首时，常引起部分倒装 。
4、句子开头的as 处在第二个单词的位置上，表示虽然的意思。
5、常见的固定搭配结构中需要用倒装的情况。
hardly.....when....; scarcely .....when..... ;no sooner....than.....： hardly，scarcely，no sooner 后面一定要用过去完成时，when 后面用一般过去时;the more ......the more... 越....越.... ;
否定：
eg. All the birds can not fly.
Not all the birds can fly. 不是所有的鸟都会飞。
1. 部分否定
eg. All the birds can not fly. 并非所有的鸟都会飞。
None of the birds can fly. 所有的鸟都不会飞。
表示全部意思的代词或副词如all, both, every, everybody, every day, everyone, everything, everywhere等与not搭配使用时，无论not在前还是在后，都表示部分否定，意思为“并非都是"等。
eg. All is not gold that glitters. = Not all is gold that glitters. 发光的并非都是金子。
2. 全部否定
英语中常用not, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere, neither, never等表示全部否定的概念。
eg. Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it. 世上无难事，只怕有心人。
双重否定：
1.在一个句子中出现两个否定词：not, never, hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, few, little, none等，双重否定表示肯定的概念。 eg. No one can command others who cannot command himself.
A person can command others who command himself. 正人先正己。
eg. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they can not fully participate in our democracy.
如果没有能力进行批判性思维，维护自己的观点，并理解他人的观点，他们就不能充分的参与我们的民主政治中来。
2.形式否定，意义肯定
eg. A man can never have too many ties. 一个男人可以拥有很多的领带。
A woman can never have too many dresses. 一个女人拥有再多的衣服也不为过。
eg. We can hardly praise his achievement too much. 对他的成就我们无论怎样赞扬也不过分。
eg. A mother can never be patient enough with her child. 一个母亲对她的孩子再怎么耐心也不为过。
A teacher can never be strict enough with his students. 一个老师对他的学生再怎么严格也不为过。
3. 形式肯定，意义否定
①more A than B 意思为“A不是B;与其说是B，不如说是A”
eg. The book seems to be more a dictionary than a grammar. 这本书看起来与其说是一本语法书，不如说是一本词典。
He is more a composer than a singer. 与其说他是一个歌唱家不如说他是一个创作者。
② anything but 意思为“一点都不是，根本不是，绝对不是”
eg. I am anything but a teacher. 我一定不是一个老师。
eg. I will do anything but that. 我决不干那件事。
③ no more ...than 与 not more ....than
no more ...than意为“两者都不....” not more....than 意为“两者都肯定，前者不如后者”
eg. This book is no more interesting than that one. 这本书和那本书一样特别没趣。
eg. This book is not more interesting than that one. 这本书不如那本书有趣。
eg. This boy is not more honest than that one. 这两男孩都很诚实，前面的男孩不如后面的男孩诚实。
This boy is no more honest than that one. 这两个男孩都不诚实。
④ no more than与 not more than
no more than 强调“少”，译作“只有、不过、仅仅” not more than 是客观叙述，意为“不超过”。
eg. He said no more than we had expected. 他只是说了我们所预料的而已。
eg. Though they think it takes no more than three days to fulfill the mission, I believe it takes not less than six days. 虽然他们认为完成这任务只需三天，但我却认为至少需要六天。
eg. He has not more than five dollars on him. 他身上带的钱不超过五美元。
eg. He is not more than 10 years old. 他最多不超过10岁。
总结：
1. 部分否定
2. 全部否定
3. 双重否定：①在一个句子中出现两个否定词;②形式否定，意义肯定
4. 形式肯定，意义否定
5. no more .... than与 not more ....than ;no more than与 not more than
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自考说难也难，说简单也简单，自考的范围就是整本书，如果你能够把整本书看熟，基本考试不会有问题。就说你考英语，单词范围肯定是书上有的，而且很多题目应该都是书上的练习题里出现过。如果你有参加自考培训，你们的老师应该也会给出高频词汇什么的范围的，所以，把重点还是放在你的教材上，然后祝你好运 O(∩_∩)O
我有答案 755451690
没必要 可以去百度查你们英语重点要发现的知识点，然后认真的背下来，这样子就可以了， 望采纳
朋友，你好，不太清楚。科学家是如何破坏美国食物的？非常抱歉，帮不到你。
英语写作常用句型（一）段首句 1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为…… There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____. 2. 俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天， 它在许多场合仍然适用。 There is an old saying______. Its the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today. 3. 现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……； 其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。 Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____. What makes things worse is that______. 4. 现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外（而且） ……。 Nowadays，it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______. Besides，______. 5. 任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不 利的一面。 Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages. 6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为（说）……，在他们看 来，…… People’s opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______.To them,_____. 7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。 Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious. 8. ……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈 的辩论。 ______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way. 9. ……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许 多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。 ______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.it has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well. 10. 根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可 以看出……。很显然……，但是为什么呢？ According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph，it can be seen that______ while. Obviously，______，but why? （二）中间段落句 1. 相反，有一些人赞成……，他们相信……，而且，他们认为……。 On the contrary，there are some people in favor of ___.At the same time，they say____. 2. 但是，我认为这不是解决……的好方法，比如……。最糟糕的 是……。 But I dont think it is a very good way to solve ____.For example，____.Worst of all，___. 3. ……对我们国家的发展和建设是必不可少的，（也是）非常重要的。 首先，……。而且……，最重要的是…… ______is necessary and important to our countrys development and construction. First，______.Whats more, _____.Most important of all,______. 4. 有几个可供我们采纳的方法。首先，我们可以……。 There are several measures for us to adopt. First, we can______ 5. 面临……，我们应该采取一系列行之有效的方法来……。一方 面……，另一方面， Confronted with______，we should take a series of effective measures to______. For one thing，______For another，______ 6. 早就应该拿出行动了。比如说……，另外……。所有这些方法肯定 会……。 It is high time that something was done about it. For example. _____.In addition. _____.All these measures will certainly______. 7. 为什么……？第一个原因是……；第二个原因是……；第三个原因 是……。总的来说，……的主要原因是由于…… Why______? The first reason is that ______.The second reason is ______.The third is ______.For all this, the main cause of ______due to ______. 8. 然而，正如任何事物都有好坏两个方面一样，……也有它的不利的一 面，象……。 However, just like everything has both its good and bad sides, ______also has its own disadvantages, such as ______. 9. 尽管如此，我相信……更有利。 Nonetheless, I believe that ______is more advantageous
定语从句，宾语从句。应该就可以了哈。要注意通篇时态要一致。否则会被扣得很惨。
我现在上的E x say英语，ABC添下英与，Ekoyu口语也挺.好.，外教1对1课程，上下来英语整体水平以及口语的部份进步都挺大的，他们是快速英语速成教材，一对一家教式教学， 还使我拥有了美国人的思维，而且纠正了我的发音，推荐去听下他们的轻松试听课程，货比三家嘛。被动语句 ，定语从句，是最常用的 在像the more the more。这种句型 朋友其实这中事情还是要靠自己在下面积累，别人告诉的不一定适合你，你可以找一些范文把里面的精髓都给挑出来 做好笔记 比如好的句型 用的好的高级词汇 连词，短语，这些都是一边好作文的必备要素，都可以成为你作文中的亮点。加油！!
1.generation. 2.broken 3.nearly 4.likely. 5.against. 6.activists 7.stairs 8.there 9.that 10.on 11.without 12.lid 13.both 14.it 15.no 16.exception 17.notion 18.ghetto. 19. most 20.lie 21.educational 22.than 23,past 24.absent
自考高级英语考生一定要在考前过一到两遍教材，熟悉教材里面的文章，也是积累词汇量和句型结构的过程，而这些都是学习英语的基本功，有助于考生英文写作水平的提高。那么高级英语自考重点有哪些呢？
自考高级英语应多做题，分析题型和命题方式，考生除了了解教材以外，还要多做真题，清楚考试题型和得分要点，有助于考生分清楚重、难、易点，有的放矢地提高复习效率。
高级英语自考重点
第一课
1．课文重点段落:2、4、5、6
2.重点短语:adulation、disaffection、embody、reverence、sprinkle、swelter
3.重点短语:conceive of :设想，想象、see......as :把......视为，把.…...当作、ratherthan :不是.…而是......、takeplace : 发生
第二课
4．课文重点段落:1、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、12
5 .重点短语:affluent、available、cleanse、dwindle、disillusionment、tedious.relevant
6．重点短语: contribute..........贡献，捐款、 batten on:靠损害他人养肥自己.drop out :放弃，退出
第三课
7.课文重点段落:2、3、15、16、17、21、30
8.重点短语:apologetic、apprehension、coax、contemptible、desist
9.重点短语: break in:插入，闯入、hold down:控制、reduce to:变成
第四课
10 ．课文重点段落∶2、6、7、8
11．重点短语:arguable、dodge、intrude、languish、legalize
12.重点短语:e to light 公布于众. go over:检查细节、hold out:持续、omplywith 依从，顺从
第五课
13 ．课文重点段落:1、2、4、6、7、10、12、15、16
14 .重点短语:drawback、incredulous、inferior、predominate、mold、register
15.重点短语: be content with :满足、be supposed to:理应，应该、run for :竞选、be aware of :意识，知道、convince sb. of sth./that......说服，使相信
……