articulatory phonetics(发音语音学)--the study of the production of speach sounds. acoustic phonetics:(声学语言学) --the study of physical properties of speech sounds. Allophones(音位变体)--the different phones which cab represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of taht phoneme. consonant(辅音):a major category of sound segments produced by a closure in the vocal tract,or by a narrowing which is so marked that air can not escape without producting audible friction. compositionality(综合性原则):the meaning of a sentence should be viewed from both the grammatical structure and the word meaning.In other words,the meaning of a sentence depend on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined. cooperative principle(合作原则):1,Maxim of Quantity.2,maxim of Quality.3,Maxim of relatiob.4,Maxim of manner. Constatives(叙事句):a constative sentence is a description of what the speaker is doing at the time of speaking.It can be said to be ture or false. Endocentric(向心结构):is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents,i,e,a word or a group of words,which serves as a definable centre or head. Exocentric(离心结构)：it refers to a group of syntactionally related words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole,that is,there is no definable "center" or "head" inside the group illocutionary act(行事行为):when we speak we not only produce some units of language with certain meanings,but also make clear our purpose in producing them,the way we intend them to be understood,or they also have certain forces.The act performed is known as a... linguistics(语言学):is the the scientific study of language Language:is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. locutionary act(发话行为):when we speak we move our vocal organs and produce a number of sounds organzined in a certain way and with a certain meaning.The act performed in this sense is called a ... morpheme(语素):is the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content,a unit that can not be divided into fuither,smaller,units without destorying or drastically altering the meaning whether it is lexical or grammatical. Morphology(形态学):is a branch of linguistics which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Phonetics(语音学):phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced,transmitted and perceived. Pragmatics(语用论):is the study of these relations between language and context that are grammaticalized,or encoded in the structure of a language. perlocutionary act(取效行为):whether or not the effects are intended by the speaker,they can be regarded as parts of the act that the speaker performed.this act is called.... performatives(施为句):some sentence is the doing of an action.They can not be said to be true or false.these sentences are called.... phoneme(音位):is a phonological unit which is the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words. phonology(音系学):is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages.It aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages and to explain the variations that occur. sapir-whorf hypotheses(沃尔夫假设):our language helps mould our way of thinking and,consequently,different languages may probably express speakers` unique ways of understanding the world. Semantics(语义学):is the study of meaning,or more specifically,the study of linguistic units,words and sentences in particular. sense relations(涵义关系):the sense of a word may be seen as network of its sense relation with others. Syntax(句法):is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language,or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structure. syntax relations(句法关系):syntax relations can be analysed into three kinds: positional relations,relations of substitutability.and relations if co-occurrence suprasegmentals(超音段特征):units which extend over more than one sound in an utterance.The principal suprasegmentals are syllable,stress,tone and intonation. theory of conversational implicature(会话含义论):in real communication,the intention of the speaker is often not the literal meaning of what he or she says.the real intention implied in the words is called.... vowel(元音):a major category of sound segments produced without abstruction of the vocal tract so that air eascapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or the nose. 这个是定义考察 下面的是大题 Design features of language(语言的结构特征) arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission functions of language 语言的功能 informative,interpersonal function,performative,emotive function,phatic communication,recreational function,metalingual function Important distinctions in linguistics语言学重要差别 1,descriptive and prescriptive描写和规定 区别:the distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are. 1：the linguistic study aims to describe and analyse the language people actually use. 2: the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for correct and standard "behavior" in using language. 2,synchronic and diachronic(共时和历时) 1:said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical point in time. 2:said of the study of development of language and languages over time. 3,language and parol(语言和言语) 1,the language system shared by a "speech community". 2,the concrete utterances of a speaker. 4,competence and performance（语言能力和应用） 1,unconscious knowledge of the system of grammatical rules in a language 2,the language actually used by people in speaking and writing. 语音学三领域: articulatory phonetics(发音语音学 acoustic phonetics:(声学语言学) perceptual or auditory phonetics:感知语音学和听觉语言学 theory of the illocutionary Act行事行为论:locutionary act发话行为,illocutionary act行事行为, 两种句子:performatives and constatives(施为句和叙事句) cooperative principle合作原则:1,Maxim of Quantity.2,maxim of Quality.3,Maxim of relatiob.4,Maxim of manner. 沃尔夫假设重要理论:on one hand,language may determine our thinking patterns.,on the other hand,similarity between languages is relative.For two different speech communities,the greater there structure differentiation is,the more diverse their conceptualization of the word will be.上个学期用过的 不知道你们老师是这么画的重点 凑合看看吧。。。
自考本科英语二非常重要的考试科目，学习英语最重要的是背单词，背语法。下位小编为大家整理了50个自考英语二的高频知识点，考生可以参考。自考英语二语法知识点整理一、动词短语搭配1. be fond of “喜爱，爱好” 接名词、代词或动词的-ing形式[1] He's fond of swimming. 他喜欢游泳。[2] Are you fond of fresh vegetables. 你喜欢新鲜蔬菜吗？[3] He is fond of his research work. 他喜爱他的研究工作。2. hunt for = look for 寻找 hunt for a job 找工作3. in order to/so as to两个词组都可引导不定式作目的状语， in order to可放于句首， so as to则不能， 其否定形式为in order not to / so as not to.[1] He went to Beijing in order to/so as to attend an important meeting.[2] In order to be noticed, he shouted and waved to us.为了让我们注意他， 他朝我们又是叫喊又是挥手。4. care about[1] 喜欢，对……有兴趣 = care forShe doesn't care about money.她不喜欢钱。[2] 关心 = care forShe thinks only of herself. She doesn't care about other people. 她只考虑自己。不关心别人。[3] 在乎，在意（接从句或不接任何成分）These young people care nothing about what old people might say. 这些年轻人根本不在乎老人说的话。5. such as 意为“诸如……”，“像……”，是用来列举人或事物的。She teaches three subjects, such as physics and chemistry. 她教三门科目，像物理、化学。6. drop a line 留下便条， 写封短信7. make yourself at home 别客气；随便；无拘束If you get to my house before I do, help yourself to a drink and make yourself at home. 如果你在我之前到我家，自己喝点饮料，随便一点。8. stay up 不睡；熬夜[1] I'll be late home, don't stay up for me.我将回家很晚，不要等我了。[2] He stayed up reading until 2:00 in the morning.他熬夜看书直到凌晨两点。9. come about 引起；发生；产生[1] How did the accident come about?这场事故是怎么发生的？[2] They didn't know how the change had come about.他们不知道这个变化是怎样产生的。10. except for 除……之外[1] except 与 except for 的用法常有区别。except 多用于引起同类事物中被排除的一项。如：①He answered all the questions except the last one.除去最后一个，他回答了所有问题。②We go there everyday except Sunday.除了星期天，我们天天去那里。[2] except for 用于引述细节以修正句子的主要意思。如：①Except for oneold lady, the bus was empty.除去一个老太太，这辆公共汽车全空了。②Your picture isgood except for the colours.你的画儿很好，只是某些色彩有问题。[3] 但在现代英语中，except for也用于表示except的意思。如上述第一个例子可以是：He answered all the questions except for the last one.[4] 另外，在介词短语之前只能用except，不能用except for。We go to bed before ten, except in the summer.除了夏季，我们通常十点之前上床睡觉。11. end up with 以……告终；以……结束The party ended up with an English song.聚会以一首英文歌结束。12. more or less 几乎；差不多；大约；大概；大体上[1] I've more or less succeeded, but they haven't.我差不多成功了，而他们没有。[2] Our living condition has more or less improved.我们的生活水平或多或少提高了。13. bring in 引进；引来；吸收[1] We should bring in new technology.我们应该引进新技术。[2] He brings in 800 dollars a month.他一个月挣八百美元。14. get away（from） 逃离[1] The thieves got away from the shop with all our money.小偷带着我们所有的钱从商店逃跑了。[2] I caught a really big fish but it got away.我钓到了一条好大的鱼，可是它逃掉了。15. watch out （for）注意；留心[1] Watch out! There is a car coming.小心！汽车来了。[2] Watch out for the hole in the road.留神路上的那个坑。16. see sb. off 给某人送行Tomorrow I will see my friend off at the railway station.明天我到火车站给朋友送行。17. on the other hand 另一方面； 用以引出相互矛盾的观点、意见等，常说 on the one hand …… on the other hand 一方面……另一方面。I know this job of mine isn't well paid, but on the other hand I don't have to work long hours.我知道这份工作报酬不高，但从另一方面来说，我也不必工作太长时间。18. as well as 和/还 ， He is a talented musician as well as being a photographer.她不但是摄影师还是个天才的音乐家。19. take place 发生 take one's place 入座、站好位置、取得地位take sb's place 或 take the place of 代替、取代20. on fire 相当于burning, 意为“燃烧；着火；起火”，有静态的含意。catch fire有动态的含意。set…on fire/set fire to…用来表示“使……着火”、“放火烧……”。Look, the theatre is on fire! Let's go and help.瞧，剧院着火了，咱们去帮忙救火吧。21. on holiday 在度假，在休假中 When I was on holiday, I visited my uncle. 我在度假的时候去看望了叔叔。22. travel agency旅行社=travel bureau23. take off[1] 脱下（衣服等）， 解（除）掉 He took off his wet shoes.他脱下了湿鞋子。[2] （飞机）起飞 The plane took off on time. It was a smooth take-off.飞机准时起飞。起飞非常顺利。[3] 匆匆离开 The six men got into the car and took off for the park.这六个人上了车，匆匆离开去公园。24. go wrong v. 走错路， 误入岐途， （机器等）发生故障25. in all adv. 总共26. stay away v.外出27. look up 查询（如宾语为代词，则代词放中间） Look up the word in the dictionary. 在字典里查单词。相关词组：①look for 寻找；②look after照顾，照料；③look forward to期待；④look into调查；⑤look on旁观；⑥look out注意；⑦look out for注意，留心，提防；⑧look over翻阅，查看，检查；⑨look around环视；⑩look through翻阅，查看。28. run after 追逐，追求 If you run after two hares, you will catch neither.同时追两只兔子，你一只也抓不到。29. on the air 广播[1] We will be on the air in five minutes.我们五分钟以后开始广播。[2] This programme comes on the air at the same time every day.这个节目每天在同一时间播出。30. think highly/well/much of对……评价很高， 赞赏， 对……印象好；think badly/nothing/little/lowly of……认为不好， 对……不在意， 不赞成， 觉得……不怎么样[1] He was highly thought of by the manager.经理对他非常赞赏。[2] I think well of your suggestion.我觉得你的建议很好。[3] I don't think much of him as a teacher.我觉得他作为一个老师不怎么样。31. leave out[1] 漏掉 You made a mistake—You've left out a letter “t”。你出错了—你漏掉了一个字母t.[2] 删掉， 没用 I haven't changed or left out athing.我没有作出变动也没有删掉任何东西。32. stare at （由于好奇、激动等张着嘴巴，睁大眼睛地）[1] 凝视，盯着看 Don't stare at foreigners. It's impolite.不要盯着外国人看，这样不礼貌。[2] glare at （to stare angrily at）怒视着33. make jokes about 就……说笑 They make jokes about my old hat.他们就我的旧帽子说笑我。[1] have a joke with … about…跟某人开关于某事的玩笑He stopped to have a joke with me.他停下来跟我开玩笑。[2] play a joke on…开某人的玩笑 We played jokes on each other. 我们互相开玩笑。[3] v. joke about 取笑They joked about my broken English.他们取笑我蹩脚的英。34. take over 接管；接替；继承[1] What is good and still useful should be taken over.好的有用的东西应当继承。[2] Our chairman has left, so Jack will take over （his job）。我们的主席走了，因此杰克将接管（他的工作）。35. break down[1] 破坏；拆散 ①Chemicals in the body break our food down into useful substances. 人体中的化学元素把食物分解成有用的物质。 ②The peace talks are said to have broken down. （喻）据说和谈破裂了。[2]（机器）损坏 ①Our truck broke down outside town. 我们的卡车在城外抛锚了。 ②The car broke down halfway to the destination.汽车在到达目的地的中途抛锚了。[3] 失败；破裂 Their opposition broke down.他们的反对意见打消了。[4] 精神崩溃；失去控制 He broke down and wept. 他不禁失声痛哭。[5] 起化学变化 Food is broken down by chemicals. 化学物质引起食物转化。36. get on one's feet[1] 站起来；站起来发言[2] （=stand on one's feet）自立， 经济上独立[3] （人）病好了， 可以起床了； （使）恢复， 复苏（指企业）37. go through[1] 经历；经受；遭到 These countries have gone / been through too many wars.这些国家饱经战火。[2] 完成；做完I didn't want to go through college.我不想上完大学。[3] 通过；批准 ①The law has gone through Parliament. 议会已经通过了这项法案。②Their plans went through. 他们的计划得到了批准。[4] 全面检查；搜查 They went through our luggage at the customs.在海关他们检查了我们的行李。38.take over 接管；接替；继承①what is good and still useful should be taken over.好的有用的东西应当继承。②Our chairman has left, so Jack will take over （his job）。我们的主席走了，因此杰克将接管（他的工作）。二、常考句型39. “So + be/have/助动词/情态动词+主词”的结构。此结构中的语序是倒装的，“So”代替上句中的某个成分。如果上面一句是否定句，则使用“Neither/Nor+be/have/助动词/情态动词+主语”的结构。[1] He's tired, and so am I. （=I' m also tired.）[2] You can swim，and so can I.（=I can also swim.）She has had supper，and so can I.（=I've had lunch，too.）[3] Tom speaks English，and so does his sister.（=His sister speaks English，too.）A: I went to the park yesterday.B: So did I.（=I also went to the park yesterday.）40.“So +主语+be/have/助动词/情态动词”结构中的主谓是正常语序，so相当于indeed,certainly, 表示说话人对前面或对方所说情况的肯定、赞同或证实，语气较强，意思是“确实如此”。A：It was cold yesterday.昨天很冷。B：So it was.的确如此。（=Yes，it was.）A：You seem to like sports.B：So I do.（=Yes，I do.）A：It will be fine tomorrow.B：So it will.（=Yes ，it will.）41.“主语+do/does/did + so”结构指的是按上句的要求做了。此句型中do so代替上文中要求做的事，以免重复。My Chinese teacher told me to hand in my composition on time and I did so.（=I handed inmy composition on time.） 语文老师叫我按时交作文， 我照办了。42. So it is with…或 It is the same with…句型表示 “……（的情况）也是如此。”当前面的句子中有几种不同形式的谓语时，要表示相同情况，必须使用本句型，不能使用so 引起的倒装句。She doesn't play the piano, but she likes singing. So it is with my sister.43. There you are. 行了，好。 这是一句表示一种事情告一段落或有了最终结果的用语。[1] There you are! Then let's have some coffee.除此之外，还可以表示“瞧，对吧（果然如此）”的语气。[2] There you are! I knew we should find it at last.对吧！我就知道我们最终能找到的。44. have some difficulty （in） doing sth. 干某事有困难；接名词时，常用句型：have some difficulty with sth.[1] Do you have any difficulty （in） understanding English?你理解英语口语有困难吗？[2] She said she had some difficulty with pronunciation.她说她在发音方面有困难。45. have a good knowledge of sth. “掌握……”，“对……有某种程度的了解”[1] He has a good knowledge of London.他对伦敦有所了解。[2] A good knowledge of languages is always useful.三、长难句46. Wei Bin took out some peanuts and it was fun to see the monkey eat from his hand.魏彬拿出一些花生。看着猴子从他手上吃花生，很有趣。[1] fun “好玩，趣事”，不可数名词，前面不加不定冠词aYou're sure to have some fun at the party tonight. 今天晚上你肯定会玩得很开心。[2] make fun of“取笑”，“嘲弄”。People make fun of him only because he is wearing such a strange jacket.人们嘲笑他只是因为他穿了一件那么奇怪的衣服。funny adj. “可笑的，滑稽的”He looks very funny in his father's jacket.他穿着他父亲的衣服，看上去很滑稽。47. It is polite to finish eating everything on your plate.把你盘子里所有东西吃完是有礼貌的。这是一个动词不定式作主语的句型，其中to finish eating everything 是主语，it是形式主语。四、常考语法48. 直接引语和间接引语[1] 直接引语在改为间接引语时，时态需要做相应的调整。（一般过去时改成过去完成时）I broke your CD player.→He told me he had broken my CD player.（现在完成时改成过去完成时）Jenny said, “I have lost a book.”→Jenny said she had lost a book.（一般将来时改成过去将来时）Mum said, “I'll go to see a friend.”→Mum said she would go to see a friend.（过去完成时保留原有的时态）He said, “We hadn't finished our homework.”→He said they hadn't finished their homework.注意：直接引语是客观真理，过去进行时，时态不变。[2] 在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语时第一人称或被第一人称所修饰，从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化。如：Mary said, “My brother is an engineer.”→Mary said her brother was and engineer.[3] 直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句。如：He said, “Can you run, Mike?”→He asked Mike whether/if he could run.[4] 直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为“tell（ask, order, beg等） （not） to do sth.”句型。如：“Pass me the water, please.”said he.→He asked him to pass her the water.[5] 直接引语如果是以“Let's”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest+动名词或从句”的结构。如：She said, “Let's go to the cinema.”→She suggested going to the cinema.或She suggested that they should go to the cinema.49. 现在进行时表将来的动作现在进行时表将来的动作，谓语通常为瞬间动词。如：come, go, arrive, leave, start, return, stay, meet, get等。这些动词的进行时后不能再接具体的时间。[1] 用现在进行时表示将来，指的是近期的，按计划或安排要发生的动作。[2] 现在进行时表示将来与表示正在进行的动作的区别在于：前者通常用瞬间动词（有时一些常用动词也可以这样用如：do）如：go, come, start, return, get, arrive等。而后者通常是持续性动词。① The train is arriving soon. 火车就要进站了。② He is reading a novel. 他在看小说。[3] 用现在进行时表示将来的时间，在句中或上下文中通常有表示将来时间的状语。[4] 现在进行时与一般现在时表示将来动作的区别在于：前者表示的将来的动作往往是可以改变的，而后者则是根据规定或时间表预计要发生的动作或事情，因此往往是不可改变或不可随便改变的。① What are you doing next Friday?下星期五你们打算干什么？② The plane takes off at 7：30 tonight.飞机今晚七点半起飞。50. 主语是单数时，尽管后面跟有as well as, but ,except, besides, with ,along with, together with, like 等，谓语动词仍用单数。The teacher as well as his students is excited.报考考试有疑问、不知道如何考点内容、不清楚报考考试当地政策，点击底部咨询猎考网，免费获取个人学历提升方案：
它是没有中文版本的同步辅导书的.不知道你说的是哪一本。但据我所知，都有中文翻译版本的。比如胡壮林的语言学教程（这个比较深奥些。你可以不看）或者新编简明英语语言学教程。有张鑫友编的辅导书。自考的语言学辅导书就更多了。比如我下面推荐的光明出版社的。语言学不是用来背的。是理解。建议你先看中文版本的。再对应的看英文版本的。还可以在网上搜索重难点部分。第一遍可能感觉很迷糊。看三遍就差不多明了了。语言学是比较抽象。你至少需要一本汉语版本的自考辅导书。 光明日报出版社 的不错。 然后其它的 ，不懂得就上网查。一般会有答案。总能找到浅显的说明。实在还不懂就先放放。各个章节并不是必须学会前面才能看后面的。。我一开始看就是看不懂。 很多不懂。。但是要坚持。慢慢的，当你看了两三遍。很多都能理解了。 不懂的知识点最好找一些具体的例子来帮助理解
可以请人来教教或是报个什么班来学学
自考本科英语专业考试科目主要有中国近现代史纲要、马克思主义基本原理概论、法律基础、应用写作学、英语翻译、高级英语、英美文学选读、口译与听力、英语写作、现代语言学、英语语法、英语词汇学等。 英语专业如何备考 1、吃透真题 如果你英语不好，但又想拿到毕业证的话，那么你必须花功夫来吃透真题。把所有真题全部做到滚瓜烂熟，认识每一个单词，理解每一个句子，知道每一个正确答案的由来，这样就够了。 2、不做模拟题 除非你把所有真题都按上面的要求不折不扣地完成了，吃透了，否则就放弃模拟题。英语考试我不信所谓的“题感”，如果你连阅读理解说的是什么意思都不清楚，那么就不要指望通过刷题刷出所谓的“题感”。这样的刷题，或者说猜题，不会对你有任何提高的作用。 3、单词词汇量的要求 英语二考查的主要内容以阅读为主，所以你只要看到一个单词，一个短语，能知道中文意思，就够了，不要你去记忆拼写单词，这完全是浪费时间。你要明白，哪怕就是你背会了这个单词，你会用它吗？你知道它的复数形式吗？你知道它的语法结构吗？你知道它的动词、副词等形式吗？至于作文，那是需要另外的专门训练的。 自学考试英语专业就业方向有哪些 就业方向：英语翻译、英语口译、外贸以及外事活动等方面。英语作为很多国家与地区的官方语言，已经成为了重要的交通工具。而且随着国际经济的发展，我国对于英语的使用也更广泛，对于英语人才的需求也更大。英语专业毕业生的就业率比较高，大多数都能够发挥自身英语优势获得比较大的发展。从长远来看英语专业的毕业生前景比较开阔，尤其是外资企业对于英语人才的需求更多。自考/成考有疑问、不知道如何总结自考/成考考点内容、不清楚自考/成考报名当地政策，点击底部咨询官网，免费领取复习资料：
高级英语的话，你应该买了试卷吧。买试卷时都会送一个小本子，将那个小本子记熟就差不多了。高级英语主要考的还是词汇之类的，一般不难，都是书上的。你如果会做完形填空，阅读理解，那么高级英语不难。语言学就难了一点，但是语言学和词汇学有那么一点相通。你首先要做的是将语言学大致网络梳理一下，之后根据知识网络来做试卷。自考的试卷题目都是换汤不换药，你如果有前几年的考试真题就更好，因为至少有二十分会与以前考的一模一样。
看胡壮麟的语言学，侯国金的语言学白问和硕博指南。强烈推荐后者，通俗易懂！
首我就是自学考英语本科的。首先你原来大专是不是英语专业的?如果是的话，也要考十来科，如果不是的话，还要加考好多科的，还有加考初级听力与口语喔！
考试科目包括英语翻译，高级英语，英语写作，英语语法，商务英语；我觉得还是日语比较好学，日语跟中国的汉语有很多共同之处，学习起来更简单。
语言学是系统科学地研究语言本质、起源和运用的学科，学习现代语言学及心理、认知等学科基础知识，培养完善现代语言学知识结构的语言学专业人才和具有跨学科学科视野的国际化复合型人才。那么自考现代语言学怎么复习？
自考现代语言学怎么复习？
1、首先应通读教材，对整个理论的概貌有所了解。
2、网上下载历年试卷和考试大纲，把答案在教材书上找出来。因为自考试题是从题库中出来的，往往会反复考到，只要把这些题目都背下来，一般及格没有问题。
3、根据大纲复习，要求识记和掌握的重点背下来，就可以有好的成绩。
4、考试时，要把名词解释当简答题回答，凡是能记住的内容只要卷面允许，都写上去。
自考考试时的答题技巧
1.选择题
对于选择题这个题型，建议大家在复习时先要熟悉教材，然后有针对性地做选择题练习，在考试中才能快速做出判断。熟悉教材还有一点好处，某一道题可能不会，但根据教材中各个时代、时期的主要特点，用排除法也可得出正确选项。也就是在复习时就要提前进入考试状态。
2.简答题
在解答简答题时，最重要的是回答“是什么”，各位自考考生们在答题时要根据根据题干内容回答，问什么答什么，简单明了，不用过多解释“为什么”。一般来说简答题的字数在百字以内就可以了。
3.论述题
论述题主要回答的点就是“为什么：，而且答题时一定要条理清晰。一般来说这种题型在答题时可以分三层，第一层交代相关背景内容，第二层答出主要内容，就是“为什么”，第三层适当叙述一下问题中所述事件的意义，或是影响、地位。论述题的字数在两三百字左右可以叙述清楚。过于简单的话是很难将问题阐述清楚的。
4.分析题
分析题最重要的一点就是要弄清基本概念。在论述题中有时候会出现“论证”、“表述”等词，对于这些词，大家一定要区分清楚，然后再下笔答题，否则的话就很容易出现答非所谓或者偏离主题的现象。
5.作文题
作文题的核心就是看清题目要求。另外还需要大家注意的是，自考大学语文试卷中的作文一般是命题作文，有些考生没有注意结果另立题目进行写作，这就是审题不仔细的结果，所以建议大家一定要看清楚题目要求。
6.计算题
计算题最主要的就是要把计算过程协商，一步也不能少。涉及计算的题目，考生要注意解题步骤。评卷时是采点给分，结果对了，但没有中间的计算过程，也不可能得满分。
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各省自学考试报名时间及入口汇总
各省自考准考证打印时间及入口汇总
各省自学考试成绩查询时间及入口汇总
自考英语本科用考哪些科目
中国近现代史规划纲要、马克思现实主义基本概念总论、英美文学类选译、现代语言学、英文翻译、高级英语、口译与听力（实践活动）、英文写作、英文经济贸易专业知识、商务英语口语选译、第二外语（德语）、第二外语（日语）等。
自考英语本科难度系数
自考本科英语技术专业考试的具体内容的因素很多，不但有听力创作方面的知识，还统考口语交流，其实就是调查考生英语的语言表达能力。具体考试内容大约有高级英语、口译与听力、英文写作、英美文学类选译、英文翻译等。
在其中口译与听力这一考试内容针对考生而言是比较困难的，因此在平常复习的时候要反复练习听力和口译翻译，反复听，反复训练。若是有的自考生英文发音禁止，那就需要提升训练的。
对于一些英文基础好一点的考生而言，自考本科英语学院是并不是太困难的，因为有基本会更好一些学一些，新手入门迅速。但对于英文基础本就不是很好的考生来说是有一定难度的，由于英语学习是必须从一点一点学习的过程中慢慢积累下来的，因此想要学会英语需要花费大量时间的。因而自考本科英语技术专业难不难这种情况主要是在于考生自身，考试内容一定是有一定难度的，在选择自考本科专业的时候需要深思熟虑。
先看到自己对哪一个语言表达非常感兴趣。假如单纯就是为了自学考试得话，同时对每一个语种都提不起兴趣，自己的英文并不是特别的好，最好是选择日语。
由于日语是跟我们中国文化是有关系的，从你所看到的许多日语构成部分本身就是中文中国字，在背单词的情况下大家就已经有了许多的优势了，正在看发音：发音有一些是以中文发音演化以往，会出现相似点。或是日语还有一些古语词，有基本英语基本都能够降低被词汇的难易度。
法文和德语相较于英语的话难度系数不容易降低，由于都是一样的，仅仅英语会较为模糊不清一些，有一些模糊不清的定义，那法文就较多的一成不变在，掌握规律就还好，前提条件是英文比较合适那更强。
因此，日语相对而言简单一些，比较合适用以考试类型。
英语语言学名词解释如下：
英语语言学是英语语言文学专业培养计划中的一门基础必修课，其重要性不言而喻。该课程的目标包括系统传授现代语言学知识提高学生英语学习能力、激发学生对从事语言研究的兴趣，培美学生的创新能力。英语语言学课程由三个知识模块组成:理论启蒙、基础理论、研究方法。
理论启蒙模块内容涉及英语的词汇知识、语音知识、语法知识、修辞知识、语体知识、英语变体、英语学习策略等。基础理论模块由英语语言学概论执行，内容涉及语言的各种属性、语言学的学科知识、语音学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学、社会语言学、语言与心理、语与文化、进言习得等。
研究方法模块通过介绍语言学研究的设计与分析方法，帮助学生掌握从事语言研究的本领，并直接与本科毕业论文的写作挂钩。材料补充:英语语言文学专业培养专业功底扎实、专业技食熟练、知识结构完善、国际视野宏阔、具有良好人文修美和深厚人文情怀，具有较强思辨力、领导力和创新力的通用型国际化高端英语人才。
英语语言文学专业培养目标:培养学生具有坚定正确的政治方向、良好的品德修养、健康的心理素质。英语语言文学专业培养厚基础、宽口径的英语实用型人才，熟练掌握听、说、读、写、译等实践技能，深刻了解英语语言、文学以及英语国家历史、社会、文化、政治、经济等知识。
并具有扎实的实践能力和比较广博的人文社会科学文化知识和初步的科学研究能力。同时，在第二外语和计算机方面具有一定的应用能力。其就业方向:能熟练地运用英语在旅游、外事、文化、新闻出版、教育、科研等部门从事教学、翻译、研究、教学、管理等工作。
语言学是对语言的系统研究,对于一个学习英语的人来说,应该懂一点语言学的知识,它可以在理论上对学习语言有指导作用,有助于更好的学习语言,下面介绍一点语言学知识. I. Introduction 1. What is Language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 2. What is Linguistics(语言学) Linguistics is the scientific study of language. 3.Some Basic Distinctions(区分) in Linguistics 3.1 Speech and Writing One general principle(原则) of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing. Writing gives language new scope(范畴) and uses that speech does not have. 3.2 Descriptive(描述性) or Prescriptive(说明性) A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for "correct" behavior. 3.3 Synchronic(共时) and Diachronic(历时) Studies The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study and The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. 3.4 Langue(语言) and Parole(言语) This is a distinction made by the Swiss linguist F.De Saussure (索绪尔）early last century. langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized(实际的) language, or realization of langue. 3.5 Competence(能力)and Performance(行为) Competence is the ideal language user's knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances(发声). 4.The Scope of Linguistics General linguistics is the study of language as a whole. Phonetics(语音学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. Phonology(音韵学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages. Morphology(词法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words. Syntax(句法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences. Semantics(语义学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language. Applied linguistics(应用语言学) is the study of the teaching of foreign and second languages. Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society. Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the mind. Historical Linguistics(历史语言学) is the study of language changes. Anthropological linguistics(人文语言学) uses the theories and methods of anthropology to study language variation and language use in relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of man. Neurolinguistics(神经语言学) studies the neurological basis of language development and use in human beings. Mathematical linguistics(数学语言学) studies the mathematical features of language, often employing models and concepts of mathematics. Computational linguistics(计算语言学) is an approach to linguistics in which mathematical techniques and concepts(概念) are applied, often with the aid of a computer. II. Phonetics(语音学） 1. scope of phonetics Speech sounds may be studied from different angles, thus we have at least three branches of phonetics: Articulatory phonetics(发音语音学）we may examine the way in which a speech sound is produced to discover which vocal organs are involved and how they coordinate(协调） in the process. Auditory phonetics （听觉语音学）we may look into the impression a speaker makes on the hearer as mediated(调节） by the ear, the auditory nerve(神经） and the brain. Acoustic phonetics (声学语音学） we study the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted（传送） between mouth and ear. 2. The vocal organs The vocal organs may be viewed as consisting of three parts, the initiator of the air-stream,(气流发生器官） the producer of voice（声音发生器官） and the resonating cavities.（声音共振器官） 3. Consonants(辅音） Places of articulation(发音部位）: bilabial,(双唇） Labiodentals,（唇齿） dental,（齿） alveolar,（齿龈） retroflex,（卷舌） palate-alveolar,（上齿龈） palatal,（上颚） velar,（软腭） uvular,（小舌） glottal(声门） Manners of articulation: plosive,（暴破） nasal,（鼻音） trill,（颤音） lateral,（边音） fricative,（摩擦） approximant,（近似音） affricate（破擦） 4. Vowels (元音） The classification of vowels: the height of tongue raising (high, mid, low), the position of the highest part of the tongue(front, central, back), and the degree of lip rounding(rounded, unrounded) III. Phonology（音韵学） 1. phonemes(音素）：a distinctive(有区别的） sound in a language. 2. Allophones(音位变体）：The nondistinctive sounds are members of the same phoneme. 3. Minimal pairs(最小对立体）： word forms which differ from each other only by one sound. 4. Free variation (自由变异）：If two sounds occurring in the same environment(环境）, they does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word. 5. Complementary distribution(补充分类）：Not all the speech sounds occur in the same environment. When two sounds never occur in the same environment 6.Suprasegmental phonology(超音段音位）：the study of phonological properties(性质） of units lager than the segment-phoneme. They are syllable(音节）, stress,（重音） word stress, sentence stress. pitch （音调）and intonation（语调）. IV. Morphology（词法） 1. inflection(构形法）：the grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes.(屈折词缀） 2. Word-formation(构词）：the processes(过程） of word variations signaling lexical relationships.（表明词法关系） They are compound(合成）and derivation (派生）. 3. Morpheme(词素）： the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content. 4. Allomorph(同质异象变体）： some morphemes have considerable variation, for instance, alternate shapes or phonetic forms. 5. Types of morphemes: They are roots,(词根） affix（词缀） and stem（词干）. 6. Lexicon(语言词汇）：in its most general sense, is synonymous with vocabulary. 7. Closed-class words(封闭性） and open-class words(开放性）：the former whose membership is fixed or limited and the latter whose membership is in principle(实际上） indefinite or unlimited. 8. Word class(词性）：It displays a wider range of more precisely defined classes. 9. Lexeme(词位）：the smallest unit in the meaning system of a language that can be distinguished from other smaller units. 10. Idiom(习语,成语）：Most phrasal lexemes are idioms. It is especially true for a sequence of words(词序） which is semantically（语义上） and often syntactically(句法上） restricted.（限制） 11. Collocation(搭配）： the habitual(习惯的） co-occurrences （同时出现）of individual lexical items. V. Syntax (句法） 1. Positional relation or word order（词序）：the sequential(顺序） arrangement of words in a language. 2. Construction or constituent (句子结构）： the overall process of internal (内部）organization of a grammatical unit . 3. Syntactic function(句法功能）： the relationship between a linguistic form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in which it is used. The names of functions are expressed in terms of subjects, objects, predicates, modifiers,(修饰语） complements（补语）, etc. 4. Category(范畴）：It refers to classes and functions in its narrow sense, e.g. noun, verb, subject, predicate, noun phrase, verb phrase, etc. The categories of the noun include number, gender, case and countability. 5. Phrase: a single element of structure containing more than one word, and lacking the subject-predicate structure typical of clause. 6. Clause: a group of words with its own subject and predicate, if it is included in a larger sentence. 7. Sentence: It is the minimum part of language that expresses a complete thought. VI. Semantics 1. Conceptualism or mentalism (概念主义）：Following F. De Saussure(索学尔）'s "sign" theory, the linguistic sign is said to consist of a signifier （所指）and signified（被指）, i.e., a sound image and a concept, liked by a psychological（心理的） "associative" bond.（相关联系） 2. Mechanism(机械主义）：Some linguists, Bloomfield,(布鲁费尔德） for example, turned to science to counter（反）-act the precious theories and this leads to what call the mechanistic approach（方法）. The nature of this theory has nothing to do with the scientific study of mental phenomena.（智力现象） 3. Contextualism （语境主义）：It is based on the presumption(假定） that one can derive meaning from or reduce it to observable context. 4. Behaviorism (行为主义）：Behaviourists attempt to define (定义）the meaning of a language form as "the situation(情景） in which the speaker utters（说话） it and the response（反应） it calls forth in the hearer." 5. functionalism (功能主义）：Functionalists as represented (代表）by the Prague school（布拉格学派） linguists and neo-Firthian （新弗斯）linguists, approach the problem from an entirely new orientation（方法）. They argue（争辩） that meaning could only be interpreted（解释） from its use or function in social life. 6. Sense relationships: While reference deals with the relationship between the linguistic elements, words, sentences, etc.,and the non-linguistic world of experience, sense relates to the complex system of relationships that hold between the linguistic elements themselves. They include synonymy(同义词）,antonymy(反义词）,hyponymy(下层次）Polysemy(一词多义）and Homonymy (同音异义词） 7. Semantic analysis: It includes 1) componential（成分） analysis which defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components.(意义成分）2) predication (表述）analysis in which the meaning of a sentence is not merely the sum of the meanings of the words which compose it. 3) relational components in which the semantic analysis of some words presents a complicated picture, because they show relations between two and perhaps more terms. VII. Language Variation (语言变化） 1. Lexical change(词汇的变化）：changes in lexis. 2. Invention: (新造词）new entities. 3. Compounding:(合成词）New words are sometimes constructed by combining two old words. 4. Blending: (混合词）：It is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two roots are blended by joining the initial part of the first root and the final part of the second root, or by joining the initial parts of the two roots. 5. Abbreviation or clipping:(缩写）A new word is created by cutting the final part or cutting the initial part. 6. acronym:(取首字母的缩写词）It is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified (修饰） headword. 7. Metanalysis:(再分化）It refers to a process through which a division is made where there were note before. 8. Back-formation:(逆构词） It refers to an abnormal(非正常） type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting(去掉） an imagined affix from a longer form already present in the language. 9. Analogical creation:(类比造词）It can account for（说明） the co-existence of two forms, regular and irregular, in the conjugation(结合） of some English verbs. 10. Borrowing（借用）：English in its development has managed to widen her vocabulary by borrowing words from other languages. 11. Phonological change(音变）：It is related to language variation in the phonological system of language. It includes loss,(省音） addition,（加音） assimilation,（ 同化）dissimilation.（异化） 12. Grammatical change: Changes in both morphology（词法） and syntax（句法） are listed under this heading. 13. Semantic change:(语义变化）It includes broadening,（语义扩大） narrowing,（语义缩小） meaning shift,（意义转化） class shift（词性转换） and folk etymology.（词源变化） 14. Orthographic change ：(正字法）Changes can also be found at the graphetic level.
看胡壮麟的语言学，侯国金的语言学白问和硕博指南。强烈推荐后者，通俗易懂！
tire的意思是疲倦，而retire的意思是退休，退出，tire只有和prefix “re”结合在一起才有退休退职的意思，在这一个层面上，tire只能和前缀re一起存在，而不能单独存在，因此这里的tire是作为一个bound morpheme with a prefix re-