<1> 家长,老师,同事和传播工作者等所有使用或出现在大众传媒中的人们都可能激发我们潜在的兴趣。比如说，学校在何种程度上，用何种方式去鼓励人们参加竞赛，体育运动和文化爱好活动都可能会对学生课余活动情趣的形成产生影响。 学校往往将其教育目标锁定在人的全面均衡发展上。越是强调这一点，就越能激发学生对课外休闲和学习引导的积极态度。
When the people's initiative is aroused, that's the best manifestation of democracy.调动积极性是最大的民主。
arousing the people's intiative is the best democracy这是翻译技巧中合并句子，等知识点，翻译技巧分为拆分，合并，综合，转化主题意思，此技巧同时适用于口译考试，美国哈佛大学翻译博士中国人民大学英语系毕业 哈哈我是复制别人的，
1\Commercial business is very profitable,and most radio and TV stations depend on the income.译为"商事很赚钱,大部分电台和电视台都是靠这部分收入而生存" 是不是 "商事" 译错了,应该为"经商"2\The purpose of engineering is to create useful goods, to make them better, cheaper and more abundant 译为"工程的目的是要创造有用的物品,使它们更好,更便宜,更充足." 是不是"物品"译错了,应该为"商品"
When the people's initiative is aroused, that's the best manifestation of democracy.调动积极性是最大的民主。
arousing the people's initiative is the best democracy此句考查英语翻译技巧中的，句子成分紊乱或者不确切等知识点，换一下句子成功，
自考英语翻译题复习备考技巧 一、重点把握书上的内容 考试是以书本的知识为主要依据，特别是书的一些重点篇目。本书多年以来的考试侧重点在经济、政治、法律、科技、文化这样几个主题上，一般来说，文学的两个单元考试的内容最少，但是这两个单元每年也都是有题的。所以，如果在没有时间再复习其他单元的情况下，还是以经济，政治，法律这三个单元为重点突破口，包括书上的课文和练习，以及练习册上的练习。 二、紧跟考点制定复习策略 把书上的东西完全弄懂，技巧掌握一些，课外的翻译适当的训练，积极认真准备词汇，这样这门考试肯定可以通过。词汇和结构谁更重要?其实真正的翻译考试是重在语法和结构，但是近两年以来的考试，大家可以发现有点类似于高级英语当中词义辨析，而且结构题越来越少。这个重大转变一定要牢记在心。 三、灵活的处理课外考点 其实这是一个老生常谈的事情，以前显得没有这么重要，原因在于课外的内容特别少，但是这两年随着课外知识的越来越多，让大家也是很头疼。我想只要大家能把书上的内容弄得特别清楚，那么一般的翻译文章都不会有书上的那么难。而且一二两大题都是选择题，这其中又有很多的技巧可言。书上的翻译原句中多含有两个以上的考点，但是课外的句子一般只有一个考点，而且这种考点无非就是词汇意思的掌握和简单的句与句之间的联系。而句与句之间的关系我曾经说过就是时间、原因、并列、让步这几个，不会再难了。第三题的词汇翻译都是集中在政治，经济，文化，法律和环保这几个领域中的。 所以大家在看课后的一些专有名词的时候需要格外的关注，而且两年以来政治词汇考得特别多，今年会不会还考这些词很难说。自考/成考有疑问、不知道如何总结自考/成考考点内容、不清楚自考/成考报名当地政策，点击底部咨询官网，免费领取复习资料：
因为知识，我们进入太空，我们延长了预期寿命。更多的是因为知识，我们超越生死，不再怀疑。下面我给大家分享一些高中英语翻译知识点 总结 大全，希望能够帮助大家，欢迎阅读!
目录
高中英语翻译知识总结
高中英语常用翻译核心句型
高中英语怎么学才能提高
高中英语翻译知识总结
1. 挨家挨户from door to door
例：医生挨家挨户上门巡访，省去了许多老年人去医院的麻烦. (save)
Doctors’ door-to-door visits save many old people’s trouble of going to hospital.
2. 爱不释手
can’t bear standing part with / putting it down / leaving it aside
例：这部有关第一次世界大战的历史小说引人入胜，我简直爱不释手。(so … that)
The historical novel about / describing World War I / the First World War is so attractive that I can’t bear (to do …) / stand parting with it / putting it down (back, aside ) / leaving it aside .
3. 安于现状
be satisfied with reality / present situation
例：我们高中生应该有远大的志向，不应该只满足于现状。(satisfy)
We senior high students should have great ambition and (should) not be satisfied with reality / present situation.
4. 摆脱烦恼
get rid of / to be free from worries
例：得知他心情不好，我建议他与朋友聊聊天，以去除烦恼。(suggest)
Knowing (that) he is in a bad mood, I suggest his chatting with friends to get rid of / to be free from worries.
5. 彼此埋怨be to blame each other
例：遇到困难的时候，我们需要的不是彼此埋怨，而是相互帮助。(not …but)
When (we are) in difficulty / When we meet with difficulties, what we need is not to blame each other but to help each other.
6. 别无选择have no choice but to do
例：当时，那位出租车司机别无选择，只能求助于游客。(choice)
At that time the taxi driver had no choice but to turn to the tourist / traveler (for help).
7. 不得而知remain unknown
例：玛丽是否参加这次英语晚会尚不得而知。(remain)
It remains unknown whether Mary will attend the English Evening.
8. 不辞而别 leave without saying good-bye
例：我们对他的不辞而别感到很惊讶。(without)
We were greatly surprised that he has left without saying goodbye.
9. 不可估量beyond measure
例：尽管付出的努力不可估量，但那些偏远山城都已通车，这让全国人民感到无比自豪。(accessible)
Although the efforts made are beyond measure, those remote mountainous cities have been accessible to cars, which makes all the Chinese people / the whole nation feel very proud / full of pride.
10. 不甚感激appreciate it very much
例：如果你一收到消息就能给我答复的话，我将不胜感激。(the moment)
I would appreciate it very much if you could reply to me / give me a reply the moment you receive the message.
11. 不懈努力great effort
例：尽管各国政府已做出了不懈的努力，但要应对日益严重的全球性气候变暖问题还需制定更有效的 措施 。(despite)
Despite the great effort made by governments, more effective measures should be made to deal with the ever worsening problem of global warming.
12. 不假思索 without hesitation
例：吉姆不假思索地回答了老师的问题。(hesitation)
Jim answered his teacher’s question(s) without (any) hesitation. Jim answered the question(s) asked by his teacher with no hesitation.
13. 不尽如人意be far from satisfactory
例：这个地区的经济发展得很快，可使某些市民的素质还不尽如人意。(quality)
The economy of this area develops very fast but some citizens’ qualities are far from satisfactory.
14. 不容忽视should not be ignored / neglected
例：这个事故使我们意识到安全问题不容忽视。(realize)
This accident made us realize that safety problems should not be ignored.
例：防火意识不容忽视，不然的话会对生命和财产造成不可估量的损失。(neglect)
(The sense of) Fire protection should not be neglected (We should not neglect fire protection), or great damage might be caused to the lives and property.
15. 不知所措be / feel at a loss
例：网络在我们日常生活中起了举足轻重的作用，以至于当 不能上网 时人们感到无所适从。(loss)
Internet plays such an important role in our daily life that people feel at a loss when they can’t go online / surf the Internet / don’t have access to the Internet.
例：消费者对冷冻食品失去信心的事实令生产厂家一筹莫展。(loss)
The fact that consumers have lost confidence in frozen food makes the manufacturers at a loss.
16. 彻夜未眠
didn’t fall asleep last night / be awake all night
例：只喝一杯咖啡就会使我整晚睡不着。(keep)
Drinking only a cup of coffee will keep me awake all night.
例：昨晚听到他喜欢的 足球 队获胜的消息，他兴奋得彻夜未眠。(too … to …)
Hearing the news that his favorite team won the match, he was too excited to fall asleep last night.
17. 催人泪下people are moved to tears
例：昨晚残疾人的演出非常成功，让观众们感动得流下了眼泪。(so … that…)
The performance put up by the disabled / The disabled people’s performance last night was so successful that many people were moved to tears.
18. 寸步难行can do nothing without
例：电脑已触及到每个人的日常生活，难怪有人说当今世界不懂电脑，就寸步难行。(no wonder)
The computer has touched on everyone’s daily life. No wonder someone says that you can do nothing without the knowledge of computer / its knowledge.
19. 大为惊叹be greatly amazed / impressed
例：这些十八世纪的油画保存得这样好, 使参观者大为惊叹。(so … that)
These eighteenth-century oil paintings have been / are preserved so well that the visitors are greatly amazed / impressed.
20. 放任自流let him be
例：父母经常面对这样的选择：要么做他们认为有利于孩子发展的事情，要么对其放任自流。(either)
Parents often faced the choice that either they did what they felt was good for the development of the child or they just let him be.
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高中英语常用翻译核心句型
the more ~ the more~
A good teacher is the one from whom the more we need academically, the more she can supply.
一个好的老师是这样一个人，我们对她越有学业方面的需求，她能提供的越多。
It is ~ that ~
It is not just books that can't be judged by their covers，and so it is with presents.
不能根据外表判断的不仅是人，礼物也一样。
too ~ to ~
Our boss is too narrow-minded to endure different opinions.
我们老板心胸狭窄，无法容忍不同看法。
not ~enough to do ~
She is not old enough to make sense of the real meaning of the proverb- Time and tide wait for no man.
她太小，无法理解岁月不等人这句 谚语 的真正含义。
not ~ but ~
A masterpiece is not something that can conform into an expectation but something that has to be an expression from the heart.
杰作不是为了迎合某种预期的东西，而是内心真情的表露。
rather than
Ducks can swim by instinct rather than intelligence.
鸭会 游泳 ，不是靠聪明，而是靠本能。
Not until~
Not until the director persuaded him did he agree to play a role of the doctor.
直到导演说服了他，他才同意演那个医生的角色。
unless ~
You will have difficulty in understanding the problem unless it is explained and analyzed from the historical perspective.
除非这问题是从历史的观点来分析和解释，否则你理解会有困难。
It has never occurred to/struck me that~
It has never occurred to me that a person who has experienced ups and downs of life should believe such a ridiculous trick.
我从未想到一个经历人生起伏的人竟相信这荒.唐的诡计。
the moment ~/ the instant ~
The contract will come into effect the instant it is signed.
这项合同一经签署即开始生效。
It won't be long before ~
It won't be long before you know that having a good attitude is half the battle.
不久后你就会明白，拥有好的态度就是成功的一半。
once ~
Once promised, he will surely be given a remote-controlled car as a birthday present.
一旦得到承诺，他一定会得到一两遥控汽车作为生日礼物。
only when ~
Only when the test-oriented education is switched into the quality-oriented education are the chances that the students will develop their versatile abilities.
只有应试 教育 转变成了素质教育，学生们才有可能发展多方面的能力。
so ~ as to do ~
Will you be so kind as to pull me through the difficult time?
你这样善良, 能帮我渡过难关吗?
so ~ that ~
The book is so instructive that it has become a must-read.
So instructive is the book that it has become a must-read.
这书很有教育意义，已成为学生的必读之书。
~ as ~
Lose money as he did, he got a lot of experience, which contributed to his success in life.
虽然他失去了钱，但他得到了许多 经验 ，这促成了他人生的成功。
It must be pointed out that~
It must be pointed out that difficulties can bring out a person's best qualities.
必须指出，困难能显示一个人的最佳素质。(bring out a person's best qualities)
be just about to do ~ when~/ be close to doing ~ when~/ be on the point of doing ~ when~
I was on the point of buying that piano when my wife reminded me that this amount of money was for my son's tuition.
I was close to buying that piano when my wife reminded me that this sum of money was for my son's tuition.
I was just about to buy that piano when my wife reminded me that this sum of money was for my son's tuition.
我刚要买那架钢琴时，突然我太太提醒我这笔钱是付我儿子学费的。
not so much ~ as ~
It is not so much with their wishes as with their actions that they can shape the future.
他们打造未来与其用希望还不如用行动。
prefer to do~ rather than do~
To face whatever you might prefer to hide rather than acknowledge requires courage
要面对你宁可隐藏也不承认的任何事需要勇气。
more ~ than ~
Being obliged to leave the stage due to his illness, he has an emotion, which is more of regret than attachment.
因病得离开舞台时，他有着一种情感, 这种情感与其说是留恋，还不如说是遗憾。
There is no doing ~
There is no denying that bad things do happen to us sometimes.
不可否认的是，有时候不好的事情确实发生在我们身上。
It can't be denied that~
It can't be denied that he has a gift for music however lazy he is.
无法否认的是他对音乐有天赋，不管他是多么的慵懒。
There is no doubt that~
There is no doubt that he will win the election by a large majority
毫无疑问他会以多数票赢得竞选。
so long as ~/as long as~
However inharmonious they look in other people's eye, they can enjoy life so long as they love each other.
在别人眼里无论他们看起来是多么的不和谐，只要他们彼此相爱，就能享受生活。
It is no wonder that ~
It is no wonder that children love to visit museums.
孩子们喜欢参观博物馆是不足为怪的。
It is +adj. +of sb. to do~
It is mean of you to tip so little.
你真吝啬，给这么少小费。
It is +adj./现在分词+for sb. to do~
As a doctor, it is necessary for you to pay a regular visit to your patients, assuring them that your attention is still focused on them.
作为医生，你定期看望病人，让他们相信你仍然关注着他们是必要的。
There is no use/point (in) doing~ / It's no good/use doing~
It's no good helping him since he doesn't help himself.
There is no use helping him now that he doesn't help himself.
既然他不争气，帮他也没用。
Not only ~ but also ~
Not only can knowledge help you conquer fear but also it can bring you real power.
知识不仅能帮助你克服恐惧，也能给你带来真正的力量。
It must be admitted that ~
It must be admitted that online study is another effective way of self-improvement.
必须承认网上学习是另一种自我完善的有效 方法 。
in spite of the fact that
In spite of the fact that the old man doesn't know much, he is warm-hearted and friendly.
虽然那老头懂得不多，但他热情、友好。
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高中英语怎么学才能提高
一、抓基础
高中英语的基础主要包括2方面：单词和语法，复习的时候，千万不可舍本逐末，放弃词汇和语法的学习，一开始就泡在题海中。如果没有词汇和语法做基础，做再多题都白搭。
建议先掌握高中英语词汇(包括音标、近 反义词 、单词用法等)，同时学习语法(包括语态、语句和语词等);在此基础上，先针对词汇和语法的考察做专项练习。等到前2步完成之后，最后开始全方位的训练，在此过程中依然要狠抓每一个知识点。
二、划重点
做好知识点的梳理，划出重点，排好先后顺序，然后依次学习。
1、关于单词
按考纲词汇划出重点单词，由主要到次要，分步记忆。让大家自己去整理、划分，显然不切实际，至少时间上也不允许。所以建议大家用闪过英语《高考词汇闪过》去记单词，它把高考词汇按重要程度已经划分好了(必考词—常考词—基础词—超纲词)，既节省了复习时间，也方便快速记忆。不知道高中英语怎么快速提高的同学，大可一试。
2、关于语法
把课本及练习题中老师做过板书或者多次强调过的语法知识整理出来，边做题边记忆，边记忆边理解。
三、重错题
一定要注意错题的收集，不管是随堂练习，还是考试试卷，但凡做错的题，都要及时整理出来，并一一改正。
建议:
错题归类：用不同的字母(如A、B、C等)做标记，将错题按种类归到相应的字母下面(不要写答案和解析过程)。
错题更改：先用铅笔做1遍，然后对答案，改正;之后擦掉答案，过1周左右，再做1遍，多次重复，直到错题被解决为止。许多同学不知道高中英语怎么快速提高，其实重视错题恰恰是解决这个问题的关键，大家要高度重视。
四、弃偏题
过难或者超纲的题型，要舍得放弃，对于英语基础好的同学，如果时间充足，可以适量做做，但不要沉迷其中;基础不好的同学，要以基础为主，果断放弃偏题。
建议：做题以真题为主，尽量少做或者不做模拟题。经过自己深入思考，以及和同学讨论之后，依然不懂的习题，直接跳过。
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高中英语翻译知识点总结大全相关 文章 ：
★ 2021人教版高中英语知识点
★ 高中英语学习基础知识总结归纳(2)
★ 人教版高中英语知识点总结最新
★ 高中英语翻译知识点
★ 高中英语复习知识点:高频单词/词组总结
★ 高中英语作文范文及翻译
★ 最新高中英语学习方法技巧归纳
★ 高中英语必修 课文完整翻译(人教新课标)(2)
★ 高考英语知识点总结归纳
★ 高中英语语法知识点总结
以下是英语语法中一些常见的经典句型总结：
自考英语翻译题复习备考技巧 一、重点把握书上的内容 考试是以书本的知识为主要依据，特别是书的一些重点篇目。本书多年以来的考试侧重点在经济、政治、法律、科技、文化这样几个主题上，一般来说，文学的两个单元考试的内容最少，但是这两个单元每年也都是有题的。所以，如果在没有时间再复习其他单元的情况下，还是以经济，政治，法律这三个单元为重点突破口，包括书上的课文和练习，以及练习册上的练习。 二、紧跟考点制定复习策略 把书上的东西完全弄懂，技巧掌握一些，课外的翻译适当的训练，积极认真准备词汇，这样这门考试肯定可以通过。词汇和结构谁更重要?其实真正的翻译考试是重在语法和结构，但是近两年以来的考试，大家可以发现有点类似于高级英语当中词义辨析，而且结构题越来越少。这个重大转变一定要牢记在心。 三、灵活的处理课外考点 其实这是一个老生常谈的事情，以前显得没有这么重要，原因在于课外的内容特别少，但是这两年随着课外知识的越来越多，让大家也是很头疼。我想只要大家能把书上的内容弄得特别清楚，那么一般的翻译文章都不会有书上的那么难。而且一二两大题都是选择题，这其中又有很多的技巧可言。书上的翻译原句中多含有两个以上的考点，但是课外的句子一般只有一个考点，而且这种考点无非就是词汇意思的掌握和简单的句与句之间的联系。而句与句之间的关系我曾经说过就是时间、原因、并列、让步这几个，不会再难了。第三题的词汇翻译都是集中在政治，经济，文化，法律和环保这几个领域中的。 所以大家在看课后的一些专有名词的时候需要格外的关注，而且两年以来政治词汇考得特别多，今年会不会还考这些词很难说。自考/成考有疑问、不知道如何总结自考/成考考点内容、不清楚自考/成考报名当地政策，点击底部咨询官网，免费领取复习资料：
1、熟练掌握书本内容 首先大家需要对教材中的内容很熟悉，特别是书的一些重点篇目。一般来说，文学的两个单元考试的内容最少，但是这两个单元每年也都是有题的。所以，如果在没有时间再复习其他单元的情况下，还是以经济，政治，法律这三个单元为重点突破口，包括书上的课文和练习，以及练习册上的练习。 2、掌握一定翻译技巧 翻译是一门需要大量实践的课程，不可能在短期内突破，所以在平时大家需要多重视和学习一些翻译技巧，建议大家还可以在考试前能进行一些新翻译材料实践。 3、灵活处理课外考点 在复习中大家不仅要掌握书本知识，对于课外的知识也需要一定的积累。自考英语科目考试的词汇翻译大多集中在政治，经济，文化，法律和环保这几个领域中，因此考生在平时可以经常关注一些政治经济的新闻和时政要闻，积累课外知识点。 4、制定合理复习策略 综合以上几点，大家对于英语翻译的复习工作是比较杂的，因此大家需要制定一个合理的复习计划，而且一定要紧跟考点制定复习策略，把书上的东西完全弄懂，技巧掌握一些，课外的翻译适当的训练，积极认真准备词汇，这样这门考试肯定可以通过。自考/成考有疑问、不知道如何总结自考/成考考点内容、不清楚自考/成考报名当地政策，点击底部咨询官网，免费领取复习资料：
1. falls in love is not you, but is the love feeling. 2. many people all like this to me said 3. I very want to protect you, but is unable side you, perhaps we only are predestined friends do not have the share. 4. love to me, is only the anesthetics. 5. thanked you once to give my recollection and joyful. 6. I had very many friends, lacked love I to think me also to be possible exactly very joyfully. 7. I thought you can say to me: Sorry, I am not the mean injure you. No, who doesn't have in love to do right by anyone, who is unfair to anyone, not to wrong. 8. you know? I may because of yours speech, a movement. Happy one all day. 9. likes suffering extreme distress, instead becomes oneself tiny. 10. lets off you, also is lets off oneself.
高级英语写作句型
英语也是与电脑联系最密切的语言，大多数编程语言都与英语有联系，而且随着网络的使用，英文的使用更普及。下面是我为大家整理的关于高级的英语写作句型，欢迎大家的阅读。
1) 主语+ cannot emphasize the importance of … too much.(再怎么强调……的重要性也不为过。)
例如：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.
我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性都不为过。
2)There is no need for sb to do sth. for sth.(某人没有必要做……)
例如：There is no need for you to bring more food.
不需你拿来更多的食物了。
3)By +doing…，主语+can …. (借着……，……能够……)
例如：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.
借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。
4) … enable + sb.+ to + do…. (……使……能够……)
例如：Listening to music enables us to feel relaxed.
听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。
5) On no account can we + do…. (我们绝对不能……)。
例如：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.
我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。
6) What will happen to sb.? (某人将会怎样?)
例如：What will happen to the orphan?
那个孤儿将会怎样?
7)For the past + 时间，主语 + 现在完成式/现在完成进行时…. (过去……时间来，……一直……)
例如：For the past two years，I have been busy preparing for the examination.
过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。
8)It pays to + do….(……是值得的`。)
例如：It pays to help others.
帮助别人是值得的。
9)主语+ be based on….(以……为基础)
例如：The progress of thee society is based on harmony.
社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。
10)主语 + do one’s best to do….(尽全力做……)
例如：We should do our best to achieve our goal in life.
我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。
注意：“尽全力”在英语中有不同表达。
例如：We should spare no effort/make every effort to beautify our environment.
我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。
11)主语+ be closely related to …. (与……息息相关)
例如：Taking exercise is closely related to health.
做运动与健康息息相关。
12) 主语+ get into the habit of + V-ing = make it a rule to + V (养成……的习惯)
例如：We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.
我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。
13)What a + 形容词 + 名词 + 主语 + be!= How +形容词+ a +名词+ be!(多么……!)
例如： What an important thing it is to keep our promise!= How important a thing it is to keep our promise!
遵守诺言是多么重要的事!
14)主语 + do good/ harm to sth.. (对……有益/有害)
例如：Reading does good to our mind.
读书对心灵有益。
Overwork does harm to health.
工作过度对健康有害。
15)主语 + have a great influence on sth. (对……有很大的影响)
例如：Smoking has a great influence on our health.
抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。
工 作 Lesson Thirteen Work 究竟工作是幸福还是痛苦的源泉，这可能是一个难以回答的问题。 Whether work should be placed among the causes of happiness or among the causes of unhappiness may perhaps be regarded as a doubtful question. 毫无疑问有许多工作是非常令人厌烦的，而且过多的工作总是十分痛苦的事。 There is certainly much work which is exceedingly irksome， and an excess of work is always very painful. 然而我认为，只要不过量，对多数人来说即使是最枯燥的工作也比终日无所事事要好些。 I think， however， that， provided work is not excessive in amount， even the dullest work is to most people less painful than idleness. 工作给人的愉快的程度多种多样，从仅仅是消烦解闷到产生巨大的快乐，这会随工作的性质和工作者的能力而异。 There are in work all grades， from mere relief of tedium up to the profoundest delights， according to the nature of the work and the abilities of the worker. 大多数人不得不从事的工作本身大都无乐趣可言，但即使是这样的工作也有一些很大的好处。 Most of the work that most people have to do is not in itself interesting， but even such work has certain great advantages. 首先，工作可将一天的许多时间占满，人们不必再费神来决定应干些什么，大多数人在可以自由地按自己的愿望打发时间时，常常会不知所措，想不起有什么令人愉快的事值得去做。 To begin with， it fills a good many hours of the day without the need of deciding what one shall do. Most people， when they are left free to fill their own time according to their own choice， are at a loss to think of anything sufficiently pleasant to be worth doing. 而他们的决定又总是受到干扰，觉得干别的什么事也许会更令人愉快。 And whatever they decide on， they are troubled by the feeling that something else would have been pleasanter. 能够有意义地利用闲暇时间是文明发展到阶段的结果，而目前很少有人能达到这一层次。 To be able to fill leisure intelligently is the last product of civilization， and at present very few people have reached this level. 何况作出选择本身就是件令人厌烦的事。 Moreover the exercise of choice is in itself tiresome. 除了那些具有非凡主动性的人，其他的人肯定有人乐于被告诉一天中的每时每刻该做什么，当然命令他们做的事不能太令人厌烦。 Except to people with unusual initiative it is positively agreeable to be told what to do at each hour of the day， provided the orders are not too unpleasant. 多数无所事事的阔佬免遭从事单调乏味工作之苦，但代价是莫名其妙的无聊。 Most of the idle rich suffer unspeakable boredom as the price of their freedom from drudgery. 有时他们去非洲猎取巨兽或环绕世界飞行来解闷，但这类刺激的数量有限，尤其到了中年以后更是如此。 At times they may find relief by hunting big game in Africa， or by flying round the world， but the number of such sensations is limited， especially after youth is past. 因此较为明智的阔佬们工作起来几乎像穷人一样卖力，而有钱的女人则大多忙于她们自以为具有震撼世界般重要性的无数琐事。 Accordingly the more intelligent rich men work nearly as hard as if they were poor， while rich women for the most part keep themselves busy with innumerable trifles of whose earthshaking importance they are firmly persuaded. 因此人们愿意工作，首先因为工作可防止产生无聊感。比起终日无所事事而造成的无聊来，人们在干着虽必要但缺乏兴趣的工作时所感到的枯燥无聊就不值一提了。 Work therefore is desirable， first and foremost， as a preventive of boredom， for the boredom that a man feels when he is doing necessary though uninteresting work is as nothing in comparison with the boredom that he feels when he has nothing to do with his days. 与工作的这一好处相关的还有一个好处，那就是假日到来会令人感到更加美妙。只要一个人的工作不至于累得他体力不支，那么他就会从他的闲暇时间里得到无所事事的人绝对得不到的极大乐趣。 With this advantage of work another is associated， namely that it makes holidays much more delicious when they come. Provided a man does not have to work so hard as to impair his vigor， he is likely to find far more zest in his free time than an idle man could possibly find. 多数有报酬的工作和某些没有报酬的工作还有第二个好处，那就是它们提供了成功的机会和实现抱负的可能。 The second advantage of most paid work and of some unpaid work is that it gives chances of success and opportunities for ambition. 在多数工作中，收入的多少是衡量成功与否的标准，当我们这个资本主义社会继续存在时，这是不可避免的。 In most work success is measured by income and while our capitalistic society continues， this is inevitable. 只有在工作的情况下收入才不再被用作当然的衡量标准。 It is only where the best work is concerned that this measure ceases to be the natural one to apply. 人们想增加收入当然是出自钱多了可以获得更多的舒适享受这一愿望，但同样也出自想获得成功的愿望。 The desire that men feel to increase their income is quite as much a desire for success as for the extra comforts that a higher income can procure. 无论工作多么枯燥单调，如果它是能够使人逐渐成名的手段，无论是在世界上出名还是就在自己的圈子里出名，那么这工作就不再难以忍受了。 However dull work may be， it becomes bearable if it is a means of building up a reputation， whether in the world at large or only in one's own circle. 归根结底，幸福的最重要的因素之一是有始终如一的目的。而对多数人来说这样的目的主要来自他们的工作。 Continuity of purpose is one of the most essential ingredients of happiness in the long run， and for most men this comes chiefly through their work. 在这一点上，终日从事家务的妇女便远不如男子幸运，也没有走出家庭参加工作的妇女幸运。 In this respect those women whose lives are occupied with housework are much less fortunate than men， or than women who work outside the home. 家庭妇女没有工资，无法改善自己的状况，她所干的一切在她的丈夫看来都是理所当然的（她的丈夫对此几乎是熟视无睹），丈夫欣赏的不是她干的家务活，而是她的其他品质。 The domesticated wife does not receive wages， has no means of bettering herself， is taken for granted by her hu and （who sees practically nothing of what she does）， and is valued by him not for her housework but for quite other qualities. 当然对那些有足够的钱可以把住宅和花园搞得十分漂亮而成为邻居们的羡慕对象的女人来说，情况就不一样，但这样的女人相对来说数量较少，对于大多数妇女，家务带给她们的满足远不如其他工作带给男子或职业妇女的满足。 Of course this does not apply to those women who are sufficiently well-to-do to make beautiful houses and beautiful gardens and become the envy of their neighbors； but such women are comparatively few， and for the great majority housework cannot bring as much satisfaction as work of other kinds brings to men and to professional women. 多数工作都能使人满意地消磨掉时间，而且给人们实现抱负提供某种令人满意的途径，虽然这途径不起眼。一般说来这种满足足以使一个即使工作枯燥无味的人也比无事可做的人感到快乐。但如果从事的是有趣的工作，就能给人带来比仅仅是解闷高级得多的满足。 The satisfaction of killing time and of affording some outlet， however modest， for ambition， belongs to most work， and is sufficient to make even a man whose work is dull happier on the average than a man who has no work at all. But when work is interesting， it is capable of giving satisfaction of a far higher order than mere relief from tedium. 有兴趣的工作可以按其包含乐趣的大小顺序排列，我先谈小有乐趣的工作，最后谈那些值得伟大人物投入全部精力的工作。 The kinds of work in which there is some interest may he arranged in a hierarchy. I shall begin with those which are only mildly interesting and end with those that are worthy to absorb the whole energies of a great man. 两个使工作有趣的主要因素，一是需要运用技巧，二是有建设性。 Two chief elements make work interesting： first， the exercise of skill， and second， construction. 凡是掌握了不同寻常的技巧的人都喜欢运用这种技巧，直至他感到太平常或他再也不能提高时为止。 Every man who has acquired some unusual skill enjoys exercising it until it has become a matter of course， or until he can no longer improve himself. 这种想要自我表现的动机从幼儿时代就开始了：一个能倒立的男孩总是不想用脚站立。 This motive to activity begins in early childhood： a boy who can stand on his head becomes reluctant to stand on his feet. 许多工作同靠技艺取胜的游戏一样给人以快乐。 A great deal of work gives the same pleasure that is to be derived from games of skill. 律师或政治家的工作一定更愉快而且包含着许多和打桥牌同样的快乐。 The work of a lawyer or a politician must contain in a more delectable form a great deal of the same pleasure that is to be derived from playing bridge. 当然这里不仅运用了技巧，而且还在智力较量上胜过了一个本领高超的对手。 Here of course there is not only the exercise of skill but the outwitting of a skilled opponent. 即使在不存在竞争因素的情况下，表演高难的绝技也是件令人惬意的事情。 Even where this competitive element is absent， however， the performance of difficult feats is agreeable. 能驾驶飞机进行特技飞行的人会从中获得极大的快乐，以至为此甘愿冒生命危险。 A man who can do stunts in an aero——plane finds the pleasure so great that for the sake of it he is willing to risk his life. 我想像尽管一个能干的外科医生工作时处在令人痛苦的气氛中，他还是能从精湛的手术中得到满足。 I imagine that an able surgeon， in spite of the painful circumstances in which his work is done， derives satisfaction from the exquisite precision of his operations. 从大量层次较低的工作中也能得到同样的，只是在程度上没有那么强烈的快乐。 The same kind of pleasure， though in a less intense form， is to be derived from a great deal of work of a humbler kind. 只要工作中需要的技巧不是一成不变的，或存在着不断提高的余地，那么一切需要熟练技巧的工作都会是令人愉快的。 All skilled work can be pleasurable， provided the skill required is either variable or capable of indefinite improvement. 但如不具备上述两个条件，在人们掌握的技巧达到顶峰以后，这种工作便不再有兴趣了。 If these conditions are absent， it will cease to be interesting when a man has acquired his maximum skill. 一个从事3英里长跑的运动员到了不能再打破自己纪录的年龄以后，就不会再从这个职业中获得乐趣。 A man who runs three-mile races will cease to find pleasure in this occupation when he passes the age at which he can beat his own previous record. 幸而有相当数量的工作随新的情况出现而需要新的技巧，人们可以不断提高自己的技巧，至少可以一直继续到中年以后。 Fortunately there is a very considerable amount of work in which new circumstances call for new skill and a man can go on improving， at any rate until he has reached middle age. 从事某些技巧性工作的人，比如从政的人，似乎在60岁到70岁之间才达到颠峰状态，原因是在这些职业中，丰富的阅历至关重要。 In some kinds of skilled work， such as politics， for example， it seems that men are at their best between sixty and seventy， the reason being that in such occupations a wide experience of other men is essential. 因此有成就的政治家在70岁时往往会比其他同龄人幸福。 For this reason successful politicians are apt to be happier at the age of seventy than any other men of equal age. 在这一点上惟一能与他们相比的是大公司的首脑人物。 Their only competitors in this respect are the men who are the heads of big businesses. 然而的工作还具有另一因素，作为幸福的源泉它比运用技巧更为重要，这便是建设性。 There is， however， another element possessed by the best work， which is even more important as a source of happiness than is the exercise of skill. This is the element of constructiveness. 有些工作在完成后，结果会像纪念碑一样存在下去，尽管并非多数工作都能如此。 In some work， though by no means in most， something is built up which remains as a monument when the work is completed. 我们可以用下列标准区分是建设还是破坏。 We may distinguish construction from destruction by the following criterion. 如果是建设，则初始阶段事物较为缺少章法，而到最后阶段则体现出某个目标来；如为破坏，则正好相反，初始阶段体现出某个目标，而最后阶段则是缺少章法，也就是说，破坏者惟一的目的是制造出一个不具备某一目标的状态来。 In construction the initial state of affairs is comparatively haphazard， while the final stale of affairs embodies a purpose. In destruction the reverse is the case； the initial stale of affairs embodies a purpose， while the final state of affairs is haphazard， that is to say， all that is intended by the destroyer is to produce a state of affairs which does not embody a certain purpose. 适用这一标准的体最明显的一个例子，就是建造和拆除房屋。 This criterion applies in the most literal and obvious case， namely the construction and destruction of buildings. 在建造房屋时，预先制定好的方案得到实施，而在拆除房屋时没有人明确规定拆毁后残砖烂瓦应如何处置。 In constructing a building a previously made plan is carried out， whereas in destroying it no one decides exactly how the materials are to lie when the demolition is completed. 当然破坏常常是随之而来的建设的必要前提，在这种情况下它便成了整个建设的一部分。 Destruction is of course necessary very often as a preliminary to subsequent construction， in that case it is part of a whole which is constructive. 但有时一个人从事的活动旨在破坏而不是考虑此后可能进行的建设活动，他常常会标榜自己是为了重新建设而扫平一切，但一般说来如果这是个借口，只要问他随后的建设是什么样就会揭穿他。人们会发现在这一问题上他会含糊其词，毫无热情，但对于作为准备工作的破坏他却津津乐道，谈得十分具体。 But not infrequently a man will engage in activities of which the purpose is destructive without regard to any construction that may come after. Frequently he will conceal this from himself by the belief that he is only sweeping sway in order to build afresh， but it is generally possible to unmask this pretense， when it is a pretense， by asking him what the subsequent construction is to he. On this subject it will be found that he will speak vaguely and without enthusiasm， whereas on the preliminary destruction he has spoken precisely and with zest. 不少的革命者、尚武分子及其他暴力的信徒们就是如此。 This applies to not a few revolutionaries and militarists and other apostles of violence. 他们为仇恨所驱使，但自己往往还没意识到这一点……他们的真正目的是毁灭他们所仇恨的事物，相对来说对随后应做什么的问题并不关心。 They are actuated， usually without their own knowledge， by hatred： the destruction of what they hate is their real purpose， and they are comparatively indifferent to the question what is to come after it. 我无法否认从事破坏性工作和从事建设性工作一样也可能有快乐。 Now I cannot deny that in the work of destruction as in the work of construction there may be joy. 这是一种更为狂暴的快乐，也许有时更为强烈，但却不能给人以那种更深的满足，因为从它的结果中几乎找不到什么满足。 It is a fiercer joy， perhaps at moments more intense， but it is less profoundly satisfying， since the result is one in which little satisfaction is to be found. 你杀死了敌人，他死了你的职业就不存在了，你从胜利中得来的满足很快就消失了。 You kill your enemy， and when he is dead your occupation is gone， and the satisfaction that you derive from victory quickly fades. 从另一方面来说，建设性的工作在完成后一回想起来就令人愉快，而且这种永远也不会做到再也无事可做的地步。 The work of construction， on the other hand， when completed， is delightful to contemplate， and moreover is never so fully completed that there is nothing further to do about it. 最令人满意的目标是那些能永远从一个成功通向另一个成功而从不会走进死胡同的目标，在这个方面人们会发现建设比破坏更能带给人幸福。 The most satisfactory purposes are those that lead on indefinitely from one success to another without ever coming to a dead end； and in this respect it will be found that construction is a greater source of happiness than destruction. 也许更准确的说法应该是，在建设中寻求满足的人得到的满足要比热衷破坏建设的人从破坏中得到的满足更大，因为你一旦变得满腔仇恨，就很难从建设中得到别的人从中得到的乐趣。 Perhaps it would be more correct to say that those who find satisfaction in construction find in it greater satisfaction than the lovers of destruction can find in destruction， for if once you have become filled with hate you will not easily derive from construction the pleasure which another man would derive from it.