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自考综合英语一课文重点句子

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自考综合英语一课文重点句子

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自考综合英语一课文重点句子

Text A 「课文译文」 怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者 “学习一门语言很容易,即使小孩也能做得到。” 大多数正在学习第二语言的成年人会不同意这种说法。对他们来说,学习一门语言是非常困难的事情。他们需要数百小时的学习与练习,即使这样也不能保证每个成年语言学习者都能学好。 语言学习不同于其他学习。许多人很聪明,在自己的领域很成功,但他们发现很难学好一门语言。相反,一些人学习语言很成功,但却发现很难在其他领域有所成就。 语言教师常常向语言学习者提出建议:“要用新的语言尽量多阅读”,“每天练习说这种语言”,“与说这种语言的人住在一起”,“不要翻译——尽量用这种新的语言去思考”,“要像孩子学语言一样去学习新语言”,“放松地去学习语言。” 然而,成功的语言学习者是怎样做的呢?语言学习研究表明,成功的语言学习者在许多方面都有相似之处。 首先,成功的语言学习者独立学习。他们不依赖书本和老师,而且能找到自己学习语言的方法。他们不是等待老师来解释,而是自己尽力去找到语言的句式和规则。他们寻找线索并由自己得出结论,从而做出正确的猜测。如果猜错,他们就再猜一遍。他们都努力从错误中学习。 成功的语言学习是一种主动的学习。因此,成功的语言学习者不是坐等时机而是主动寻找机会来使用语言。他们找到(说)这种语言的人进行练习,出错时请这些人纠正。他们不失时机地进行交流,不怕重复所听到的话,也不怕说出离奇的话,他们不在乎出错,并乐于反复尝试。当交流困难时,他们可以接受不确切或不完整的信息。对他们来说,更重要的是学习用这种语言思考,而不是知道每个词的意思。 最后,成功的语言学习者学习目的明确。他们想学习一门语言是因为他们对这门语言以及说这种语言的人感兴趣。他们有必要学习这门语言去和那些人交流并向他们学习。他们发现经常练习使用这种语言很容易,因为他们想利用这种语言来学习。 你是什么样的语言学习者?如果你是一位成功的语言学习者,那么你大概一直在独立地、主动地、目的明确地学习。另一方面,如果你的语言学习一直不太成功,你不妨试试上面提到的一些技巧。 Text B 「课文译文」 语言 当我们想告诉别人我们想什么时,我们不但可以借助于词语,还可以用其他表达方法。比如,当我们想说“是”时,我们有时会上下点头,而当我们想说“不”时,我们会左右摇头。那些既听不见也不会说话的人(也就是聋哑人)借助于手势相互交谈。那些彼些不懂对方语言的人也用这种方式交谈。下面这个故事就说明了人们有时是怎样借助于手势进行交谈的。 一个不会说意大利语的人曾到意大利去旅行。一天,他走进一家饭店,在桌边坐下。侍者过来时,这个英国人张开嘴,将手指放进嘴中,然后拿出来,并上下翕动嘴唇。他用这种方法说:“给我拿点吃的东西。”侍者很快给他端来一杯茶。英国人摇摇头,侍者明白他不想要茶,于是将茶端走,又端来咖啡。英国人一脸不高兴的样子,他这时一点也不渴,只是非常饿,每次侍者给他端来喝的他都摇头。侍者给他端来了葡萄酒,接着又拿来了啤酒、汽水。当然这些都不是食物。他正要离开这家饭店时,另外一位旅行者进来了。这位旅行者看见侍者,就把手放在胃部。这就足够了,几分钟后他面前的桌子上就放了一大盘通心粉和肉。 由此可见,原始的手势语并不总能很明白地表达意义,而词汇语言就准确多了。 词由声音组成,但许多声音有意义却不是词。例如,我们会说“sh-sh-sh”来表示“请安静”。当婴儿笑时,我们知道他们很快乐;当他们哭时,我们知道他们病了或只是想要什么东西。 动物也是一样。狗发出“G-r-r”的声音或猫发出“F-f-f”的声音时,我们知道他们在发怒。 但这些声音不是语言。语言包括词,我们将这些词组成句子。但动物不需要这样做。狗在表示“生气了”时会发出“G-r-r”的声音,但它不会先说“I”,再说“am”然后再说“angry”。鹦鹉能像人那样说话,能重复整个句子并知道句子的意思。我们可以说鹦鹉能模仿人类的语言,但不能说它真会说话,因为它不能用它所知道的词组成新的句子。只有人才有能力做到这一点。 TextA 「课文译文」 税、税、还是税 美国人常说,人的一生有两件事可以肯定会发生:死亡和税收。美国人并不垄断死亡市场,但许多人却感到美国以最重的赋税于世界。 税指人们为支持政府而缴纳的资金。在美国通常有三级政府:联邦政府,州政府及市政府,因此就存在三种税。 收入超过几千元的工薪人士必须向联邦政府缴纳一定比率的税金。这一比率因人而异,取决于各人的工资数。联邦政府实行累进收入所得税制,也就是说,税率(14%~70%)随个人收入的增加而增加,由于高额税收,人们在4月15日很不愉快,因为这一天是缴纳税款的日子。 第二种税是缴纳给州政府的,这些州包括纽约,加利福尼亚,北达科他以及其他47个州中的任何一个。一些州的收入所得税的收取办法同联邦政府的相似,当然其税率要低一些。一些州设有销售税,即对你在该州所购买的任何商品所收的一定比率的税金。比如,某人想买一包25美分的烟。如果该州收取8%的销售税,那么买这包烟要花27美分,这一钱数就包括销售税。一些州利用收入所得税外加销售税的办法来提高税收,各州的税收法规五花八门,令人费解。 第三种税是向市政府缴纳的。这种税有两种:一种是财产税(拥有房屋的人都必须交税),另一种是本国消费税,即对城市汽车所征收的税金。城市将这些资金用于教育、警察和消防部门、公共设施及市政建设。 由于美国人须付高额税金,所以他们经常感到每周有一天纯粹是在为缴税而工作。人们总是在抱怨税收太高。他们常常*政府滥用他们的税金。他们说政府将太多的钱花在无用且不符合实际的项目上了。尽管美国人在很多问题上有不同的看法,但他们在一个话题上的意见总是一致的:税收太高。 Text B 「课文译文」 广告 作广告只是整个促销活动的一部分,但正是这一部分最引人注目。这极为自然,因为广告就是为这一目的而设计的。在报纸上、杂志上、邮件上以及收音机和电视机里,我们经常会听到或看到数百条有关不同产品和不同服务的信息。一般说来,我们会被说服去购买这些不同的产品和服务——食品和饮料,汽车和电视机,家具和服装,旅游和休闲活动等。 最简单的广告是分类广告。每天报纸上都登有几页这类广告;在周日扩大版上会有几部分这类广告。一条分类广告通常只有几行。这实际上不过是一则通知或通告,说明可以买到什么东西。 报纸上还刊有大量展示广告,其中大部分是为商店或各种形式的娱乐活动所作的广告。报纸通常所及的只是一个有限地区的读者,因此,许多想刊登广告的人都用杂志将信息带给更多的读者。许多现代广告技术在杂志广告中得以发展。使用鲜艳的颜色、吸引人的画面以及简短的语言信息构成了杂志广告的特色,其最主要的目的就是引人注目。信息本身一般较短,通常只不过一句简短的话,公众将这句话与该产品联系起来。 这些技术已被用于电视广告,用色彩和画面再加上声音和音乐来吸引观众的听觉和视觉。电视广告很短,通常只有15秒,30秒或60秒,但它们一遍又一遍地重复,使观众能够多次看到画面,听到声音。商业电视融合了娱乐节目和广告。如果你想收看娱乐节目,你就得忍受电视广告——而数以百万计的人们都想收看娱乐节目。 公司销售部的人员负责公司的广告。他们必须确定广告要吸引的群体,还必须确定将信息传达给特定群体的途径。他们还要估算出广告的成本,然后交管理人员批准。在许多大公司,管理人员直接参与策划广告。 Unit 2 Text B advertising 登广告 Advertising is only part of the total sales effort, but it is the part that attracts the most attention. This is natural enough because advertising is designed for just that purpose. In newspapers, in magazines, in the mail, on radio and television, we constantly see and hear the messages for hundreds of different products and services. For the most part, they are the kinds of things that we can be persuaded to buy——food and drinks, cars and television sets, furniture and clothing, travel and leisure time activities. 登广告仅仅是整个促销活动的一部分,但却是最能吸引人们注意的一部分,这是十分自然的。因为设计出某一广告正是为了达到这一目的。我们在报刊杂志上和邮件上,在收音机里和电视里,会不断地看到或听到数以百计的不同的产品和服务项目的信息。其中绝大部分都是那种要劝我们去购买食物和饮料、汽车和电视机、家俱和衣着,去参加旅游和业余活动的信息。 The simplest kind of advertising is the classified ad. Every day the newspapers carry a few pages of these ads; in the large Sunday editions there may be several sections of them. A classified ad is usually only a few lines long. It is really a notice or announcemaent that something is available. 最简单的一种广告就是分类广告。每天各种报纸都刊登有几页这种分类广告。每逢星期天的扩大版上可能有好几大类的分类广告。每一则分类广告的长度通常只有三两行,这实际上就是通知某种东西或某种服务现在已经有了。 Newspapers also carry a large amount of display advertising. Most of it is for stores or for various forms of entertainment. Newspapers generally reach an audience only in a limited area. To bring their message to a larger audience, many who want to put out their ads use national magazines. Many of the techniques of modern advertising were developed in magazine ads. The use of bright colors, attractive pictures, and short messages is all characteristic of magazine ads. The most important purpose is to catch the eye. The message itself is usually short, often no more than a slogan which the public identifies with the product. 报纸上也刊登大量图文并用的广告。其中绝大部分是为商店或各种娱乐活动而刊登的。报纸只能涉及到在一定地区内的读者。为了把信息传达到更多的读者,很多想刊登广告的人都利用全国性的杂志。在杂志上刊登各类广告中运用了许多现代制作广告的技术。杂志广告的特征是善于运用鲜艳的色彩,迷人的图片和短小精辟的词句,一般只有一条标语口号,要让人民大众认为这句口号与你宣传的产品是等同的。 The same techniques have been carried over into television advertising. Voices and music have been added to color and pictures to catch the car as well as the eye. Television ads are short——usually only 15, 30, or 60 seconds, but they are repeated over and over again so that the audience sees and hears them many times. Commercial television has mixed entertainment and advertising. If you want the entertainment, you have to put up with the advertising——and millions of people want the entertainment. 同样的技巧也被应用到电视广告当中。广告赏心悦目的声音和伴奏的音乐再加上鲜艳的色彩和画面既吸吸引人们来看也能吸引人们来听。电视广告反复再三重播,以便让观众和听众多次看多次听。商业电视把娱乐和广告内容融为一体。如果你想娱乐,那你就必须让播广告——千百万人都想娱乐。 The men and women in the sales departmen are responsible for the company's advertising. They must decide on the audience they want to reach. They must also decide on the best way to get their message to their particular audience. They also make an estimate of the costs before management approves the plan.In most large companies management is directly involved in planning the advertising. 销售部门的男女员工要负责公司的广告业务。他们必须决定要针对哪些人做广告。他们必须制定出方案能让他们选定的观众能够得到他们散发的广告信息。他们还得在经理部门批准广告计划之前就估计出各项费用。绝大部分的大公司当中,经理部门都是直接参与广告的策划工作的。 Unit 3 Text A The Atlantic Ocean 大西洋 大西洋是把亚、欧、非这个旧世界把南北美洲这个新发现的世界相隔开的一片大洋。若干世纪以来由于有大西洋相隔,使欧洲人一直没能发现南北美洲。 有关大西洋的很多错误想法使得古时的水手们不愿把帆船开到大西洋中心的海面上去。一种错误想法就是大西洋已经迁伸到“世界的边缘”上了。水手们怕帆船会从地球上掉下去。另一种错误想法就是认为位于赤道的大西洋的海水是滚烫的。 虽然大西洋的面积只有太平洋的一半大,不过这也是已经很大的了。在哥伦布横渡大西洋的地方,洋面宽达4000多英里(6000公里)。即使在洋面最窄的地方宽度也约有2000英里(3200公里)。这洋面最窄的地方就是介于南美洲的突出点和非洲的突出点之间。 有两点使大西洋非同一般。一是,这么大的一片汪洋,里面几乎没有岛屿。二是,这里是世界上海水最咸的大洋。 大西洋里有很多很多的海水,以致很难让人想象出来到底有多少海水。假如现在就不再有雨水落进大西洋,假如一切河流的水现在也都不往大西洋里面流,那么大西洋大约再过4000年就会干涸。大西洋平均水深稍微超过两英里(合3.2公里),不过有些地方却更深得多,最深的地方是在波多黎各附近,这里水深达30246英尺,5英里(9.6公里)。 世界上最长的山脉之一就是从大西洋的洋底升起来的。这条山脉在大洋中间,是南北走向的。山脉的几处顶峰向上突了海平面就形成了岛屿。亚速尔群岛就是中部大西洋山脉的几座山峰的尖端。 从佛罗里达半岛往东几百英里,大洋的那一小部分水域被称为马尾藻海。这里海面平静,因为几乎没有风。在使用帆船的那些年代里,船员们都害怕船走到那里就会原地不能动了,有时也真的是这样。 大洋里的海水流动有时被称为“海洋中的洋流”。大西洋中这些潮流之一称为墨西哥湾流,这是一般暖水流。另一股是拉布拉多湾流,从北冰洋下来的一般寒水流。这些海洋潮流影响着所流经过的附近的陆地的气候。 大西洋为岸边的居民提供了丰富的食物。靠近纽芬兰的大浅滩,是其中一个的捕鱼区。 今天大西洋是一条重要的交通干线,可是,它并不总是平稳安全的航道。暴风雨会横扫过大西洋向上掀起层层巨浪。像冰山一样巨型浮冰块会从北冰洋向南漂下来横着阻挡住海船的条条航道。 现在我们有很多非常快速的方法到国外旅行,以致这个大西洋使我们觉得比以前小多了。哥伦布用了两个多月才横渡了大西洋。现在用现代的快轮用不了四天就能完成这段航程。飞机从纽约飞伦敦只用八个小时,而从南美洲飞到非洲只用四个小时就行了。 Unit 3 Text B 月球 我们发现月球距离地球约23万9千英里(38万4千551公里)。月球与地球总保持这个距离,变化不超过两三千英里。虽然它离地球的距离仍然是那么远,但是它运转的方向却不断地在变。我们发现月球环绕地球的轨道总是圆周形,或很近似圆周形。每一个月,或者更确切些说是每27天又1/3天就环绕地球转一圈。在太空中月球是我们最近的邻居,并且像我们本身一样被地球吸引力所牵引。 除了太阳而外,月球好象天空中的天体了。可是实际上它却是最小的天体之一。只是因为它距离我们太近了,所以看起来才显得大。月球的直径只有2160英里(3389公里),仅仅比地球直径的1/4稍多一点。 每一个月或者更精确些说每29又1/2天有一次有个我们称之为“望月”的时候。这个时候整个月亮的圆盘看起来很明亮。在其他一些时候,月亮的圆盘只有一部分看起来觉得亮。我们总是发现这亮的部分是面向着太阳的、面背着太阳的那一部分看起来就黑暗。如果们能记住这一点,即只有被太阳照射得发亮的那部分月球是明亮的,那他们作起画来就会画得更好。这表明了月球本身是不发光的。月球就像悬在画龙点晴的一面巨型的大镜子一样,它只能反身太阳光。 但是月球表面上黑暗的部分并不上绝对黑的;一般地这一部分也能有足够的光让我们能勉强刚刚能看清月球的轮廓,那就是我们所说的“新月抱着旧月”的现象。我们所看的旧月轮廓的光并不是来自太阳,而是来自地球。我们都清楚地知道,海水的表面、雪地的表面,甚至下雨天的路面都会把很强的太阳光反射到我们的脸上,照得我们很不舒服。同样道理,整个地球的表面也足以反射太阳的光到月球上,让我们能看清月球黑暗的那部分。 假定月球上也有居民,他们就会看到,地球也像一面高悬在天空中的巨型镜子一样,反射太阳光到月球上。“月球居民们”也会谈到地球光,正像我们地球人谈到月光一样。“新月抱旧月”只不过就是月球表面上正处于黑暗的那一部分被地球的反射光反照的结果。同理,月球上的居民偶尔也会看到我们地球一部分处在阳光的照射下,而地球的其余部分只能照到月光;月球的居民们或许也会把这种现象称作“新地球抱着旧地球”吧。 Unit 4 Text A 增强记忆力的方法 心理学家的研究工作已经集中在增强记忆的一些基本方法上了,这些基本方法就是:赋予意义、组织、联结、形象,知道运用这些方法是很有用的。 “赋予意义”能影响记忆的各个层面。没有任何意义的信息要记住就比较困难,有些方法可以使要记忆的材料赋予意义。例如,有很多人利用押韵的办法来帮助记忆。你知道“一三五七八十腊,三十一天准不差,其余月份三十天,只有二月二十八”这首顺口溜帮助很多人记住了一年中哪些月份有三十天。 “组织”也对我们的记忆能力造成差异。一座图书馆如果藏书杂乱无章还能有用吗?有组织的材料要比混杂的信息好记很多。组织的典型例子就是组块,组块是将一个个单独的信息组成信息块。例如,如果把4671363这个数字分成467,13,63,就更容易记住了。分类是组织的另一种方法,假如要求你记住下列生词:男人、凳子、狗、课桌 、女人、马、孩子、猫、椅子,很多人会把这些词分成以下类型相近的几组来记忆:男人、女人、孩子;猫、狗、马;凳子、椅子、课桌。不用多说,第二种排列比第一种要更容易记住。 “联结”指的是把我们要记的材料和我们已经精确的记住的材料之间联系起来。要记住一个数字,你可以把这一数字与你已经熟悉的数字或事情联系起来。例如:日本富士山的海拔高度是12,389英尺,你可以用以下的联结方法来记忆:12是一年中的月份数,389是一年365天再加上月份数的两倍(24)。 “想象”是最后一种方法。研究的结果已经表明,当人们把要记忆的事物都想象出生动的直观形象,在完成各种不同类型的记忆工作中,记忆都会产生显著的效果。在一项研究中:要求一组受试者使用想像法来记住一些生词,第二组只用重复法来记住这些生词。那些用形象法记生词的人都能记住80%-90%,相比较那些用重复法记生词的人只能记住30%-40%.因而这种能形成一幅完整的形象,把所有的信息都存放到脑海里的一幅画面中去的方法,有助于我们储存记忆材料。 Unit 4 Text B 短期记忆 有两种记忆:短期记忆和长期记忆。处于长期记忆中的信息,在后来需要的时候能够回想起来,这一信息保持数天或数周。有时处于长期记忆中的信息很难记起,参加考试的学生经常会有这种经历。反之,短期记忆中的信息只能保持两三秒钟,通常还得再三重复这一信息。例如:你在电话号码簿中查到一个号码,在你还没拨号之前,你再三复习这一号码。如果这时有人打扰了你,你也许会把这个电话号码忘了。通过实验研究表明,如果不准被测试的人重复,那么十八秒以后,被测试的人连三个字母都记不住。 心理学家们以动物和人这二者做测试,对象分别研究了记忆和学习的情况。这里这两类试验都表明了研究短期记忆的情况。 亨特研究了大老鼠的短期记忆。他用一种特殊装置,这种装置上有个鼠笼和三扇门,每扇门上都有一盏灯。首先,把大老鼠放到关着的鼠笼里,接着把其中一盏灯打开然后关上,只有在这扇门那里才有给老鼠的食物。在把灯关掉以后,在把老鼠从鼠笼中释放前,让老鼠作短时间的等候。接下来,如果这个老鼠走对了门,那么门那里摆着的食物就是对他的奖赏。亨特博士多次做这种实验,他总是没有按固定顺序随便打开任何一盏灯,在把老鼠释放出鼠笼前等候的时间间隔也完全不同。亨特博士发现,如果老鼠等候的时间超过10秒钟,那它就记不住哪扇门是正确的。亨特实验的结果表明大老鼠能有大约10钞钟的短期记忆。 后来,汉宁研究那些把作为第二种语言来学习的人是怎样记生词的。他实验的对象是洛杉矶加州大学的75名学生。他们代表了英语能力中各种程度的人:初级的、中级的、高级和以英语为母语的学生。 开头,先让受试者们听一段以英语为母语的人所朗读的一小段英文文章的的录音。听完录音后,受试者参加一个有15道题的测验,检查他们都记住了哪些生词。每个问题有四个选择项,受试者必须圈出他们在录音中所听到的单词。每个问题有四个选择项听起来是很像一样的。例如:weather,whether,wither,wetter.有些问题的选择项意义像是一样的:method,way,manner和system.有些问题的四个选择项之间没有任何关连:weather,method,love和result.最后,受试者们都参加一次语言熟练程度的测试。 汉宁发现,凡是英语熟练程度低的学生多在声音相似的单词中会弄错;凡是英语熟练程度高的学生多在意义相似的词汇上会出错。汉宁的实验结果表明:初学者能把单词的声音保持短期记忆,而程度高的学生能把词汇的意义保持短期记忆。

Unit9(第26讲—第28讲) 本课简介 在learned words and popular words这篇课文中,作者对学术词汇和普通词汇进行了定义。讲述了两类词汇之间的差异,并且指出把词分为学术的和普通的方便而且有道理。但是人们必须注意,把普通词汇理解为属于大众所有的词,而不是某个特定阶层的人们所拥有的东西。学术词汇也并非有学问之人专用,只是它的存在是由于书籍和文学的培养而不是日常会话的实际需要。 本课主要语言点 1. In every cultivated language there are two great classes of words which, taken together, make up the whole vocabulary. class在本句中的意思是“种类”,相当于type, category.如: 1)It is very difficult to meet the needs of various classes of readers.(要满足各种读者的需要十分困难) 2)How many classes are you going to divide these books? (你打算把这些书分成几类?) class 还常用来表示“等级”,如:a second-class hotel (二等旅馆); an economy-class ticket (经济舱票);fly first class (乘头等舱航空旅行)。 class 也可以用动词用,意思是“把 …分类;把…看作”,如: 1)At 19 you are still classed as a teenager.(到了十九岁,你仍旧是青少年。) 2)He was classed as a genius (他被看作为天才) make up 在本句中的意思是“组成、构成”,请看例句: 1)Twenty-six boys and twenty-four girls make up the class (二十六名男生和二十四名女生组成了这个班) 2)Twelve doctors made up the medical team (十二名医生组成医疗队) 用被动语态时则应用be made up of,如: This engine is made up of 490 parts (这台发动机是由四百九十个部件装配而成的) taken together 过去分词短语做后置定语,对中心词做一些附加说明,相当于一个非限定性定语从句,要用逗号和中心词隔开,如: All the letters in the drawer, written in pencil, are from my brother.(抽屉里的这些用铅笔写的信都是我弟弟写的。) 2. First, there are those words with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation, which we learn, that is to say, from the members of our own family and from our friends, and which we should know and use even if we could not read or write. 句子中which引导的都是定语从句,修饰中心词words.第一个which的前面有介词with,这儿的with是familiar with中的介词前置了。Familiar with 意为“熟悉”。如:Are you familiar with the man standing over there?(站在那边的那个人你熟悉吗?) 请注意familiar with 与familiar to 的区别,familiar with 的主语通常是人,而familiar to的主语通常是物。如: 1)I am not familiar with this place. 2) This place is mot familiar to me. that is to say 是插入语,其作用是对整个一句话进行解释,类似的插入语还有so to speak, if I may say so, if you don't mind等等,如: 1)I'd really rather not go, if you don't mind 我确实不想去,你如果不介意的话。 2) The new emperor was, so to speak, a puppet.新皇帝可以说是个傀儡。 3.They concern the common things of life, and are the stock in trade of who speak the language concern 在句中的意思是“涉及,有关于”,如: 1)Don't interfere in things that don't concern you (别干预跟你无关的事)。 2)The energy problem concerns us all (能源问题关系到我们每个人) stock的意思很多,如“存货”,“股票”,“公债券”,“牲畜”等。 1)They hold a rich stock of information (他们掌握着丰富的材料) 2)You cannot buy it because it's out of stock (你买不成了,货品已经脱销) 3)He used to have a stock farm (他曾经拥有一个畜牧场) 4)The fridge was carefully stocked up with food.(冰箱里周到地放满了食品) stock in trade 也可以写成stock in trade,意思是“例行工作”,“常规”,如: 1)Complaints were a stock in trade of an airport manager's job (机场经理的工作就是常常面对投诉) 2)He was the master of black humor, it was his stock in trade (他是黑色幽默大师,黑色幽默是他的专长) 4.Such words may be called “popular”, since they belong to the people at large and are not the possession of a limited class only. since 在句中引导的是一个原因状语从句,请看例句: 1)Since it was Saturday, he got up very late (因为是周六,他起床很晚。) 2)You can take the place of him since he is not interested (你可以取代他,因为他对这事不感兴趣) at large 在本句中的意思是“整个”,这个词组的意思还有很多,请看下面的句子: 1)The people at large love peace (大多数人热爱和平) 2)The virus is still at large (这种病毒还在蔓延) 3)The murderer is still at large (杀人犯仍逍遥法外) 4)He talked at large about his plans (他详尽地谈了自己的计划) 5)They made the arrangements at large (他们随意地做了安排 ) 5. 请注意区别与possession 有关的两个词组:in possession of sth……和 in the possession of sb. 1)He is in possession of this house (他拥有这所房子) 2)The house is in the possession of him 3)On the other hand, our language includes large number of words which are relatively seldom used in ordinary conversation. 英语中有许多表示启承转合的词语,阅语中注意这些词有助于我们提高理解力,写作中注意用这些词,有助于我们把文章写得连贯、有条理。On the other hand 在本句中用来表示不同或相反的语气,在前一段中讲了popular word 这一段中作者则要讲讲learned words. 表示不同或相反语气的词还有很多,比如:Conversely, however, on the contrary, unlike, whereas, yet等等。 前面我们提到过number可以与可数名词连用,而amount可与不可数名词连用,如: 1)A large number of students have passed the exam (许多学生已经通过了考试) 2)They paid a large amount of money for the house (他们付了一大笔钱买了这座房子) 6.Their meanings are known to every educated person, but there is little occasion to use them at home occasion 通常可以做可数名词用,意思是“时刻、场合”;也可以做不可数名词用,意思是:“必要性、需要;机会”。如: 1)They're met on several occasions (他们已相遇过好几次) 2)They are occasions when you find it difficult to say “Good-bye”。(有时候你会觉得说“再见”很难。) 3)I don't remember I had occasion to blame him (我不记得我有责备他的必要) 7.In the latter, we are using a Latin Derivation which has exactly the same meaning 在前一句中用了“in the first case,” 本句中的“in the latter ”是指in the latter case .对两件事分别进行表述时,可以用in the first case, in the latter case 这一类词,条理非常清楚,也可以用the former,the latter 来表述。derivation 是derive 的名词形式。Latin derivation 意思是“拉丁语词源的词”,请看例句: 1)These words are derived from Latin (这些词由拉丁语派生而来) 2)The derivation of words is interesting (词的派生很有意思) 8. The terms “popular” and “learned”, as applied to words, are not absolute definitions.本句中的term意思是“术语、名称”,如: 1) I don't know how to put this term into Chinese (我不知道如何把这一术语译成中文) 2) Writer is hardly the term to apply to him (“作家”这一名称很难用在他身上) term 还有“期限;任期;学期”的意思,如: 1)During his 4-year term of office, he did a lot of things for the common people.(在他四年的任职期间,他为普通百姓做了不少事。) 2) He decided to rum for a second term (他决定竞选连任。) 3) The autumn term is coming to an end (秋学期快要结束了。) apply to 在句中的意思是“用于”,如: 1)This rule applies to upper class students only (这条规则只适用于高年级学生。) 2)I don't think what he says applies to you (我想他的话对你不适用) 3)They are eager to apply the theory to practice (他们急切地想把这一理论用于实践) apply for 则是“申请”的意思,如: 1)How many people have applied for the job?(有多少人申请了这个工作?) 2)They applied for permission to use the tennis court (他们申请使用网球场。) 9. Still the classification into “learned” and “popular” is convenient and sound .本句中的sound是形容词,意思是“正确的;明智的”,如: 1)He felt so happy that he had made a sound decision.(做了正确的决定,他感到很高兴。) 2)He was so carried away by power that he could not make any sound judgement(他被权力冲昏了头脑,无法做出任何明智的判断) 请看下面几个句子,注意sound 在句中的意思: 1)He is sound in body and mind (他身心健康) 2)The house is sound .Don't hesitate to buy it (这所房了完好无损,别犹豫,买下它) 3)The baby is having a sound sleep.(宝宝在酣睡) 4)Father gave him a sound beating.(父亲给他一顿痛打) 10.When we call a word “learned” we don't mean that it is used by learned persons alone, but simply that its presence in the English vocabulary is due to books and the cultivation of literature rather than to the actual needs of ordinary people not (that)…。but (that)。意思“不是…。而是。”如: 1)I came here again not because I enjoy the scenery so much but because I like the people .(我又来这儿,不是因为我多喜欢这儿的景色,而是我爱这儿的人们。) 2)By calling him Shylock, I don't mean that he is named Shylock,but that he is as miserly as Shylock.(叫他夏洛克,我不是说他的名字叫夏洛克,而是说他像夏洛克一样吝啬。) due to 在句中的意思是“由于”,如: 1)His failure was due to carelessness (他的失败是由于粗心。) 2)Due to lack of funds,they had to postpone the project.(由于缺少资金,他们不得不推迟计划) rather than 在本句的意思是“不是…而是……”,“与其……不如…” 1) He is a writer than a teacher (与其说他是教师,不如说他是作家。) 2)He lay rather than sit in the armchair (与其说他是坐在扶手椅上不如说是躺在里面。) 本课主要词组 1.make up 2.be familiar with 3.learn from 4.belong to 5.at large 6.on the other hand 7.be knows to 8.acquaintance with 9.in a style 10. be of importance 11. in the first case 12. in the latter (case) 13. in print 14. apply to 15. come up 16. as to 17. as a whole 18. due to 19. rather than Text B how should you build up your vocabulary? 短语表达 1. build up (建立;增强;增加) They worked hard to build up the friendship between the people in two countries. Get plenty of exercise every to build up your health. 2. come across (穿过,出现;遇到) They came across the street to meet me. A good idea came across my mind We are bound to come across difficulties, but we are determined to overcome them. 3. look up (查阅) If there are words you don't understand, look them up in the dictionary . For further information about this matter, look up this book. 4. at top speed (以速度) He drove his car at top speed It's dangerous to corner at top speed 5. depend on (依靠;取决于) We'll depend mainly on ourselves to solve the problem. The accomplishment of the task depends on the solution of this major problem. 6. make sense (有意义、讲得通) What he said just now didn't make any sense to me. This sentence doesn't make any sense. 7. try doing sth(尝试做某事) You can try using another method to go it He tried climbing the mountain without any help. 8. come up with (提出,想出;提供) He is expected to come up with some ideas after he thinks about the problem. The TV network will come up with better shows in the future. 9. lead to(导致) Our discussions led to confusion. The earthquake led to heavy loss of life. 10. after all (毕竟) Don't expect too much of him, he is, after all, a child of 10. We didn't finish all the work. After all, we didn't have enough hands 11. provide with (提供) It is necessary that you provide them with all the equipment We are satisfied to be provided with these kitchen utensils 12. begin with (以……开始) The first word of a sentence should begin with a capital letter . To begin with, we ought to know what we are here for.

自考综合英语一下册课文重点句子

11. One of the longest mountain ranges of the world rises from the floor of the Atlantic. 本句中的 longest与课文前几段中出现的narrowest,saltiest,deepest一样,都是形容词的级形式。因为这几个词是单音节词或是以元音结尾的双音节词,所以,级的构成是在词尾加-est.对于大部分两个音节以上的形容词,级的构成是在形容词前面加most.请看例句: 1) He wants to make everybody believe that he is the happiest person in the world. (他想使每一个人相信他是世界上最幸福的人。) 2) This is the strongest horse I have ever seen.(这是我所见过的壮的马。) 3) The boss wanted to find the most careful employees.(老板想找最细心的雇工。) 4) 黄山是我所知道的最美的山之一。 (Yellow Mountain is one of the most beautiful mountains I have ever known.) 5) 这条高速公路是中国最长的。(This express way is one of the longest in China. ) 6) 这本书是三本书中最有意思的。(This book is the most interesting of the three.) rise 是一个不及物动词,在句子中的意思是“升起;隆起”。例如: 1) The sun rises in the east.(太阳在东方升起。) 2) Give the child some medicine, his temperature is rising.(给孩子服药,他的体温在升高。) 3) The mountain peak rises above the clouds.(山峰高耸入云。) 请注意区别以下动词: 1) rise 不及物动词 (起立;上升,高耸;浮现) The old lady rose to her feet when she heard the doorbell. The tower rises to a height of 70 feet. An idea rises in my mind. 2) raise 及物动词 (举起;养育;提高;召集) If you have any questions, please raise your hands. When Father was in the army, Mother had a hard time raising three children. The management promised to raise the workers''salary after the negotiation. He failed to raise the money for his father''s heart operation. 3) arise 不及物动词 (升起;出现;由…引起) Heavy smoke arose beyond the mountain. New problems arise when old ones are solved. His illness arose from malnutrition. 4) arouse 及物动词 (唤醒;激起,引起) The noise outside aroused him from sleep. The music aroused a feeling of homesickness in him. floor在句子中的意思是“海底”。在其他语言环境中,floor当然有其他的意思。如; 1) He lives on the seventh floor.(他住在7楼。) 2) The wood floor gives a feeling of warmth in the winter.(冬天时,木地板给我温暖的感觉。) 3) He was given the floor at the meeting.(他在会上得到了发言权。) 4)He decided to floor the kitchen with plastic tiles.(他决定用塑料砖铺厨房地面。) 12. The tops of a few of the mountains reach up above the sea and make island top 在句中做名词用,意思是“顶部,山顶”。例如: 1) He was the first to climb to the top of the hill.(他第一个爬上山顶。) 2) When we stand on the top of the mountain, the whole city is in sight.(我们站在山顶时,整个城市尽收眼底) 请翻译下面的句子,注意top的词类和意思: 1) He shouted at the top of his voice.(他放声高叫。)-n. 2) He is running at the top of his speed.(他正以最快的速度奔跑。)-n. 3) He is the top student in the class.(他是班上的尖子学生。)-adj. 4) This is the top news of the week.(这是本周的头条新闻。)-adj. 5) His father is a top diplomatic advisor.(他父亲是高级外交顾问。)-adj. 6) Mother is going to top the cake with cream.(妈妈准备在蛋糕上浇奶油。)-v. 7) He tops his father by half a head.(他比父亲高出半个头。)-v. 8) She needs a new skirt to match her top.(她需要一条新裙子配她的上衣。)-n. 与top有关的词组: come out top(名列前茅) come out on top(出人头地) from top to bottom(从上到下,彻底地) from top to toe(从头到脚;完全) on top of the world(非常幸福;心满意足) 13. Several hundred miles eastward from Florida there is a part of the ocean called the Sargasso Sea. called the Sargasso Sea 是修饰ocean的定语从句,在其前省去了which is. 请看下面的例句: 1) Opportunities are often thing (that) you have not noticed the first time around. (机会常常是第一次出现时没有被人们注意到的东西。) 2) There is much (that) the little boy can do.(有许多是那小男孩能做。) 3)He is the right person (that) I want to discuss the problem with.(他正是我想与其讨论这个问题的人。) 14. In the days of sailing vessels the crew were afraid they would be becalmed here. Sometimes they were. days常常指“时期,时代”,有时也表示“一生;生命”。请看例句: 1) In his boyhood days, he often went swimming and fishing with his friends. (在他的童年时代,他常常和伙伴们一起游泳,钓鱼。) 2) In the days of Queen Victoria, the British colony expanded rapidly. (在维多利亚女王时代,英国殖民地迅速扩张。) 3) He has experienced a lot of hardships in his days.(他一生中吃了许多苦。) crew是一个集合名词,指“全体船员”,后面的谓语动词可以用单数也可以用复数,此句中谓语动词用的是复数were,因为从句子中可以推断出是许多vessels(船)上的船员。Sometimes they were.句子中省略becalmed. 15. The Atlantic furnishes much food for the people on its shores. furnish sth. to sb. 意思是“为…提供”,我们同样可以用furnish sb. with sth.来表达这个意思。例如: They furnished blankets and food to the refugees.(他们为难民供应毯子和食物。) No one expected that he would furnish the information to the opponent.(谁也没有料到他会把消息提供给对手。) Luckily, they have furnished us with a car and all the necessary maps. (幸运的是他们为我们提供了一辆汽车和所有必要的地图。) 16. One of its famous fishing regions, the Grand Banks, is near Newfoundland. the Grand Banks在句子中做同位语。请看下面的例句: 1) This theory was advanced by Einstein, a famous scientist.(这个理论是由科学家爱因斯坦提出的。) 2) This is Mr. Benjamin, dean of our department.(这是我们系主任本杰明先生。) 3) Qinghai Lake, the largest inland body of salt water in China, lies 3,198 metres above sea-level. (中国的内陆咸水湖青海湖海拔3,198米。) 本课主要词组及句型 词组: 1. separate from 2. keep sb. from doing sth. 3. be unwilling to do sth. 4. between A and B 5. make sth unusual 6. so…that 7. dry up 8. on the average 9. rise from 10. furnish sth for sb. 11. pile up 12. from…to

Unit18(第53讲—第55讲) 本课主要句型 1. Now it is hard to visualize a map that does not feature north at the top, but this was not always so. 本句中it做形式主语(formal subject),to visualize a map……。是真正的主语(real subject)。用it 做形式主语, 主要是因为主语较长,谓语较短,于是不定式常放在谓语的后面。例如: 1)It is necessary to tell him the news as soon as possible.(尽快把这消息告诉他是很必要的。) 2)It took us 30 minutes to get there by bus.(坐公共汽车到那儿花了我们30分钟时间。) 3)It made us very angry to see him talk to the old man in such an impolite manner.(看到他以如此不礼貌的方式与那位老人谈话,我们非常气愤。) 4)How much did it cost you to send the parcel express?(速递这个包裹花了你多少钱?) 请翻译下列句子,注意用做形式主语: 1)掌握一门外语不是一件容易的事。 2)能来参加这个晚宴是我们的荣幸。 3)我们不帮助他们是错误的。 4)他们拒绝采纳这个建议是不明智的。 上面的四个句子可以翻译为: 1) It is not easy to master a foreign language. 2) It is our honor to be present at this dinner party. 3) It was a mistake for us not to help them. 4) It is unwise of them to turn sown the suggestion. Visualize是一个动词,意思是 imagine (想像)。在词汇部分我们讲到过-ize是动词后缀。常用在形容词后面构成动词,如:localize(局部化,地方化), urbanize (城市化),nationalize (使国有化), finalize(最后定下来)visualize 这个动词,我们在第四单元中已经学过,请把下面两个句子译成英语,注意使用 visualize: 1)我难以想像等待着我的将会是什么。 2)一整天,他都在想像着将在教堂举行的婚礼。 这两句话可以译为: 1) I cannot visualize what is waiting for me. 2) He has been visualizing the wedding ceremony to be held at the church for the whole day. ……this was not always so中的 so 是个代词,意思是“如此,这样”,如: 1)――I think you made the wrong decision. ――Is that so? (是这样吗?) 2)It is not necessary to find out why it is so.(去了解为什么如此是没有必要的。) 3)I believe so.(我相信是这样。) 2. The oldest known map in the accepted sense of the word was drawn about 3,800BC, and represents the river Euphrates flowing through northern Mesopotamia, Irag. 本句中的known是过去分词做形容词用,意思是“已知的”,在某些语境中,known意为“的”。如: 1)This is the most dangerous substance known to man.(这是人类已知的最危险的物质。) 2)It has become a well known holiday resort.(这儿已成为的度假胜地。) in the…sense of the word 意思是“就这个词的…意义上而言”,如: 1)It is a miracle in the true sense of the word.(这是真正的奇迹。) 2)That is an adventure in every sense of the word.(那才叫冒险。) sense是个常用词,请看下面的句子,注意sense的词意。 1) He has a great sense of humor.(他很有幽默感。) 2) There is some common sense in what he says.(他所说的话有些道理。) 3) What's the sense of doing that since it is already late?(既然已经晚了,做那件事还有什么意义呢?) 4) She came to her senses after a blood transfusion. (输血之后,他苏醒过来。) 5) In a sense what he said is true.(在某种意义上说,他说的话是正确的。) 6) Her explanation doesn't make any sense.(她的解释讲不通。) 7) I cannot make sense of what has written.(她写的东西我弄不懂。) 3. This and others that followed it, were little more than rough sketches of localized features; it was not until many centuries later that the ancient Greeks placed the science of map-making on a sound-footing. 本句中的前一个it是代指上句中的the oldest known map. Little more than 的意思是 almost no more than(只不过是)。请注意下列句子中的little的意思: 1) He is little better than a bookworm. (他简直跟书呆子差不多。) 2) That is little short of open scorn.(那简直就是公然藐视。) It was not until…that…。是一个常见的强调句型,意思是“直到…才”。如: 1) It was not until the cat emerged from behind the bushes that I noticed it.(直到猫从灌木后面出来,我才注意到它。) 2) It was not until he called me that I realized there was a meeting in the afternoon.(直到他给我打电话我才想起下午有个会。) 3) It was not until several weeks later that the stolen car was found.(几个星期以后那辆失窃的汽车才被找到。) 请翻译下列句子,注意使用上述句型。 1)直到20世纪60年代人类才实现登上月球的梦想。 2)直到昨天他才被告知真相。 3)直到妈妈来幼儿园接他,那孩子才停止哭泣。 这三个句子可以翻译为: 1) It was not until the 1960S that man realized the dream of landing on the moon. 2) It was not until yesterday that he was told the truth. 3) It was not until mother came to the kinder-garter to collect him that the boy stopped crying. place sth. on a sound footing 意思是“把…置于坚实的基础上”。 4. The last great scientist of the classical period, he was the first to draw a map that was based on all available knowledge, rather than guess or imagination. The last great scientist of the classical period, 在本句中做同位语,对主语he作进一步的补充说明。 Be based on 意思是“以……为基础”。 Guess在句中做名词用,意思是“推测,猜想”。 Rather than在本句中的意思相当于instead of “而不是”。 1)I have used some simple words rather than the difficult ones.(我用了一些简单词汇而不是难词。) 2)He bought two books rather than one.(他买了两本书而不是一本。) 3)Rather than go back on his word, he kept his promise.(他没有食言,而是言而有信。) 5. Given the state of knowledge of those times, he got things wrong, …… 在第十五单元中,我们学过given这个介词,意思是“考虑到”,在本句中given仍是这个意思,请再看两个例句: 1)Given the poor working condition, you cannot expect the workers to be very efficient.(考虑到工作条件差,你不能指望工人们的效率很高。 2)Given the bad weather, we have to change our plan.(基于天气不好,我们得改变计划。) Times在本句中的意思是“时代”,如: 1)The times are different, women are now equal to man.(时代不同了,现在男女平等了。) 2)In modern times, the development of science and technology is accelerating.(近代科学技术在加速发展。) 3)In the difficult times, many people died of hunger.(在那限难时世,许多人因饥饿而死。) 6. …since Ptolemy had calculated wrongly the size of the Atlantic and was unaware that the pacific ocean existed. 本句中的since引导的是一个原因状语从句,如: 1)Since so many people are absent, we'd better put off the meeting.(既然如此多的人缺席,我们将此会延期。) 2)I won't blame you since you know nothing about it.(既然你对此一无所知,我就不会怪你。) Unaware与aware一样是形容词,其用法也与aware相同,be unaware of…, be unaware that…。 1)I was unaware of his presence.(我没注意到他在场。) 2)He was unaware that he had been followed.(他不知道他被跟踪了。) 7. The reason for this was that he decided to orientate the map in the direction of the pole star since Polaris was the immovable guiding light in which the voyagers of the era placed their trust. 本句中,that引导的是一个表语从句。表语从句的结构为: 主语+连系动词+表语从句。表语从句也可用where, why, how引导。如: 1) The reason for his absence was that he was ill.(他缺席的原因是他病了。) 2) That was why I hated it.(这就是我不喜欢这个的原因。) 3) That is how he cheated people.(他就是用这种方式骗人的。) Which所引导的是一个定语从句修饰guiding light限定性定语从句如果修饰“物”,关系代词that和which都可用,但在介词的后面只能用which,在口语中一般把介词放到从句后部去,这时则可以用that.如: 1) This is the question about which we had a discussion last night.(这就是我们昨晚讨论的问题。) This is the question that we. Had a discussion about last night. 2) This is the fact on which we base our opinion.(我们的观点就是建立在这个事实之上的。) This is the fact that we base our opinion on. Trust在句中做名词用,place (put) trust in sb/sth 信任某人(某事)。 1)I don't have any trust in him.(我对他一点也不信任。) 2)Have some trust in the future everything will be OK.(对未来有点信心吧,一切都会好起来。) 3) The old lady placed great trust in her grandson.(那位老太太对她孙子非常信任。) 8. North at the top remained the accepted arrangement until the early Middle Ages, when the church began to interfere seriously with the advance of science. 本句中when引导一个由逗号把前面句子隔开的句子,其意思相当于at the time.如: 1) The party has been put off until next week, when we can get better prepared.(晚会被推迟到下周,那时我们能准备得更好些。) 2) We will wait have until 6, when the manager can spare us a few minutes.(我们在这儿等到6点,那时经理就能给我们几分钟了。) Interfere with意思是“妨碍”,如: 1) Bad dietary habits often interfere with health.(不良的饮食习惯常常妨碍健康。) 2) The interests of the two countries do not interfere with each other.(这两国相互间没有利害冲突。) 9. Once again, north assumed its rightful place at the top of maps. 在第十五单元的Text B中,我们已经学过assume这个词 It has long been assumed that aggression is caused by male hormones.(长期以来,人们认定好斗是由男性荷尔蒙引起的。) 在本句中assume的意思是acquire(获得,取得) 请注意下列例句中assume的意思: 1)I assume the misunderstanding will be cleared up.(我认定这误会会消除。) 2)He assumed the report to be unreliable.(他猜那报告不可靠。) 3) Farmers will have a good harvest , assuming that the weather is favorable.(假如风调雨顺,农民将会有好收成。) 4) Who will assume the costs of running a school? (谁来负担开设一所学校的费用?) 5) He assumed a leading position last May.(去年五月,他担任领导职务。) 6) Hitler assumed power in 1933.(希特勒于1933年夺得政权。) 7) He assumed full control of the company.(他完全控制了这家公司。) 本课主要词组 1. in the sense of 2. more than 3. be based on 4. rather than 5. attempt to do sth 6. in the form of 7. in search of 8. at the top 9. in the direction of 10. place trust in 11. interfere with 12. in accordance with 13. from…point of view 14. reliance on Text B You Have a Choice 短语表达 1. side by side They are sitting side by side. We walked side by side along the river. 2. be seated Please be seated, I will fix you a cup of coffee. The hostess was seated with the guests when I hurried in. 3. ahead of The boy is running ahead of his classmates. I believe we can finish the work ahead of time. 4. be certain of I cannot be certain of the time of their arrival. Can you be certain of the truth of his utterance? 5. bring about The new policy is sure to bring about a lot of changes. What Father said has brought about a profound change in his personality. 6. account for This excuse cannot account for your absence. Her explanation doesn't account for the failure. 7. regardless of All of you will be given a chance regardless of your age and sex. Regardless of which method you choose, the result will be the same. 8. make a difference Whether he comes or not will not make any difference. I hope my participation will make a difference. 9. lead to Excessive smoking may lead to lung cancer. The misunderstanding led to a bad quarrel. 10. pull out of The train pulled out of the station at 10:00. When do you think the car will pull out of the garage? 11. for sure I don't know for sure who will be in charge of this department. He couldn't tell for sure what was in the distance. 12. apply to It is hard to apply the rule to real work. It is necessary that the theory be applied to practice. 13. deal with He is hard to deal with. I have no idea how to deal with this situation.

自考综合英语一课文重点划线句子

Possibility Men can sit through the most pointless, boring movie if there’s even the slightest possibility that a woman will take her top off. 如果电影上女人有一点儿儿把上面脱光的可能性,男人就能耐着性子一直看完最无意义、最枯燥的电影。 bore He is an old bore; even the grave yawns for him. 他是个老无聊,甚至坟墓都在替他大哈欠。 I wanted to be bored to death, as good a way to go as any. 我想无聊至死,是个不错的死法。 注:人有很多种死法,老死,病死,被车撞死,无聊死。 Dear World: I am leaving because I am bored. 亲爱的世界:我要走了因为我厌倦了。 注:有人在墓碑上这么写。 He has returned from Italy a greater bore than ever; now he’s boring on architecture, painting, statuary[雕塑], and music. 他从意大利回来后比以前更无聊了,他钻研建筑、绘画、雕塑和音乐。 注:Bore 无聊;钻研。 associate An associate producer is the only guy in Hollywood who will associate with a producer. 助理导演是Hollywood唯一愿意和导演合作的人。 注:associate:助理;合作。这么说就是为了好玩儿,实际上导演在Hollywood牛着呢,Hollywood人人都想当明星,人人都想和导演套近乎。 词义相近的词join 场景再现:政治家说话很圆滑,为自己留了后路。 All French politicians love each other, or so they say. They never know when they may want to join each other’s governments. 所有法国的政治家都爱对方,或者他们这么说。他们从来都不知道什么时候可能加入对方的政府。 agony I’ve never heard anything that so clearly suggests the agony of primitive man as your attempt to play the cello. 我从来没有听过什么声音能象你努力演奏大提琴时那么清晰地表达出来的原始人的痛苦。 注:原始人的痛苦是什么样的? assign An consultant is someone who is called in at the last moment and paid a lot of money to assign[分配] the blame. 咨询师在最后时刻被找来,付了很多钱分配责任的人。 注:讽刺咨询师根本解决不了问题。 If you are good, you will be assigned all the work. If you are really good, you will get out of it. 如果你优秀,你将被分配做所有的工作,如果你非常优秀,你将不用做任何工作。注:办公室标语。非常优秀的人只管分配工作(实际上那是更需要智慧的工作)。 assignment A young man hadn’t handed in one homework assignment since they started the class. “Won’t you please do tonight’s assignment?” “What? And ruin a perfect record?” 从开课以来,有个年轻人从没交过作业。 “你不做今晚的作业了吗?” “什么?要毁掉一个完美的记录吗?” Teacher: Suzie, why didn’t you do your history assignment? Suzie: I’d rather let bygones be bygones. 老师:Susie, 你为什么没作历史作业? Susie:过去的事就让让他过去吧。 tedious The days just prior to marriage are like a snappy[爽快的] introduction to a tedious[沉闷的] book. 结婚前的日子就象一本无聊书的精彩介绍。 注:婚姻生活平平淡淡才是真,但有些人觉得无聊。 A tedious railway journey was made in a train that seemed to stop every few minutes to admire the scenery[I]. 乏味的铁路旅行好象火车每隔几分就停下来欣赏风景一样。 注:换个角度看问题,慢车很乏味,但可以有更多的时间欣赏风景。 reputation To enjoy a good reputation, give publicly, and steal privately. 要享有声誉,就要公开给予,私下偷盗。 注:这正是现在一些所谓的慈善家做的事情。 Confessions may be good for the soul but they are bad for the reputation. 忏悔可能对灵魂有好处,但对声誉是有害的。 题外话:人们通常对着上帝忏悔,但你做的那点儿事儿上帝早就知道,对你的灵魂会有多大好处呢?如果不对着同事朋友忏悔,对你的声誉也没有多大损害。 was so completely misunderstood that it made my reputation as a playwright. 人们完全误解了《武器与人》,所以我才获得了剧作家的声誉。 注:这是著名作家海明威说的,可以有两种理解。一种是他觉得自己很牛:人们都不理解,还给我那么多声誉,如果他们都理解了,那我就更不得了了。还有一种理解是他觉得自己和社会格格不入,如果人们理解了他著作的内涵,就不会给他那么多荣誉了。 Many a man’s reputation would not know his own character if they met on the street. 如果在街上碰了面,很多人的声誉也认不出他的主人。 注:很多人沽名钓誉,他们不配得到那么多荣誉。 inspire It is often a woman who inspires us by the great things that she will prevent us from accomplishing. 女人总是激励我们干大事,又是她们阻碍我们去实现。 注:女人希望丈夫干一翻事业,又希望丈夫经常陪着她,不要花那么多时间去工作。 When you breathe, you inspire. When you do not breathe, you expire. 当你还有口气时你充满斗志,当你不呼吸时你到期了。 There is a man whose work pattern has inspired the Pay-roll Department to come up with a brand new classification: On-The-Job-Retirement. 他的工作模式激发劳资部门发明了一个新工种:工作时退休。 注:工作时吊儿郎当,和退休没什么区别。 Formal In statesmanship, get the formalities right; never mind about the moralities.[道德] 政治家的才干是注意正确的礼节,决不介意道德。 注:说的有点儿过分,但有些政治家确实是放道德置于脑后。 场景再现:你在吃西餐时说: I always get embarrassed at formal dinners because of etiquette. [礼节] Eating peas, in particular, gives me a problem. I never know which knife to use. 正式宴会上的礼节总让我很尴尬,特别是吃豆子时给我带来个难题,我不知道该用哪把刀。 Frankly, I never considered myself bald until I went to a formal dinner and bent over to pick up a napkin. The woman next to me looked down at my head, turned to the waiter and said, “No melon, thank you.” 坦白说,我从不认为我秃顶,直到有一次我去一家正规的餐厅,弯腰捡餐巾时,挨着我坐的女人低头看着我的脑袋,转向服务员说,“不要瓜,谢谢你。” 注:错把秃头当成了瓜。 It is a miracle that curiosity [好奇心] survives formal education 经过正规教育后好奇心依然存在真是个奇迹。 注:学校教育循规蹈矩,把很多学生的棱角磨平了,创造性磨没了。 tackle 场景再现:哈姆雷特没什么经验,处理家庭问题有些急噪。 is the tragedy of tackling a family problem soon after college 《哈姆雷特》是一个大学刚毕业就处理家庭问题的悲剧。 recall Consumer: Hello, I’m calling about an auto that must be recalled! A: What part of the car is defective? Consumer: The nut behind the wheel! 顾客:喂,我打电话告诉你们有辆汽车必须被召回。 回答:汽车哪部分有缺陷呢? 顾客:方向盘后面那个傻瓜。 注:车是好车,开车的人应该被召回。(车有潜在质量问题,厂家召回检修。) argue Never argue at the dinner table, for the one who is not hungry always gets the best of the argument. 决不要在饭桌上辩论,因为不饿的人总会占上风。 注:做事情前要先做好准备,如果你还饿着肚子在饭桌上就不要开始辩论,你嘴里塞满了红烧肉,怎么辩论? It is a difficult matter, my fellow citizen, to argue with the belly[肚子] since it has no ears. 我的同胞们,同肚皮争论可是一件困难的事,肚子没有耳朵。 注:人首先要解决吃饭问题,如果饭都吃不饱,可能要做一些不体面的事情了。 场景再现:这也是一种幽默技巧,当有同学说你辩论没赢过时,你可以这么说: I always get the better of it when I argue alone. (or I always win when I argue alone.) 我独自一人辩论时,我总占上风。 argument 场景再现:有人辩论时嗓门越来越大,你说: You raise your voice when you want to reinforce your argument. 当你应该加强你的论点时你却提高了声音。 Why is an argument like a pen? It’s no good without a point. 为什么争论象钢笔? 没有论点(尖)就没有用。 August was the name of puppy who was always picking on large animals. One day he got into an argument with a lion. The next day was the first day of September. Why? Because that was the last day of August. August 是一个总爱作弄大动物的小狗的名字。一天他和一个狮子发生了争吵,第二天是九月的第一天,为什么? 因为那是August的最后一天。 场景再现:你的同学辩论时没话说了,你可以这样劝他: If you can’t answer a man’s argument, all is not lost ___ you can still call him names. 如果你不能回击一个人的辩论,你也没有完全失败——你仍然可以辱骂他。 注:你没话说了,但你可以骂他,这就是在损人了。 The argument became so heated that the woman next door sent for the fire brigade.[消防队] ”缏郾涞梅浅;鸨舯诘呐巳ソ邢蓝恿恕 I dislike arguments of any kind. They are always vulgar[粗俗] and often convincing. 我不喜欢任何类型的辩论,这些辩论总是那么粗俗,并且常常令人信服。 注:他因为理亏,所以不喜欢辩论,还说对方粗俗,事实上他已经心服了。 Bob: "So, you say that you won the argument with your wife yesterday." Joe: "Yes, she came crawling on her hands and knees." Bob: "Really? What did she say?" Joe: "Come out from under the bed, you coward Bob:你说昨天你和你妻子的谈话你占了上风。 Joe:是的,她跪在地上向我爬过来。 Bob:真的?她说什么? Joe:从床底下出来,你这个胆小鬼。 There is no such thing as a convincing argument, although every man thinks he has one. 根本就没有什么令人信服的论证,虽然每个人都认为自己可以。 注:每个人都觉得自己不会被别人说服,但自己可以说服别人。 Compose Society is composed of two great classes: those who have more dinners than appetite, and those who have more appetite than dinners. 社会由两大阶级组成:一类人有很多食品但没什么食欲,一类人食欲旺盛但食品匮乏. 注:这种比喻象很多其它比喻一样好象在说明什么,其实这类比喻就象垃圾。社会为什么分两大阶级呢?难道人不能既有食品又有食欲吗? In order to compose, all you need to do is remember a tune that nobody else has thought of. 作曲就是要记”鹑嘶姑挥邢氲降那鳌 注:别人没想到的曲调你怎么记住呢?首先要自己先想出曲调,那就是作曲。 contempt God shows his contempt for wealth by the kind of person he selects to receive it. 上帝通过选择接受财富的人来显示他对财富的蔑视。 注:意思是上帝选择很多人格很差的人让他们有钱,足见上帝对财富的蔑视。 Familiarity breeds contempt ---and children. 熟悉带来轻视——和孩子。 注:俗语说Familiarity breeds contempt熟悉一个人以后就会觉得他不过如此,产生轻视之心。一般来说:男女熟悉以后才结婚生孩子。 avoid In order to avoid being called a flirt, she always yielded easily. 为了避免别人说自己是个爱调情的人,她总是很容易就顺从了。 注:有男人一勾引她,她就顺从了。 场景再现:一个战士在战场上当了逃兵,他这么为自己辩解: I don’t mean to avoid any responsibility. But, why did the Lord give us so much quickness of movement? 我不想逃避责任,可为什么上帝让我们移动得这么快呢? Never put off until tomorrow what you can avoid altogether. 决不要把你可以完全避免的事情推迟到明天。 注:有一些事情可以避免。 场景再现:批评一些人怕别人说三道四,缩手缩脚,一事无成: To avoid criticism, do nothing, say nothing, be nothing. 为避免批评,什么也不做,什么也不说,什么也不是。 A celebrity[名人] is a person who works hard all his life to become known, then wears dark glasses to avoid being recognized. 名人就是穷其一生努力工作才变得有名,然后害怕被认出来就戴上墨镜。 注:我不出名,也戴墨镜。 My father and I had one of those English friendships that begin by avoiding intimacies and eventually eliminate speech altogether. 我父亲和我有着那么一种英国式的友谊——开始时避免亲近,最后就完全取消了交谈。 注:英国人比较绅士,也给人一种冷的感觉。例句中描述的英国式的友谊未免太冷了。 I can’t face my face first thing in the morning ---so in order to avoid the confrontation [冲突] I stagger [步履蹒跚] out of the house looking like the Ghost of Christmas Past. 我早上第一个不能面对的就是我的脸——为了避免冲突,我象圣诞节的鬼魂一样步履蹒跚地走出房间。 注:他对自己讨厌到了极点,都不敢照镜子了。 What can I do to avoid falling hair? Get out of the way where the hair’s falling. 我做什么才能避免掉头发? 离开头发掉的地方。 注:avoid falling hair还可理解成:避开掉落的头发。 Patient: Remember when I came to you last year for my rheumatism[风湿病]? You told me to avoid dampness? Doctor: Yes, of course. What can I do for you? Patient: I’d just like to know if I could take a bath now. 病人:还记着我去年到你这看风湿病吗?你告诉我要避免潮湿? 医生:当然记着,我能为你做什么呢? 病人:我只是想知道现在我能不能洗澡了。 demonstrate 场景再现:轮到你展现你的领导力的时候了,你只是提高了自己的嗓门。 Demonstrates qualities of leadership: Has a loud voice. 展示领导品质:大嗓门。 Teacher: Cassandra, if I saw a man beating a donkey and I stopped him, what virtue would I be demonstrating? Cassandra: Brotherly love? 老师:Cassandra,如果我看见有人在殴打一头驴,我制止了他,我显示出了什么美德? Cassabdra:兄弟般的关爱? 词义相近的单词display When an employee says that he displays excellent intuitive judgement, it means he knows when to disappear from his boss. 当一个雇员说他展现出高超的直觉判断,那意味着他知道什么时候从老板眼前消失。 注:能够判断出老板什么时候很烦自己,赶紧离开。 词义相近的单词exhibit You have a magnificent chance, with all the advantages of wealth and position. Don’t throw it away by any exhibition of talent. 因为你有财富和位置的优势,你的机会无与伦比,不要因为显示你的才能把机会丢掉。 注:财富和位置带来的机会比才能多。但我们大多数人都没有财富,所以我们还得抓紧锻炼自己的才能。 Desertion[逃亡]: an aversion[厌恶] to fighting as exhibited by abandoning an army or a wife. 逃亡:表现为放弃军队或妻子的一种厌恶战争的形式。 注:家庭生活中厌倦了与妻子的战争放弃妻子叫做遗弃。 career A man who, early in his career, was told there is no such thing as free lunch --- and ever since, he’s been stuffing[填满] rolls in his pocket at breakfast. 他刚工作的时候,有人就告诉他没有什么免费的午餐——从那以后他吃早饭时一直往口袋里装面包卷。 An archaeologist is a person who's career lies in ruins. 考古学家是一个以废墟为职业的人。 注:还可理解成:考古学家是一个躺在废墟上的人。 场景再现:老板这么对员工说: I’d like your honest, unbiased, and possibly career-ending opinion on things. 我希望得到你的一些诚实的,没有偏见的,可能终止你职业的意见。 注:如果是诚实的建议,可能会得罪老板,从而丢了工作。 I thought I wanted a career, turns out I just wanted paychecks. 我原认为我需要事业,结果我只需要工资单。 注:年轻时候理想远大,受到一番挫折后,也不谈什么理想了,能挣工资吃饭就可以了。 词义相近的单词profession Donald Cameron had no qualification for any profession…so he resolved to try his fortune as a journalist. Donald(人名) 从事任何职业都没有什么资格?.所以他决定当记者来试试运气。 注:干不了别的,就去当记者,如果当记者还不行,就试试去从政。 Politics is supposed to be the second oldest profession. I have come to realize that it bears a very close resemblance[类同之处] to the first 人们认为政治是第二个最古老的职业,我逐渐认识到它和第一个职业很相象。 注:如果有人对你说:She is doing the oldest profession,你要清楚是说她是妓女。这里是讽刺政治上很多东西也拿不到台面上。 She was a professional athlete--- of the tongue. 她是一个专业运动员——舌头专业。 注:她一直在喋喋不休。 词义相近的单词occupation Whenever I feel bored with my own occupation, I check my pulse. 我感到自己的职业枯燥无聊时,就给自己号脉。 There are worse occupations in the world than feeling a woman’s pulse. 世界上还有比给女人号脉更糟糕的职业呢。 注:女人多变。 congratulate I’d like to congratulate the previous speakers on what can only be called a Niagara of words and a Sahara of thought. 我要祝贺前面的演说者,可以称他有尼加拉瓜式的语言,撒哈拉式的思想。 注:Niagara瀑布,Sahara沙漠,意思是滔滔不绝,言之无物。 Class president: Congratulate me! I won the election. Pop: Honestly? Class President: Why bring that up? 总统:祝贺我吧,我竞选获胜了。 教皇:真的?(用诚实的方式?) 总统:为什么又提出这个问题? 注:教皇说:honestly是真得吗?总统还以为教皇问:是用诚实的手段吗? 这个问题可能对这位总统来说是个老问提了,所以他才说:你们为什么老提这个问题。 congratulation Research scientist: I’ve found a cure! Assistant: Congratulations! For what disease? Research scientist: I haven’t found that yet! 科学家:我发现了一种治疗方法! 助手:祝贺您!治什么病的? 科学家:我还没发现是什么病!

Unit7(第20讲—第22讲) 本课主要构词法 affixation (词缀法) 1. 名词后缀 -iondefinition 2. 名词后缀 -agemarriage 3. 名词后缀 -itysecurity 4. 形容词后缀 -alagricultural,industrial,traditional,social 5. 动词后缀 -izeindustrialize 本课简介 在Families这篇课文中,作者首先告诉我们对于不同的人来说“家庭”有不同的含义,但是家庭意味着某种归属这一点是所有人的共识。作者还对核心家庭和大家庭的演变进行了分析,从中我们更可以看出家庭成员在家庭中的角色和作用的变化。 本课语言点 1. …a group of people related by blood or marriage, … 句子中的by常可与某些名词连用,在名词前面不加定冠词the,意思相当于“with regard to”,“according to”。请看下面的例句: 1) He is an Englishman by birth. (他祖籍英国。) 2) He is a teacher by profession. (他以医生为职业。) 3) By birth and by education Thomas Jefferson belonged to the highest social class, but he never looked down upon the working-class people. (按其出生和所受的教育,托马斯·杰弗逊都属于社会的了阶层,但他从来不轻视劳动人民。) relate是一个动词,在句子中的意思是“使联系”。请看例句: 1)It is not difficult for people to relate the result to the cause. (人们要把结果和原因联系起来并不困难。) 2)It might be more helpful to you if you can relate theory to practice.(如果你能把理论和实践联系起来,对你的帮助也许会更大。) relate还可解释为叙述;有关,涉及;相处得好 1) He related us a story vividly. (他生动地给我们讲述了一个故事。) 2) His talk related to the international situation. (他的讲话涉及国际形势。) 3) He relates very well to his classmates. (他和同学们相处得很好。) related可以做形容词用,意思是“有联系的,相关的。” 1) These four people are closely related to each other. (这四个人联系紧密。) 2) He is very much interesting in painting and the related arts. (他对绘画及其有关的艺术很感兴趣。) 2. …all those people descended from a common ancestor, …所有来自同一祖先的人们。 “descended from a common ancestor”是一个省略了that的定语从句,修饰people.descended from的意思是“传下,遗传”,如: 1) His family were descended from an Indian tribe. (他的家庭是印第安部落的后裔。) 2) Darwin concluded that men were descended from apes. (达尔文断定人由猿进化而来。) descend to 的意思是“屈尊,降低;转而说到” 1) The firm had descended to using nude pictures for advertising. (那家公司堕落到用*照做广告。) 2)Mr. Lee then descended to the details we had to be careful about.(李先生转而谈到了我们必须注意的细节问题。) common是一个形容词,意思是“共有的,共同的;普通的”,请看例句: 1)No doubt, this is a grammatical mistake common to beginners in English. (毫无疑问,这是英语初学者常犯的语法错误。) 2)How could you have no idea about this common knowledge? (对这个普通常识你怎么会一无所知。) 3)They have no common interests. (他们没有共同的爱好。) 3. Some people thank of a family as a mother, a father, and their children, … think of …as …是一个很常用的词组,意思是“把…看作…”,如: 1) He often thinks of himself as a genius. (他常把自己看作为天才。) 2) The Yellow River is thought of as the cradle of the Chinese nation. (黄河被看作为中华民族的摇篮。) 与think of…as…意思相近的词组在英语中还有很多。如: regard…aslook upon…as… see…as…view…as… consider…as… 4. For others, having a family simply means having children. 本句中,having a family做主语,mean为谓语动词,having children 做宾语。mean在句中的意思是“意味着”。当mean作“意味着”解释时,在它的后面应该跟名词或者动名词,如: 1)Accepting the job would mean moving to another city. (接受这份工作将意味着我得搬到另一个城市去。) 2)A raise in the worker's salary will mean a cut in the profit. (增加工人的工资意味着利润的降低。) 当mean作“意欲,打算”解释时,在它的后面通常跟不定式,如: 1)I didn't mean to offend you. (我无意冒犯你。) 2)I meant to give you the book yesterday, but I forgot it. (我原打算昨天把书给你的,但我忘了。) 5. Some families have long histories, while others know very little about their ancestors. 请注意while的用法,在本句中while是一个表示转折意味的连词,意思是“然而”。如:Fred gambled all his money away while Jane saved every penny for her son's schooling. (弗雷德赌输了他所有的钱,而珍妮却为儿子的教育攒下每一分钱。) while在不同的语境中有不同的意思,请翻译下面的句子,注意while的词义。 1)They decided to find a less expensive place to stay while in Paris.(在巴黎期间,他们打算找个更便宜的地方住。) 2)He looked at his watch several times while talking to her. (在跟她交谈时,他看了几次表。) 3)One group of children are quiet, while the second group was very active. (一组孩子很安静,而第二组孩子非常活跃。) 4)While I have sympathy for these people, I think they are guilty. (尽管我同情这些人,但我觉得他们有罪。) 5)We will succeed while we don't lose hope. (只要我们不失去希望,我们就会成功。) 6. No matter if it is young or old, large or small traditional or modern, every family has a sense of what a family is. no matter if 连接让步状语从句,更常见的是用no matter whether.除了no matter whether以外,no matter wh-引导的让步状语从句还有:no matter what, no matter who, no matter whose, no matter which, no matter when, no matter where, no matter how等等。而用wh-ever引导让步从句也是十分常见的。请看下面的例句: 1) No matter what happens, please let me know. (无论发生什么事,请让我知道。) 2) No matter who telephones, tell him I'm out. (无论谁来电话,告诉他我出去了。) 3) No matter how hard I tried, I couldn't succeed. (无论我多努力,我总不能成功。) 4) No matter whether you believe it or not, it's truth. (无论你信不信,那总是事实。) 5) No matter where you go, I will follow you. (无论你去哪里,我都跟着你。) 6) No matter which book you like you can have it. (无论你喜欢哪本书,你都可以拿去。) 7) No matter whose money it is, we can't spend it so carelessly. (无论是谁的钱,我们都不能这样随意地花) 上述某些句子可以用wh-ever表述如下: 1) Whatever happens, please let me know. 2) Whoever telephones, tell him I'm out. 3) However hard I tried, I couldn't succeed. 4) Wherever you go, I will follow you. 5) Whichever book you like, you can have it. 7. It is that feeling of belonging, of love and security that comes from living together, helping and sharing. 本句中的it代指课文前一句中的a sense of what a family is. feeling of belonging 意思为“归属感”。 security 是一个名词,意思是“安全”。 that comes from living together, helping and sharing 是定语从句,修饰that feeling of belonging, of love and security. 8. However, with the change from an agricultural to an industrial society, many nuclear families moved away from the family home in order to find work. 本句中的however是一个表示转折意味的副词,有承接上文的作用,可以使这个句子和前面的句子连接得更紧密,有些接近连词。请看例句: 1) This, however, is not your fault. (但这不是你的错。) 2) I'd like to go with you, however, my hands are full. (我很想和你一起去,可是我忙不过来。) 句中的with是一个介词,意思是“随着”,请看例句: 1)With the change of the economic foundation, the superstructure has to be transformed too.(随着经济基础的改变,上层建筑也必须改造。) 2)With the development of science and technology, the society is changing rapidly.(随着科学技术的发展,社会在迅速地改变。) with是一个十分常用的介词,请看下面的句子,注意with的用法和词意: 1)Who will go with you? (谁和你一起去?) 2)The teacher is very strict with us. (老师对我们很严格。) 3)At the news we all jumped with joy. (听了这个消息,我们都高兴得跳了起来。With表示原因。) 4)He wanted to kill two birds with one stone. (他想一举两得。With意为“用,以”,译法可灵活。) 5)China is a country with a large population. (中国是一个有众多人口的国家。With表示“有,带有”) 6)He finished this work with great difficulty. (他好不容易才完成了这项工作。With引起短语作方式状语。) 7)He was sitting in a chair with his hands folded. (他双手交叉在胸前坐在椅子上。With引导独立结构:with+名词+过去分词,做方式状语。) 8)What's wrong with you? (你怎么了?with意为“就…来说”) 9)With your knowledge and experience, you are sure to find a good job. (以(凭)你的知识和经验,你肯定会找到一份好工作。) 10)With all his shortcomings, he was a nice person. (尽管他有缺点,他还是个不错的人。) 句子中的in order to find work做目的状语,除了用in order to 以外,还可以用so as to,也可以把in order,so as省去,只用不定式。请看例句: 1)He decided to study harder (so as ) to catch up with the others. (他决定加紧学习好赶上别人。) 2)He ran out in a hurry (in order) to catch the last bus. (为了赶上末班车,他匆匆向外跑去。) 9. Therefore we can say that the nuclear family becomes more important than the extended family as the society industrializes. 句子中的therefore是一个副词,通常用来表示后面将要表述的内容是前面已经表述的内容的结果,也可以用来引导一个结论。类似的表达还有:so,consequently,as a result 等等。请看例句: 1)It rained, therefore the football match was put off. (天下雨,所以足球比赛延期了。) 2)He is too careless, as a result he failed the exam. (他太粗心,所以考试没及格。) 3)He was ill for about a month, consequently he lagged behind his classmates.(他病了一个月,因此落在了同学后面。) as the society industrializes随着社会的工业化。as是一个连词,表示“当…时”。请看例句: 1)As time goes on, you'll like this place better. (随着时间的推移,你会更喜欢这个地方。) 2)As he talked on he got more and more excited. (他谈着的时候,越来越兴奋。) 本课中还有: 1)The nuclear family is becoming smaller as parents want fewer children. 2)As social scientists study these two new family forms, they will be able to tell us more about the future of the nuclear family in the post-industrial age. 10. social scientists now talk of two new family forms… 本句中的talk是一个不及物动词,在表达“谈论某人(某事)”时,talk后面应该用介词of或者about.请看例句: 1)What are you talking about? (你们在谈什么?) 2)They are talking of visiting Mr. Zhang. (他们正谈论去看张先生的事。) 3) What do you mean when you talk about culture? (你谈论文化时指的是什么?) Text B The Changing American Family 短语表达 1. all over We have friends all over the world. I have been looking all over for him. 2. provide for Father had to work very hard to provide food and clothes for the family. They are trying to provide some guidance for the newcomers. 3. be expected to Parents are expected to provide for their children. You are expected to be here before eight. 4. take care of The nurse took care of the old lady when her daughter was away. The cat and the dog were taken good care of. 5. on the other hand I don't think this proposal is workable. On one hand we don't have so much money, on the other hand time is too limited. 6. be considered to be He is considered to be the best candidate for the job. Father is considered to be a humorous and responsible person. 7. in addition (to) In addition, there are some magazines on the table. In addition to bread, we had some milk and eggs for breakfast. 8. make decision You have to make an immediate decision about the project. It is difficult for me to make a decision right now. 9. help with He hoped that his brother would help him with his math. At weekends I often help my mother with the housework. 10. in contrast In contrast with the low grade I got, Paul got a full mark on the biology test. Their club, in contrast, reached a membership of 2000 last year. 11. give up You will amount to nothing if you always give up easily. The doctor persuaded my father to give up smoking. 12. get ready for He got up early in the morning in order to get ready for the exam. I haven't got ready for the interview yet. 13. be busy doing Mother is busy cooking in the kitchen. The teacher is busy distributing the test papers. 14. in conclusion She will say a few words about the arrangement in conclusion. In conclusion, the old people are happy in most of the Asian countries. 15. instead of Instead of getting the bike repaired he bought a new one. Who is going to the meeting instead of you?

自考综合英语二重点句子翻译

英语(二)大概是自学考试所有非英语专业的课程中最难通过的一门课程。许多考生连续多次参加考试,成绩都不理想。而且最让人左右为难、欲罢不能的就是每次考试都是50多分。努力学习了半年,结果考试成绩比上次不是相差无几、就是甚至还低几分。这真是让人伤透脑筋。笔者认为要学好英语(二),需处理好以下几个方面的关系问题:一、应该处理好英语(二)这门课的学习任务与考试要求的关系问题按照现行的公共英语自学考试大纲的规定,英语(二)的教学目的是让学生能比较熟练地掌握英语基础知识,初步具备阅读一般性的英语专业书刊和资料的能力。具体要求如下:1、语音:能拼读国际音标和比较流利地朗读课文,语音语调基本准确。在考试中,虽然不考语音题,但具备一定的语音基础知识却是学好英语(二)的基础。实际学习过程中,学生可以不要求发音准确,不要求英国音还是美国音的区别,不要求读或说的流畅动听,但会读会说却是必不可少的。否则,整个学习将是十分艰难的,也是十分枯燥乏味的,学习成绩也必将大打折扣。因此自考学生在语音学习方面应该做到会读单词和课文,并能说出自己的想法(理想的结果和标准类似于中央电视4台的专题采访中那些专家学者的英语:发音不准,但能顺利表达自己的想法)。但笔者不提倡学生在英语(二)的学习中从听录音或者练习口语人手,相反,应该按照教学大纲,从朗读课文入手。将语音放在课文学习中提高。2、词汇:英语(二)包括英语单词约3800个(其中中学阶段所学词汇1600个),词组约750个,阅读量为50000余词。要求能流利地读出并说出词的语法特征(词类和形态变化),而且要能说出汉语词义,对比较常用的词要能英汉互译,拼写正确并记住固定搭配。此外,还要了解基本的构词规则,记住常用前缀、后缀的意义并能根据他们猜测词性和词义。这个任务说起来并不难,但是由于自考学生工作任务重、家庭责任大、学习时间少等原因,要完成这样的词汇量,几乎是难于上青天。 首先,应该认真学习课文,使词汇学习有一个基本的系统性。应该把单词的记忆放在一定的有意义的情景中,尤其是课文中进行记忆可能是英语学习最迅捷、经济、有效的办法。特别是某些难以记忆的单词,如diabetes,anaesthetica,toxicity等词,单独记忆很难,也没有多少意义,因为它们使用率很低,就更应该放在课文的具体语境中理解;要把记忆生词和学习课文结合起来,在课文中记单词,而且要使记单词为学课文服务,而不是相反。离开课文记单词很难记住,记住了也容易忘记,而且还不会用。外面许多单词记忆法几乎都具有这个问题。其次,应该通过做基础语法练习和阅读练习来巩固和加强基本词汇和常用词组的练习。再次,在单词记忆中运用各种方法(一切单词记忆方法,如词缀联想法、语境联想法、以及市面上各种名目繁多的记忆法,其实质都在于通过各种联想,有些甚至是人为的、“虚假的”联想来增强词汇的系统性,从而达到比较快地记忆单词的目的)。最后,要在考试题的练习中巩固和提高词汇的应用能力(考题练习不是目的,甚至也不是重要手段,但对于学好这门课既通过考试来说,却是必要的手段)。3、语法:英语(二)的学习要求学生对英语语法的整个体系(词法和句法)有比较清晰的概念,掌握词形变化规则,了解词和词组在句子中的作用、句子和分句的结构和功能并能在阅读和汉译英中实际运用。其实质在于一个系统性。在自考学生这一点就显得尤其重要。有了系统性,各种零乱的知识点反而会变得简单起来,也容易记忆了。达到这一点的前提条件有三个:一是教师讲得清晰明了。语法知识仅仅靠学生自学是比较困难的,但讲得太多似乎也没有必要,而且学生也难以接受。二是学生的理解要在头脑中形成一个比较完整的概念,这是不言而语的。三是要有相应的配套练习。仅仅靠书本上的练习是不够的,而且难度似乎也和考试有距离,学生接受起来也比较困难。由于英语(二)课文的难度较大,而且考试为学业考试,笔者在教学中直接采用课文中的原句子做语法练习,取得了较好的效果。同时,语法和词汇应该是互相促进的,不可偏废。学习语法应该是为了增强词汇的运用能力,而词汇的学习和记忆又反过来促进着语法的理解和应用。4、阅读能力:大纲要求学生掌握初步的阅读技能,能读懂与所学教材最后一册课文难易程度相当的一般性材料。阅读生词不超过总词数3%的材料,阅读速度要达到70词/分钟,理解正确率在70%以上。对于英语(二)考生来说,单词常常是阅读中的一大拦路虎。然而这个问题常常是个“伪问题”。首先,如果对一些基础的单词不理解,那才是真正的单词不懂,不过这也就使得学习英语(二)成为不可能。然而基础单词的积累不能完全靠英语(二)的学习来解决。其次,专业词汇如果不认识,那是正常的,因为有些专业名词对于本民族语言阅读者来说也一样是不熟悉的,只不过本民族语言的形式更加容易接受一点罢了。同时,如果是汉语的专业词汇,那么由于汉字的象形结构或形声结构等,则使得理解方便一点,但依然是模棱两可的。例如,英美人士理解thalidomide和我们没有什么两样;同样,我们理解“萨立多胺”也仅仅是知道怎么念而已。再者,比较难的单词在上下文中会有相应的解释,或者我们可以通过上下文来猜测其大概的意义,至少可以判断其词性、褒贬、肯定与否定等等意义。有些词你不认识它,但并不影响你对整个文章段落的理解,有什么紧要呢?5、翻译能力:大纲要求学生能借助词典将与所学教材最后一册课文难易程度相当的材料译成汉语,译文正确通顺,同时能把结构不太复杂的句子译成英语。对于英语(二)考生来说,英译汉就相对容易,因为只要将意思基本弄通之后,就可以“自由创作”了。而汉译英就比较难了,因为“单词不认识”。其实,这很可能也是个“伪问题”。 第一、汉译英的内容主要考书本上的内容,而且多数是带有重要短语的句子,只要在课文学习过程中将这类句子加以重视,应该不成问题。第二、汉译英的句子可以用考生自己的话说,只要结构正确,同样可以得满分。不一定非要按课本原文翻译。第三、对于考试来说,翻译评分的重点在于结构。只要结构正确,尤其是重要短语和语法点正确,个别单词的错误对评分影响不是很大。上述五个方面,除了语音暂时不进行考试之外,其他都属于考试范围;但核心依然一言以蔽之:基础。二、应该处理好课本上下册之间的关系问题英语(二)的考试内容覆盖上下两本书,在学习中不可偏废。上册更偏重于基础语法知识的复习和巩固,下册则更偏重于运用能力的培养和检验,两者应该结合起来才能满足英语(二)的考试要求,没有偏重哪一本之说。所谓英语(一)和英语(二)的划分也是相对的,只有大致的难度之分。三、应该处理好公共课和专业课的关系问题英语(二)是门公共课,其特点是实践性很强,检验学习好坏的标准是应用能力。自学者不能满足于对语言现象的书面理解。必须通过大量的、反复的实践,尤其是针对考试的综合性练习,达到熟练掌握的目的。限于篇幅,在此不便展开论述。 四、应该处理好学业考试和水平考试之间的关系问题水平考试按照设定的标准考察应试者的语言能力,从而决定其是否适应将来某一任务,不管他们从前学过没有或学了多少,也不考虑是如何学的,其命题不以某一教材为依据。和英语(二)对等的水平考试是公共英语等级考试PETS——3或大学英语等级考试CETS—4、学业课的学习和考试都是围绕着课本进行的,它是用来考察学习者完成某一教学大纲或教材的情况,因此考试命题都是以教学大纲或教材为依据的。英语(二)课程考试也基本上属于学业考试。具体说来,占卷面总分一半的试题所用的句子是根据教材中出现的句子编写的。其余的试题所用句子虽然不是引自教材,但他们的选择也是严格按照考试大纲的要求和教材的范围进行的。因此,英语(二)的学习和准备工作应始终围绕教材进行,认真学习一遍教材,通过考试则不会成很大问题。相反,总是离开教材搞复习资料,搞所谓突击复习,则往往事倍功半。但是,由于考生基础水平差,所以,在教师指导下,选择一套精心准备的辅导材料并进行认真的练习是通过考试必不或缺的。 五、应该处理好自学与社会助学的关系问题英语(二)是一门实践性极强的课程,除非基础很好,否则完全靠自学要通过考试是比较难的。对于大多数考生来说,选择一家良好的社会助学机构,选择一个有经验的老师,是学好英语(二)并通过考试的必要条件。但是学生自己的努力是内因,是根本条件。外因只能通过内因起作用。相比较而言,英语(二)要比其它课程难于通过。因此,考生在学习和复习过程中必须相对地集中精力和时间,做好充分准备,打一场突击仗、歼灭仗。

不考听力和口试,只考笔试,多看看英语二的自考书,有些翻译句子是出自里面的

第六单元卡洛琳特克形式的职业传统上一直是男人们的天下。在本文,她谈到自己是如何赶上这一行的,并通过她的成功表明男人们能学会的事女人们也能做到。我小时候我卧室里的每样东西都是粉红色的。我有两个姐妹,我们有一个一应俱全的微型厨房,一群各种颜色的小马驹,还有好几个芭比和凯恩玩具娃娃。我们么有玩具卡车,么有玩具大兵,也没有篮球。我们确实有一套空心棒球,但是很难再我们的游戏室找到,毕竟我们不是假小子。正因为如此,有些人对我长大后成了一名机械工程师也许感到出乎意外。事实上,我是公司里唯一的一个女工程师。为了取得大学文凭,我要上许多数学和自然科学方面的课程。我还得和几个学生一起工作,作为参与一次全国竞赛的一部分,把一辆耗费汽油的运动型多用途汽车改装成混合型电动车。就这样我学会了修车。我可以自豪的说,我门门功课都是A,包括多变量微积分和微分方程。我的数学设设计总是相当好,但是我不知道这些会给我带来什么样的结果。家里要我上大学,但是没人告诉我有一天成为一名优秀的工程师。我上高中时对工程一无所知。我那时不能辨别变速器和交流发电机。我开的车需要修理,但是我不敢把车开到修理工那里,因为说实话,如果修理工给我看一把电动开罐器并对我所,“这是你的汽车部件,坏了 – 你付钱去我给你修。”我也不知道他在敲诈。我在高中第三年末的时候,听说有一个暑期班,专门培养女孩子对工程的兴趣。课程六周,不用缴费,学生还可获得大学学分,还可享受马里兰大学生宿舍的一个房间。我申请参加这个暑假班,这倒不是因为我想当工程师,而是因为我渴望独立,想离开父母的房子自己单独过上六周。我被这个暑期班录取了,得到了六个工程学分。第二年我上了这个大学,主修工程。五年后我获得学位,还有三个像样的就业机会。听到有研究表明女性学数学处于劣势,我不禁不寒而栗。他们言下之意是我有点反常。我一点不不反常,但是我知道,要不是我偶然闯进了那个暑期班,我是成不了工程师的。百度文库客户端 免财富值下载文档1/2像许多学生一样,我成长的过程中,就有人告诉我要做自己最擅长的事。但是我不知道自己最擅长的什么。许多人认为,如果你擅长某件事,那你就能轻而易举的把它学好。但是我的发现是:某一门课程难学,并不意味这你就不擅长它。你得咬紧牙关加倍努力干,才能学好它。一旦你学好了,你就很可能喜欢上它,从中得到无以伦比的乐趣。八年级时我修代数,有一次考试我只答对了百分之三十六的题目。接下去一次考试我又不及格。于是我想,也许是我确实不擅长代数。值得庆幸的是我有一位老师,他没有根据我的低分来衡量我的能力,而认为低分只表示我应下更大的功夫。他把我叫到一旁,告诉我她知道我能学得更好。他让我重考,这次我把成绩提高到了A。我在大学也很努力。星期六下午坐在工程图书馆吱吱作响的荧光灯下学习时,我有过恐惧的时候,担心我体内的雌激素妨碍我理解热动力学。但是我班上的男生也同样要下功夫,我知道我不能对自己丧失信心。我不想再女性的娇柔和一个号职业和中间只选其一。因此我提醒自己,宣称男性天生更能学好数学的研究是基于一个错误的前提,那就是认为人们可以脱离一个人从孩提时代就受到的社会的文化熏陶而径直判断她的能力。男人不是孤岛,女人也不是。我们为何要那么快的限制自己呢?我不否认,大多数小女孩喜欢玩具娃娃,大多数小男孩喜欢电子游戏。也许真的是有人喜欢用大脑的右半球,有人则喜欢用左半球。但这与我,或任何其他个人有何相干?为什么要对人与人之间的区别下定论,说成是与大脑有关,而不能把注意力集中到我们所具备的难以置信的灵活性上去呢?也许我们应该考虑我们的大脑可能比我们想象中要强大的多,而不应该用我们所知的一点东西来阐述女人学不会物理的理由。秘密在于; 数学和自然科学都不是大多数人轻而易举就能学会的。没有人生来就懂微积分。男人学得会的女人也能学会。但是女人首先需要知道她能学会,而这需要有感冒风险而为的精神。同时听别人的话也得有所选择。

英语二,第一大项是十来题选词填空,主要考单词和语法;第二大项是完型填空一篇,十题左右;第三大项是阅读理解;第四大项是词型转换填空;第五大项是翻译:五句汉翻英,一篇短文英翻汉。没有作文,没有听力,没有口试。个人认为,还是英语二比较简单。

自考综合英语二重点句子题型

考研英语二试卷试题共有四个模块,总共48题,包括英语知识运用、阅读理解、英译汉和写作。1、英语知识运用:在这一部分当中,主要就是考察每一个学生对于英语知识的综合运用能力,在模块当中总共有20道小题,每一小题是0.5分,总共10分。2、阅读理解:这一个模块主要是由a和b两节组成,总共有25道题,每小题是两分,总共50分。A节:总共有20道题,大多数都是选择题,一共有4篇文章,长度是1500个单词左右。考生们需要阅读文章并且回答相关的问题。在每一篇文章当中总共有5道题,总共有20题,一小题两分,总共40分。B节:这一部分会有两种备选题型,在每一次考试之前,会从这两种备选题型当中,选择一种进行考查,或者是两种题型组合考察。总共有5道题,每小题两分,总共10分。3、英译汉:这一部分的目的就是为了考察每一个考生理解所给语言材料,并且翻译成汉语的能力。总共有15分。4、写作:主要由ab两节组成,为的就是考查每一个学生的书面表达能力,总共有两道题,分值是25分。

自考英语二,从去年改版后,出现两种版本的全国卷,一种是有单词拼写和英译汉,一种是没有单词拼写但是有作文。原自考英语(二)考试题型:1、单项选择题10题,10分2、阅读理解15题,30分3、完形填空10题,10分4、词形变换20题,10分5、汉译英5题,15分6、英译汉1题,15分2013年10月自考英语(二)题型调整为1、阅读判断10题,10分 该项实则为判断题,正确选A,错误选B,没有提及选C,所以永远没有D选项哦2、阅读理解5题,10分 该项大家都很熟悉,但较之以往考试,分值大大降低3、概况段落大意和补全句子10题,10分4、填句补文5题,10分5、填词补文10题,15分6、完型补文10题,15分,相当于之前的完形填空7、作文30分

星 期 日(4月18日)上午(8:30-11:00)大学语文(04729) 英语(一)(00012) 英语(二)(00015)第一大题 Vocabulary and Structure (词汇与语法结构题) 考点 数量 百分比 词汇辨析 4 40% 搭配与固定用法 4 40% 从句 2 20% 教材上的句子 10 100% 第二大题 Cloze (完型填空) 考点 数量 百分比 搭配题 2 20% 词汇辨析 4 40% 连词及上下文关系题 2 20% 语法题 2 20% 第三大题 Reading Comprehension (阅读理解) 考点 数量 百分比 主旨题 1 事实细节题 词义题及指代题 1 判断推理题 第四大题 Word Spelling (单词拼写) 考点 数量 百分比 名词 11 55% 动词 4 20% 形容词 4 20% 副词 1 5% 第五大题 Word Form ( 词汇正确形式)考点 数量 百分比 时态与语态 3 30% 非谓语动词 5 50% 形容词副词比较级与最高级 2 20% 教材中的句子 10 100% 第六大题 Translation From English Into Chinese ( 汉译英) 考点 数量 百分比 宾语从句 1 20% 主语从句 1 20% 定语从句 1 20% 重点词组 2 40% 教材中的句子 4 80% 第七大题 Translation from English into Chinese (英译汉

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