【免费定制个人学历提升方案和复习资料： 】自考学位英语考试主要包括5个部分：1.阅读理解。2.翻译。3.词语与语法。4.完形填空。5.写作。1.阅读理解。要考核学生通过阅读获取信息的能力，既要求准确，也要求有一定的速度。2.翻译。翻译试题由两部分组成，第一部分为英译汉，第二部分为汉译英。评分标准要求译文达意，无重大语言错误。翻译部分主要考核学生词汇、语法、句型等方面综合运用语言的能力。3.词语与语法。词语用法和语法结构部分主要考核学生运用词汇、短语及语法结构的能力。4.完形填空。填空的选项包括结构词和实义词，有些选项会涉及到一些重要的语法内容。完形填空部分主要考核学生综合运用语言的能力。5.写作。在测试学生初步使用英语表达思想的能力，要求能正确表达思想，意思连贯，无重大语法错误，内容会涉及日常生活和一般科技常识。自考学位英语自考学位英语考试题型下方免费学历提升方案介绍： 2020年08月自考00721基本乐理真题试卷 格式：PDF大小：559.64KB 2019年10月自考00830现代语言学真题试卷 格式：PDF大小：252.75KB自考/成考考试有疑问、不知道自考/成考考点内容、不清楚自考/成考考试当地政策，点击底部咨询猎考网，免费获取个人学历提升方案：
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今天教务老师给大家收集整理了自考英语教材答案详细，自考英语二教材答案的相关问题解答，还有免费的自考历年真题及自考复习重点资料下载哦，以下是全国我们为自考生们整理的一些回答，希望对你考试有帮助！各位谁有2010.10全国自考英语试卷及答案啊？谢谢！3．读书与做练习的关系。每章节后都配有思考题和练习，并附有答案，以便复习和巩固所学的内容。为了帮助自学人员学习，全国高等自学考试委员会还组织由笔者主持编写了《英语词汇学辅导》，2000年由外语教学与研究出版社出版。《辅导》以汉语形式把教材译写出来，每章补充了练习，并给思考题提供了参考答案。此外，社会上也出现了一些所谓的“配套”读本。这里要提醒大家的是，读书指的是学教材，语言基础差一点的同学可以把《辅导》结合起来看。对教材一定要反复读，读懂弄清楚。对每章所配的练习要认真独立地去做，只有在做完后再查看参考答案，因为做练习最能检测学习结果。思考题是供学习思考的，提供的参考答案只是答案的一种表达形式，绝对不能逐字逐词地去死背。尤其要注意的是千万不要本末倒置，把大量的精力放在能弄到手的各种参考书上，更不要去搞题海战术，走入歧途。4．词汇学与语言学的关系。词汇学是语言学的一个分支，属于语言学的范畴。英语词汇学所介绍和涉及的一些内容与语言学上的某些章节交叉和重叠。如自考科目《现代语言学》上的第三章“形态学”和第五章“语义学”中的“词的意义”部分都是词汇学讨论的内容，因此可以联系起来学习。应该说学了语言学有助于学习词汇学，反之亦然。四、应考问题自考是以自学的形式通过国家规定的相关考试，最后取得国家承认的学历或学位。所以通过考试是自学人员的现实目标。把教材读懂搞清楚了不一定就能考出最理想的成绩，还有一个应考的问题。只有熟悉考试的形式、内容和方式方法才能取得最佳效果。1．题型与能力层次。题型在《考纲》中有明确规定。《考纲》列了12种题型，但在全国英语词汇学题库设计时做了一定的改动。现在的全国英语词汇学的标准试卷由七大题组成，每题一种题型。它们分别是：I单项选择，II教材内容填空，III匹配题，IV判断填空，V术语解释，VI简答题，VII分析题。减去了《考纲》中的第二、七、十二题；把第三、八题统称为判断填空题。题型与能力层次非一一对等，同一题型可涉及不同能力层次，如单项选择、匹配题、判断填空三种题型。2．试卷设计与分值配置。按题库设计标准，根据各章节的内容和知识点，每份试卷对各章都有一定的分值要求。其分值配置为：第一、二章占15%；第三、四章占20%；第五、六章占25%；第七、八章各占10%；第九章占15%；第十章占5%.分值的配置基本上能显示各章节的分量。前面已说过，每章都重要。这一点从分值的分配可以看出。当然，这种分值配置只是理想化的设计，具体操作上很难做到如此准确。一套试卷由7大题50小题组成。匹配题和判断题各10小题，每题1分；简答题3小题，每题4分；综合运用题2小题，每小题9分；其它每小题均为2分。3．读书与做题。如前所述，要想学好词汇学，必须要有恒心和拼劲，下大气力学习教材，无捷径可走。但要提高考试成绩还是有方法的。譬如匹配题和判断题，如果不熟悉其形式和思路，尽管对考题所涉及的内容很熟悉，也不一定能做好题。现以2002年上半年全国自学英语词汇学试卷其中的两题为例：MatchthewordsinColumnAwiththoseinColumnBaccordingto①rhetoricalfeaturesofidioms;②senserelations;③assimilationdegree;④characteristicsofthebasicwordstock;⑤motivationABreiterationAhighandlowrepetitionBpickandchoosejuxtapositionCfacetofaceperfecthomonymDFailureisthemotherofsuccesspersonificationEhissStudythefollowingwordsandexpressionsandidentify①typesofcontext;②typesofwordformation;③typesofsenserelationsandmeaningchange④rhetoricalfeaturesofidioms1makingarestatementofanewwordorconceptinfamiliarwords2sitcom3theusualamenitiessuchasapub,apostofficeandaschool4fromcradletograve5mightandmain这两道题看似简单，做起来却不容易。两道题有一个共同的特点，即涉及到不同章节的内容。前一题包括第九章、第六章、第一章、第五章的内容和知识。要做好题，必须知道英语习语的各种修辞特色；六种语义关系；两种同化程度；基本词汇的五大特征和四种理据。然后将两栏提供的语词进行比较，逐一分析，对号入座。答案是reiteration,repetition,juxtaposition,perfecthomonym,personification。其实，真正与题目有关的只是习语的修辞特色和词义的理据，其它都是干扰项。比较而言，后一道题更难一些。该题要求考生根据所提供的例词和定义写出它们各自属于哪一类中的何种名称。如例1是第一类中的definition，例2是第二类中的blending，例3是第三类中的hyponymy，例4是第四类中的synecdoche，例5是第四类中的alliteration，等等。如果熟悉这些题型，并能模拟做一做，在阅读中能根据题型的要求去思考问题，做到有的放矢，效果肯定会更佳。这就是所谓的“巧干”。4．术语英汉对照表的利用。教材后附有术语英汉对照表，主要目的是为了帮助阅读和理解。知道英语专业名称的汉语意思既可以加深记忆，也可以帮助理解。还有一个更重要的用途，往往不被大家注意。术语英汉对照表基本上囊括了教材中主要知识点。尤其是名词或名词词组，每一个都是一个知识点。学完教材后，不妨把这些专业术语作为一种自测手段。如按照字母顺序逐一复习。对每一个术语都想一想其概念、定义，试着用英语表述，并能回忆一两个例子。如果忘了，再翻书复习。假如能按这种要求把所有的名词术语记住，基本上可以说把教材弄懂搞清楚了。总而言之，英语词汇学是一门理论知识课程，涉及的内容丰富，知识点较多，学起来有一定难度。但只要同学们有决心，有恒心，敢于下工夫，在苦干的同时，加一些巧干，定能收到事半功倍的效果。求06年4月自考英语二试卷及答案全国06年4月自学考试：英语试卷及答案2006年09月21日14:18自考/成考有疑问、不知道自考/成考考点内容、不清楚当地自考/成考政策，点击底部咨询官网老师，免费领取复习资料：
第一部分 选择题 一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。 1.The famous quotation from Shakespeare‘s play “Romeo and Juliet” ’A rose by any other name would smell as sweet‘ well illustrates _______.（ ） A.the conventional nature of language B.the creative nature of language C.the universality of language D.the big difference between human language and animal communication 2.Of the following sound combinations， only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.（ ） A.kibl B.bkil C.ilkb D.ilbk 3.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula “S→NP VP”。（ ） A.hierarchical B.linear C.tree diagram D.vertical 4.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.（ ） A.Case Condition B.parameter C.Adjacent Condition D.Adjacent Parameter 5.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning. A.phoneme B.word C.phrase D.sentence 6.According to Searle，those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.（ ） A.commisives B.directives C.expressives D.declaratives 7.The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages. A.synchronic B.diachronic C.comparative D.historical comparative 8.The way in which people address each other depends on their age， sex， social group， and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name， last name， title+last name， _______，and kin term. A.title+first name B.title+title C.title alone D.first name+last name+title 9.Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other， we may regard thought as “subvocal speech，” and speech as “_______”。（ ） A.vocal thought B.subvocal thought C.covert thought D.overt thought 10.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition _______.（ ） A.Language acquisition is a process of habit formation B.Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings C.Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language D.Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use 第二部分 非选择题 二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分。） 11.In the course of time， the study of language has come to establish close links with other branches of s________ studies， such as sociology and psychology. 12.Clear ［1］ and dark［ ］are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations， thus they are said to be in c________ distribution. 13.A r________ is often seen as part of a word， but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear， definite meaning. 14.A c________ sentence contains two or more clauses， one of which is incorporated in the other. 15.That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of c________ antonyms. 16.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized， that of an u________ is concrete and context-dependent. 17.Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another. For example， Modern English verb ask was Old English askian， with the /k/preceding the/s/.Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as m________. 18.In many societies of the world， we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies， b________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages. 19.The brain‘s neurological specialization for language is called linguistic I ________， which is specific to human beings. 20.In order to acquire a second language， learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language. This is know as language t________. 三、判断说明题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分。）判断下列各题正误，正者在括号内写“T”，误者在括号内写“F”，并说明理由。 （ ）21.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form. （ ）22.In English， long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as/i：/，the larynx is in a state of tension. （ ）23.A compound is the combination of only two words. （ ）24.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture.”，and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.”belong to the same syntactic category. （ ）25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense. （ ）26.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition， unlike entailment， is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say， if a sentence is negated， the original presupposition is still true. （ ）27.The division of English into Old English， Middle English， and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary. （ ）28.Language reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist， just as it is not obscene； but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism. （ ）29.If a child is deprived of linguistic environment， he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on. （ ）30.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language， they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them. 四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分。） 31.cultural transmission （as a defining feature of human language） 32.phonic medium of language 33.voicing 34.inflectional morphemes 35.reference 36.locutionary act 37.protolanguage 38.ethnic dialect 39.registers 40.acculturation 五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分。） 41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements Support your statement with examples. 42.Describe the process of language perception， comprehension and production. 全国2001年10月高等教育自学考试 现代语言学试题参考答案 课程代码：00830 一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分） 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.D 10.A 二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分） 11.social 12.complementary 13.root 14.complex 15.complementary 16.utterance 17.metathesis 18.bilingualism 19.lateralization 20.transfer 三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分） 21.F The contrary is true. The writing system is always a later invention. 22.T 23.F Some compounds contain more than two words. 24.T 25.F It is false because linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense. A case in point is the two expressions “morning star” and “ evening star.” They refer to the same star but differ in sense. 26.T 27.F The division of English into Old English， Middle English， and Modern English is conventional and somewhat arbitrary. 28.T 29.T 30.F Children first acquire the sounds found in all languages of the world， no matter what language they are exposed to ，and in later stages acquire the “ more difficult” sounds. 四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分） 31.One of the major defining features of human language.Humans are born with the ability to acquire a language， but different from animals， the actual use of human language is not genetically transmitted， rather it is culturally transmitted， i.e.it has to be taught and learnt. 32.The limited range of sounds that are used in human language communication， i.e.the speech sounds. 33.Voicing is a phonetic feature of some sounds.It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords. 34.Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatrcal relations and categories，such as-ed，-（e）s，-est in English. 35.Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world； it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.For example ，if we say， “The dog is barking，” we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the situation.The actual dog the word “dog” refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word “dog”。 36.Locutionary act refers to the act of uttering words， phrases， and clauses.It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax， lexicon and phonology. For example， by saying “You have left the door wide open”，the locutionary act performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words and expressed what the words literally mean. 37.A protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.The proto form can be reconstructed by identifying and comparing similar linguistic forms with similar meanings across related languages. 38.An ethnic dialect is a social dialect of a language，often cutting across regional differences. It is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation， such as racial discrimination or segregation. 39.Registers are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations，in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. For this reason， registers are also known as situational dialects. 40.Acculturation refers to a process of adapting to the culture and value system of the second language community. 五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分） 41.In addition to revealing a linear order， a constituent structure tree has a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent， and consequently is believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements. For example， the phrase “ the old men and women” may have two interpretations， i.e.the adjective “old”may modify the noun “men”， or the following two nouns “men and women”。Linear order analysis cannot tell this difference， so it is ambiguous.Whereas，the constituent or tree diagrams analysis can make this difference clear.So，we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure analysis. NP NP NP NP NP NP The old men and the women the old men and the old women 42.From the perspective of psycholinguistic analysis，language use in terms of perception，comprehension and production follows a certain pattern which involves the coordination of various language centers. When we speak，words are drawn from Wernicke‘s area and transferred to Broca’s area， which determines the details of their form and pronunciation.The appropriate instructions are then sent to the motor area which controls the vocal tract to physically articulate the words. When we hear something and try to comprehend it，t he stimulus from the auditory cortex is transmitted to Wernicke‘s area，where it is then interpreted. When we perceive a visual image，a message is sent to the angular gyrus，where it is converted into a visual pattern.
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It is the___on Case assignment that states that a case assighor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other. A,case condition B,parameter C,Adjacent condition D,Adjacent Parameter 2001年10月全国自考现代语言学试题答案是CA,格条件B,参数C,毗邻条件D,毗邻参数<<现代语言学>>句法学中的原话是:Another condition is what is known as the Adjacency condition[毗邻条件] on case assignment, which states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other. 17．Theory of universal grammar 普遍语法理论Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky developed a theory of universal grammar (UG) know as the principle-an-parameters theory. UG is a system of linguistic knowledge and a human species-specific gift which exists in the mind or brain of a normal human being. UG consists of a set of general conditions, or general principles and also contains a set of parameters. 从八十年代初期开始，乔姆斯基发展了一种普遍语法理论，称为原则与参数理论。普遍语法是一个语言知识体系，是人类特有的天赋，它存在于正常人的头脑中。普遍语法包含一组广义条件，或广义原则，还包含一种参数。第四章、句法学 Syntax 16、Toward a theory of universal grammar[普遍语法理论] Since early 1980s, Noam Chomsky and other generative linguists proposed and developed a theory of universal grammar(UG)[普遍语法] known as the Principles-and-parameters theory.[原则及参数理论] General principles of Universal Grammar。One such principle, or conditon, is the case condition[格条件]. As is required by the case conditon principle, a noun phrase must have case and case is assigned by V(verb) or P(preposition) to the object position, or by AUX(auxiliary) to the subject position. Another condition is what is known as the Adjacency condition[毗邻条件] on case assignment, which states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other. The parameters of Universal Grammar。Adjacency parameter[毗邻参数]: UG is believed to contain a parameter with the values [+strict adjacency] and [- strict adjacency] set on the Adjacency Condition. Another parameter, the one that involves word order, concerns the directionality of Case assignment, known as the Directionality parameter.[方位参数] Two directionality values [rightward directionality]左向位 and [leftward directionality] 右向位。 第四章、句法学 Syntax 1、linguistic competence: Comsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language,and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 2、sentence : A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement question or command. 3、transformation rules: Syntactic movement is governed by transformational rules. The operation of the transformational rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. 4、D-structure : A sentence may have two levels of syntactic representation. One exists before movement take place, the other occurs after movement take place. In formal linguistic exploration, these two syntactic representation are commonly termed as D-structure. 5、Move а : Just as there is a general rule for all phrase structure rules,i,e. the X-bar schema, there is a general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement. This movement rule is called Move а 6、什么是X-标杆理论? X-bar theory is a general and highly abstract schema that collapses all phrasal structure rules into a single format: X〃→ (Spec) X (Compl). In this format, Spec stands for specifier while Compl stands for complement. This theory is capable of reducing the redundancies of individual phrasal structure rules and may well capture certain basic properties shared by all phrasal categories, i.e. NP, VP, AP, PP, across the languages of the world. 7、英语的句子中的三种基本类型是什么？ Traditionally, three major types of sentences are distinguished. They are simple sentence, coordinate or compound sentence and complex sentence. (1) A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence. For example, ① John reads extensively. ② Mary decided to take a linguistic class the next semester. Each of the two sentences contains a single clause and can stand structurally independent. (2) A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction, such as “and”, “but”, “or”. The two clauses in a coordinate sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence; neither is subordinate to the other. For example, ③ John is reading a linguistic book, and Mary is preparing for her history exam. ④ John likes linguistics, but Mary is interested in history. (3) A complex sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. The two clauses in a complex sentence have unequal status, one subordinating the other. The incorporated, or subordinate, clause is normally called an embedded clause, and the clause into which it is embedded is called a matrix sentence. For example, ⑤ Mary told Jane [that John liked linguistics]. ⑥ [That John likes linguistics] puzzles everyone. ⑦ Mary showed interest in linguistics [after John gave her a lecture]. In the above three examples, the clauses in the square brackets are embedded clauses. They are subordinate to the clauses outside the brackets which are called matrix clauses. 8、Sentence structure The basic components of a sentence.Nomarly a sentence consists of at least a subject and its predicate which contains a finite verb or verb phrase. The referring expression is grammatically called subject.The part of a sentence which comprise a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called predicate. Types of sentences：simple sentence, coordinate(compound) sentence[复合句]， complex sentence 1、The simple sentence。A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone is known as a finite clause[定式从句]. 2、The coordinate sentence.A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction[并列连词]. The two clauses in a coordinate sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence. 3、The complex sentence.The incorporated, or subordinate, clause is normally called an embedded clause[从句], and the clause into which it is embedded is called a matrix clause[主句]. 1）An embedded clause functions as a grammatical unit in its matrix clause. 2）Most embedded clauses require an introductory word called a subordinator[从属连词]. 3）An embedded clause may not function as a grammatically well-formed sentence if it stands imdependently as a simple sentence unless its form changes. 9、The hierarchical structure of a sentence.Sentences are organized with words of the same syntacitc catigory, such as noun phrase(NP) or verb phrase(VP), grouped together. 10、Syntactic categories Words and phrases are organized according to the syntactic categories they belong to. Lexical category[词类]and phrasal category[词组类]. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntatic category.[可以相互替换而又不改变语法属性的成分属于同一句法类型。] Lexical categories.Major lexical categories are open categories in the sense that new words are constantly added. Minor lexical categories are closed categories because the number of the lexical items in these categories is fixed and no new members are allowed for.English has four major lexical categories and six minor lexical categories. Major: noun, verb, adjective, adverb Minor: determiner[限定词], auxiliary[助动词]，preposition, pronoun, conjunction, and interjection[感叹词] Phrasal categories.In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase(NP), verb phrase(VB), prepositional phrase(PP), and adjecive phrase(AP). Grammatical relations.Grammatical relations: Awareness of a distinction between the structural and logical functional relations of constituents. We usually refer to the grammatical relations as subject of and direct object of. structural subject[结构主语] and structural object[结构宾语] Only in terms of structural concepts,the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.logical subject[逻辑主语] means the doer of the action.logical object[逻辑宾语] means the rcipient of the action. 11、 Combinational rules Phrase structure rules The combinational pattern in a linear formula may be called a phrase structural rule, or rewrite rule[重写规则]. 1) S -> NP VP .The arrow is read as "consist of ", or "is rewritter as". The rule in 1) is read as "A sentence consist of, or is rewritten as, a noun phrase and a verb phrase." 2) NP -> (Det)(Adj)N(PP)(S) "A noun phrase consist of, or is rewritten as an optional determiner, an optional adjective, an obligatory[必用的] noun, an optional prepositional phrase, and /or optional sentence. 3) VP -> V(NP)(PP)(S) 4) AP -> A(PP)(S) 5) PP -> P NP The recursiveness of phrase structure rules [短语结构规则的循环性] .Recursive properties: An S contains a VP that may contain another S; a VP may inclued an S that contains another VP; a PP consists of an NP that may be followed by another PP; and an NP may take a PP that includes an NP and/or a S! 12、 X-bar theory XP -> (Spec[指示词]) X (Compl[补语]) A format using the symbol" (read as double bar) and '(read as single bar) can then be abstracted, given both in a tree diagram (见课本81页) and in a formula (7) 7) X" -> Spec X' X' -> X Compl 13、Synatactic movement and movement rules[句法位移和移位规则] Synatactic movement occurs when a constituent in a sentence moves out of its original place to a new positon. Synatactic movement is dictated by rules traditonall called transformational rules[转换规则]. NP-movement and WH-movement NP-movement occur when a sentence changes from the active voice to the passive voice. WH-movement is obligatory[强制性的] in English which changes a sentencd from affirmative to interrogative. 14、D-structure and S-structure A sentencd may have two levels of syntactic representation. One exists before movement takes place, named D-structure (or the deep structure[深层结构])，the other occurs after movement takes place named S-structure (roughly meaning the surface sturcture[表层结构]) Transformational-generative line of analysis: it is believed that phrase structure rules with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure, while the application of synatctic movement rules transforms a sentence from the level of D-structure to that of S-sturcture. phrase structure rules + the lexicon ----> D-structure ----> movement rules ----> S-structure 15、 Move α -- a general movement rule 。Move α(or move Alpha) is move certain constituent to certain place. 16、Toward a theory of universal grammar[普遍语法理论] Since early 1980s, Noam Chomsky and other generative linguists proposed and developed a theory of universal grammar(UG)[普遍语法] known as the Principles-and-parameters theory.[原则及参数理论] General principles of Universal Grammar。One such principle, or conditon, is the case condition[格条件]. As is required by the case conditon principle, a noun phrase must have case and case is assigned by V(verb) or P(preposition) to the object position, or by AUX(auxiliary) to the subject position. Another condition is what is known as the Adjacency condition[毗邻条件] on case assignment, which states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other. The parameters of Universal Grammar。Adjacency parameter[毗邻参数]: UG is believed to contain a parameter with the values [+strict adjacency] and [- strict adjacency] set on the Adjacency Condition. Another parameter, the one that involves word order, concerns the directionality of Case assignment, known as the Directionality parameter.[方位参数] Two directionality values [rightward directionality]左向位 and [leftward directionality] 右向位。 17、 linguistic competence: Comsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language,and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 18、 sentence : A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement question or command. 19、transformation rules: Syntactic movement is governed by transformational rules. The operation of the transformational rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. 20、D-structure : A sentence may have two levels of syntactic representation. One exists before movement take place, the other occurs after movement take place. In formal linguistic exploration, these two syntactic representation are commonly termed as D-structure. 21、 Move а : Just as there is a general rule for all phrase structure rules,i,e. the X-bar schema, there is a general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement. This movement rule is called Move а 22、 syntax studies the sentence structure of language. 23、Types of sentences simple sentence, coordinate(compound) sentence[复合句]， complex sentence
专业码：D050201 学历层次：本科·本科段 主考学校：四川大学课 码 序 号 课程名称 学 分 备 注 必考 选考 加考 3708 1 中国近现代史纲要 2 3709 2 马克思主义基本原理概论 4 0841 3 法语 6 任选一科 0839 俄语 0840 日语 0842 德语 0600 4 高级英语 12 0087 5 英语翻译 6 0602 6 口译与听力 6 0603 7 英语写作 4 0604 8 英美文学选读 6 0000 9 毕业论文 不计学分 0831 1 英语语法 4 考生任选考三科 0832 2 英语词汇学 4 0833 3 外语教学法 4 5844 4 国际商务英语 6 0836 5 英语科技文选 4 0795 1 综合英语（二） 10 非英语专业专科毕业生加考课程。 0593 2 听力 8 0594 3 口语 8 总 计 58学分以上
英语（本科、专科）专业简介专业代码：050201（本科） 050207（专科）一、考试课程及学分层次 序号 课程代码 课程名称 学分 备注 必考 选考 专科段 1 3706 思想道德修养与法律基础 2 2 3707 毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想概论 4 3 4729 大学语文 4 4 0794 综合英语（一） 10 5 0795 综合英语（二） 10 6 0593 听力 8 实践分8分 7 0594 口语 8 实践分8分 8 0595 英语阅读（一） 6 9 0596 英语阅读（二） 6 10 0597 英语写作基础 4 11 0522 英语国家概况 4 总学分 66 本科段 1 3708 中国近现代史纲要 2 2 3709 马克思主义基本原理概论 4 3 0840 第二外语（日语） 6 选考一门 0841 第二外语（法语） 6 0842 第二外语（德语） 6 4 0600 高级英语 12 5 0087 英语翻译 6 6 0602 口译与听力 6 实践6学分 7 0603 英语写作 4 8 0604 英美文学选读 6 1 0830 现代语言学 4 本科段选考课程任选3门，专科段已考“英语语法”的本科段不能再选考。 2 083。1 英语语法 4 3 0832 英语词汇学 4 4 0833 外语教学法 4 5 0094 外贸函电 4 6 0836 英语科技文选 4 必做 6999 毕业论文 不计学分 总学分 58 二、学习书目1.思想道德修养与法律基础《思想道德修养与法律基础》，刘瑞复，李毅红，高等教育出版社，2008年版2.毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想概论 《毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想概论》，钱淦荣、罗正楷主编，北京大学出版社（2008版）。3．大学语文 《大学语文》徐中玉，陶型传主编，华东师范大学出版（2006版）。4．综合英语（一）《综合英语（一）》（上、下册），徐克容主编，外语教学与研究出版社。5．综合英语（二）《综合英语（二）》（上、下册），徐克容主编，外语教学与研究出版社。 6．听力《听力》（上、下册），何其莘主编，外语教学与研究出版社。7．口语 《英语口语教程》，吴祯福主编，外语教学与研究出版社。8．英语阅读（一） 《英语阅读（一）》，俞洪亮主编，高等教育出版社（2006版）。9．英语阅读（二） 《英语阅读（二）》白永权主编，高等教育出版社（2005版）。10．英语写作基础《英语写作基础》。杨俊峰主编，辽宁大学出版社。11．英语国家概况《英语国家概况》余志远主编，外语教学与研究出版社（2005版）。12.中国近现代史纲要《中国近现代史纲要》，王顺生、李捷主编，高等教育出版社（2008版）。13．马克思主义基本原理概论 《马克思主义基本原理概论》，卫兴华、赵家祥主编，北京大学出版社（2008版）。14．第二外语（德、法、日）（1）德语《德语速成》（修订本）（上、下册），肖佩玲、张人杰等编者，外语教学与研究出版社。（2）法语《公共法语》（上、下册），吴贤良，王美华主编，上海外语教育出版社。（3）日语《中日交流标准日本语》（初级）（上、下册），中央广播电视台教学节目用书，人民教育出版社（2005年4月一版）。15．高级英语 《高级英语》（上、下册），王家湘，张中载主编，外语教学与研究出版社。16．英语翻译 《英语翻译》，庄绎传主编，外语教学与研究出版社。17．口译与听力 《口译教程》，梅德明主编，上海外语教育出版社。《英语中级听力（学生用书）》，何其莘、金利民等编，外语教学与研究出版社。18．英语写作《英语写作》，杨俊峰主编，辽宁大学出版社。19．英美文学选读《英美文学选读》，张伯香主编，外语教学与研究出版社。20．现代语言学《现代语言学》，何兆熊，梅德明主编，外语教学与研究出版社。21．英语语法《英语语法》，李基安主编，外语教学与研究出版社。22．英语词汇学《英语词汇学》，张维友主编，外语教学与研究出版社。23．外语教学法《外语教学法》，舒白梅、陈偌林主编，高等教育出版社。24．外贸函电《外贸函电》，方春祥主编，中国人民大学出版社。25．英语科技文选《英语科技文选》李碧嘉主编，高等教育出版社。
查尔斯·弗朗西斯·霍盖特（Charles Francis Hockett,1916--2000），美国语言学家。1916年1月17日出生于美国俄亥俄州哥伦布市。1932年进入俄亥俄州立大学，硕士毕业后进入耶鲁大学攻读博士学位，在萨丕尔等著名学者的指导下进修人类学和语言学，同时经常到哥伦比亚大学参加鲍厄斯主持的美洲印第安语讨论会，1939年获人类学博士学位。1940-1942年期间，他继续从事学术研究，进行语言调查，并执教于密歇根大学，帮助弗里斯做研究工作。1942年应征入伍，在军队里做语言工作，编写供军队使用的汉语教材和词典。从1946年起，霍盖特一直在康奈尔大学教语言学和人类学，并曾主持基础汉语教学，为美国培养了一代语言学家和人类学家。1964年他曾担任美国语言学会会长。1973年被选入美国文理科学院，1974年又被选入国家科学院。1986年他曾来我国讲学5个月。 霍盖特是位多产的语言学家和人类学家，从1939年到1948年，他共出版了专著、论文146种。其中重要的有《音位学手册》、《现代语言学教程》、《语言、数学、语言学》、《语言学的现状》、《人在自然界中的地位》等，另外还有十几种汉语论著。《现代语言学教程》是美国结构主义语言学集大成的一部理论著作，它科学地总结了20世纪30年代至50年代末美国结构语言学的发展，并展现出美国结构语言学后期的基本面貌。霍盖特对发展和
其中包括：中国近现代史纲要，马克思主义基本原理概论（公共课），以下为专业课：高级英语，外语教学法，综合英语，英语写作，英语翻译，听力，口译，二外，英语词汇学，现在英语语法，英语修辞学等，当然还包括毕业论文。over
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