语言学名词解释汇总如下：
1、语言学：以语言作为研究对象的一门独立科学。
2、专语语言学：以某一种具体的语言为研究对象的语言学。它包括共时语言学和历时语言学两种。总之，专语语言学只研究某一种语言。
3、共时语言学：语言研究的一种方法，从一个横断面描写研究语言在某个历史时期的状态和发展。
4、历时语言学：语言研究的一种方法，集中研究语言在较长历史时期中所经历的变化。
5、普通语言学：以人类一般语言为研究对象，研究人类语言的性质、结构特征、发展规律，是综合众多语言的研究成果而建立起来的语言学，是语言学的重要理论部分。
6、语文学：是为给古代文化遗产——政治历史文学等方面的经典书面著作作注释，目的是使人们可以读懂古书的一门尚未独立的学科。
7、“小学”：中国传统的语文学，围绕阐释和解读先秦典籍来展开研究，从而诞生了分析字形的文字学、研究字音的音韵学、解释字义的训诂学，因此又被人们称为经学的附庸。
8、应用语言学：研究语言学的应用的学科，实际上是一种交叉学科，是相关学科的学者将语言学的基本原理同有关学科结合起来研究问题而产生的新的学科。
9、历史比较语言学：语言学中一个重要的部门，它以历史比较法为基础，研究语言的亲属关系。它为现代语言学的建立奠定了坚实的基础，是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志。
1 linguisitics: is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2 phone: speech sounds we use when speaking a language.3 tone: tons are pitch variations,which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phonemes; therefore, the tone is a suprasegmental feature. 4 intonation: when pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation,they are collectively known as intonation. 5 root: a root is often seen as part of a ward;it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with anther root or an affix to an affix to form a word. 6 bound morpheme: can not be used by themselves with other morphemes to from words that can be used independently.7 derivation: both phonologh and phonetics are studies of speech sounds.8 sentence: a sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises anumber o1 linguisitics：一般定义为语言的科学研究。2电话：讲话声音说话时，我们使用的语言。三音：吨间距的变化，是由对声带振动cords.Pitch变化率造成的不同可以区分音素的意义一样，因此，语调是一个超音功能。4语调：当间距，压力和声音的长度是联系在一起的句子，而不是孤立的单词，它们统称为语调。5根：1根往往是作为一个病房部分;它本身的立场从未虽然带有明显的，确定的意义，它必须与花药根或对贴上贴上组合成一个字。6约束语素：不能使用自己与其他语素从可以单独使用的话。7派生：既phonologh和拼音是学习讲话的声音。8句：句子结构是一个独立的单位，通常由aNumber的Ø
一2小学:小学是中国古代语文学的通称，包括音韵学、文字学、训诂学三个部分。音韵学研究字音，文字学分析字形，训诂学解释字义。4共时语言学：从语言发展的一个横断面对一种语言在特定时期的相对静止的状态进行静态研究的语言学分支。二2音韵学、文字学、训诂学3语音、词汇和语义、语法4编码、发送、传递、接收、解码56历史比较语言学7《语言论》8索绪尔
1. 语言学：以语言作为研究对象的一门独立科学。2. 专语语言学：又称具体语言学，是指以一种语言为研究对象，探究这一具体语言的规律的语言学门类。3. 普通语言学：以人类一般语言为研究对象，探究人类语言的起源、发展、本质，探究人类语言内部结构的共性，即普遍规律的语言学门类。4. 共时语言学：从语言发展的一个横断面对一种语言在特定时期的相对静止的状态进行静态研究的语言学分支。5. 历时语言学：又叫历时语言学，是从纵向发展的角度研究某种语言从一个时代到另一时代的发展变化的语言学分支。6. 语文学：又叫传统语言学，用于指19世纪历史比较语言学产生之前的语言研究，这时的语言研究尚未独立，语言学作为其他学科的附庸而存在，语言研究的主要目的是为了阅读古籍和语文教学，从而为统治者治理国家，或为其他学科的研究服务。7. 小学：中国传统的语文学，包括分析字形的文字学、研究字音的音韵学、研究字义的训诂学，围绕阐释和解读先秦典籍来展开研究，因此又被人们称为经学的附庸。形成了以字为中心、音形义的语言研究。8. 理论语言学：以侧重探索语言本身的特点和规律为目的的语言学分支学科。9. 应用语言学：狭义的应用语言学指语言教学（包括聋哑盲教学）、文字的创制和改革、正音正字、词典编撰等，广义的应用语言学还包括与计算机有关的机器翻译、情报检索、语音识别、自然语言处理等。10.历史比较语言学：19世纪30年代兴起的一个语言学的重要流派，研究具有共同母语的语言之间的亲属关系以及它们的历史发展。它的出现是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志，为现代语言学的建立奠定了坚实的基础。11.结构语言学：又称结构主义语言学，是指20世纪以费尔迪南.德.索绪尔的语言学理论为代表以及受这种理论影响而发展起来的三大语言学派：布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派、美国描写主义语言学派。12.描写语言学：结构主义语言学注重对话语言的结构共时描写，偏重结构形式的静态研究，不重视意义，重视语言个性，不重视语言的共性，因此又被称为描写语言学。第一章 语言的社会功能1.语言：是一种特殊的社会现象，是人类最重要的交际工具和必不可少的思维工具，它是以语音为形式、以语义为内容、由词汇和语法构成的符号系统。2.说话：运用语言跟人们交流思想的行为，本身不等于语言。3.言语：是对语言的运用，它有两个意思：一是指运用语言（说话）和运用语言产生的结果（所说的话）；二是指在运用文字的情况下，是写和写下来的话。4.交际工具：人类交际活动所使用的工具。语言是人类最重要的交际工具。此外，身势等伴随动作是非语言的交际工具；旗语之类是建立在语言、文字基础上的辅助性交际工具；文字是建立在语言基础上的最重要的辅助交际工具。5.思维:是认识现实世界时的一种动脑筋的过程，也指动脑筋时进行比较、分析、综合以认识现实的能力。是人脑能动地反映客观现实的机能和过程。根据思维活动的不同形态可分为三种类型：直观动作思维、形象思维、抽象思维。6.社会:指生活在一个共同的地域中、说一种语言、有共同的风俗习惯和文化习惯的人类社会的共同体，即一般所说的部落、部族和民族。与此相关联的现象就是社会现象。7.社会现象：指那些与人类共同体的一切活动——产生、存在和发展密切联系的现象。第二章 语言是符号系统1.符号：一个社会全体成员共同约定用来表示某种意义的记号、标记。它包括了形式和意义两个方面的要素，是一定的形式和一定的内容的统一体，二者缺一不可。2.语言符号：语言是一种符号，因为它能代表或指称现象。语言符号是由音义结合构成的。音是语言符号的物质表现形式，义是语言符号的内容，只有音和义相结合才能指称现实现象，构成语言的符号。3.语言符号的任意性：指语言符号的最大特点是它的音和义的结合时任意的，由社会约定俗成的。它是就语言符号的音和义的相互关系来说。这种音义的任意性关系又叫约定性。4.语言符号的强制性：符号的任意性特点是就语言起源时的情况来说的，语言符号的音义结合是任意的，至于符号的音义关系一经社会约定而进入交际之后，对人们就有强制性，音义之间就具有互相依存的关系，不得任意更改。5.语言符号的线条性：即语言符号的使用只能在时间的线条上绵延，一个符号跟着一个个符号依次出现。依次出现的符号要遵守一定的规则，不能随意编排。符号的线条性是由规则支配的，对社会成员具有强制性。6.语言结构的层级性：语言是一种分层装置。语言结构要素的各个单位，在语言结构中，并非处在同一个平面上，而是分不同的层和级。语言的底层是一套音位，即音与义相结合而划分出来的音的结构成分。音位经组合而与某种意义相结合就能构成语言的符号和符号序列，这是语言的上层。这一层又可分为若干级：第一级是语素，这是语言中音义结合的最小结构单位，是构词材料；第二级是由语素的组合构成的词，是造句材料，是交际的基本单位；第三级是由词构成的句子，词和句子都是符号序列。语言系统的层级结构可用图示为：音位＞语素→词→句子。7.语言发展的渐变性：指语言从旧质过渡到新质不是经过爆发，不是经过消灭现存的语言和创造新的语言，而是经过新质要素的逐渐积累，旧质要素的逐渐死亡来实现的。语言结构体系的演变只能采取渐变 ，不能爆发、突变。8.语言发展的不平衡性：指语言结构体系发展变化是不平衡的，即词汇、语义、语音、语法的发展速度是不一样的，与社会联系最直接的词汇、语义变化最大，语音次之，语法最慢。9.表层结构和深层结构：表层结构和深层结构相对，表层结构赋予句子以一定的语音形式，即通过语音形式所表达出来的那种结构，表层结构是由深层结构转换而实现的；深层结构是赋予句子以一定的语义解释的那种结构。
第一部分 选择题 一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。 1.The famous quotation from Shakespeare‘s play “Romeo and Juliet” ’A rose by any other name would smell as sweet‘ well illustrates _______.（ ） A.the conventional nature of language B.the creative nature of language C.the universality of language D.the big difference between human language and animal communication 2.Of the following sound combinations， only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.（ ） A.kibl B.bkil C.ilkb D.ilbk 3.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula “S→NP VP”。（ ） A.hierarchical B.linear C.tree diagram D.vertical 4.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.（ ） A.Case Condition B.parameter C.Adjacent Condition D.Adjacent Parameter 5.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning. A.phoneme B.word C.phrase D.sentence 6.According to Searle，those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.（ ） A.commisives B.directives C.expressives D.declaratives 7.The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages. A.synchronic B.diachronic C.comparative D.historical comparative 8.The way in which people address each other depends on their age， sex， social group， and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name， last name， title+last name， _______，and kin term. A.title+first name B.title+title C.title alone D.first name+last name+title 9.Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other， we may regard thought as “subvocal speech，” and speech as “_______”。（ ） A.vocal thought B.subvocal thought C.covert thought D.overt thought 10.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition _______.（ ） A.Language acquisition is a process of habit formation B.Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings C.Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language D.Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use 第二部分 非选择题 二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分。） 11.In the course of time， the study of language has come to establish close links with other branches of s________ studies， such as sociology and psychology. 12.Clear ［1］ and dark［ ］are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations， thus they are said to be in c________ distribution. 13.A r________ is often seen as part of a word， but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear， definite meaning. 14.A c________ sentence contains two or more clauses， one of which is incorporated in the other. 15.That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of c________ antonyms. 16.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized， that of an u________ is concrete and context-dependent. 17.Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another. For example， Modern English verb ask was Old English askian， with the /k/preceding the/s/.Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as m________. 18.In many societies of the world， we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies， b________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages. 19.The brain‘s neurological specialization for language is called linguistic I ________， which is specific to human beings. 20.In order to acquire a second language， learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language. This is know as language t________. 三、判断说明题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分。）判断下列各题正误，正者在括号内写“T”，误者在括号内写“F”，并说明理由。 （ ）21.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form. （ ）22.In English， long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as/i：/，the larynx is in a state of tension. （ ）23.A compound is the combination of only two words. （ ）24.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture.”，and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.”belong to the same syntactic category. （ ）25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense. （ ）26.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition， unlike entailment， is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say， if a sentence is negated， the original presupposition is still true. （ ）27.The division of English into Old English， Middle English， and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary. （ ）28.Language reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist， just as it is not obscene； but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism. （ ）29.If a child is deprived of linguistic environment， he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on. （ ）30.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language， they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them. 四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分。） 31.cultural transmission （as a defining feature of human language） 32.phonic medium of language 33.voicing 34.inflectional morphemes 35.reference 36.locutionary act 37.protolanguage 38.ethnic dialect 39.registers 40.acculturation 五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分。） 41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements Support your statement with examples. 42.Describe the process of language perception， comprehension and production. 全国2001年10月高等教育自学考试 现代语言学试题参考答案 课程代码：00830 一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分） 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.D 10.A 二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分） 11.social 12.complementary 13.root 14.complex 15.complementary 16.utterance 17.metathesis 18.bilingualism 19.lateralization 20.transfer 三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分） 21.F The contrary is true. The writing system is always a later invention. 22.T 23.F Some compounds contain more than two words. 24.T 25.F It is false because linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense. A case in point is the two expressions “morning star” and “ evening star.” They refer to the same star but differ in sense. 26.T 27.F The division of English into Old English， Middle English， and Modern English is conventional and somewhat arbitrary. 28.T 29.T 30.F Children first acquire the sounds found in all languages of the world， no matter what language they are exposed to ，and in later stages acquire the “ more difficult” sounds. 四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分） 31.One of the major defining features of human language.Humans are born with the ability to acquire a language， but different from animals， the actual use of human language is not genetically transmitted， rather it is culturally transmitted， i.e.it has to be taught and learnt. 32.The limited range of sounds that are used in human language communication， i.e.the speech sounds. 33.Voicing is a phonetic feature of some sounds.It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords. 34.Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatrcal relations and categories，such as-ed，-（e）s，-est in English. 35.Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world； it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.For example ，if we say， “The dog is barking，” we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the situation.The actual dog the word “dog” refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word “dog”。 36.Locutionary act refers to the act of uttering words， phrases， and clauses.It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax， lexicon and phonology. For example， by saying “You have left the door wide open”，the locutionary act performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words and expressed what the words literally mean. 37.A protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.The proto form can be reconstructed by identifying and comparing similar linguistic forms with similar meanings across related languages. 38.An ethnic dialect is a social dialect of a language，often cutting across regional differences. It is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation， such as racial discrimination or segregation. 39.Registers are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations，in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. For this reason， registers are also known as situational dialects. 40.Acculturation refers to a process of adapting to the culture and value system of the second language community. 五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分） 41.In addition to revealing a linear order， a constituent structure tree has a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent， and consequently is believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements. For example， the phrase “ the old men and women” may have two interpretations， i.e.the adjective “old”may modify the noun “men”， or the following two nouns “men and women”。Linear order analysis cannot tell this difference， so it is ambiguous.Whereas，the constituent or tree diagrams analysis can make this difference clear.So，we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure analysis. NP NP NP NP NP NP The old men and the women the old men and the old women 42.From the perspective of psycholinguistic analysis，language use in terms of perception，comprehension and production follows a certain pattern which involves the coordination of various language centers. When we speak，words are drawn from Wernicke‘s area and transferred to Broca’s area， which determines the details of their form and pronunciation.The appropriate instructions are then sent to the motor area which controls the vocal tract to physically articulate the words. When we hear something and try to comprehend it，t he stimulus from the auditory cortex is transmitted to Wernicke‘s area，where it is then interpreted. When we perceive a visual image，a message is sent to the angular gyrus，where it is converted into a visual pattern.
英语易 YingYuYi.com - 让英语学习更容易！ 看下导航吧.现代语言学历年真题下载01-06年 ：现代语言学之翻译版：现代语言学学习笔记：的<现代语言学>整理,历年常考知识点 ：现代语言学名词解释：现代语言学笔记整理 ：现代语言学词汇表 ：现代语言学之我见 ：祝你好运！
参考答案：一、填空题1、历史比较语言学2、表达一定内容的声音<语音>、语义3、收音、领音4、只在某一方言区通用的词5、词缀语素6、句子7、综合手段、分析干段8、渐变性、不平衡性9、语言的谱系分类、语言的发生学分类10、记事的图画二、单选题1②2④3①4②5①6③7④8①9③10②11④12④13③14③15①三、多选题1①③④⑤2②③⑤3①③⑤4①④⑤5①②⑤6②③④⑤7①②③④8①②③9①②④10①②③④四，判断题1×2√3√4×5√6×7×8√9×10√五、名词解释题1、聚合关系——在语言结构的某一环节上能够互相替换、具有某种相同作用的各个单位之间所形成的关系叫聚合关系。2、音标——标写音素的符号叫音标。3、音位——是某种特定语言或方言里最“小的能区别语素或词的语音形式和意义的语音集合体。4、词法范畴——由综合手段（词形变化）表现的语法意义概括起来就是词法范畴。5、语言的类型分类——根据词的结构特点对世界的语言进行的分类叫语言的类型分类。六、分析题（略）七、论述题（14分）1、答：语言和言语是不同的。语言是从社会的言语中概括出来的，因此是属于全社会的。（2分）言语总是具有某些个人的特点，但这种个人特点不能违反他所运用的语言的总规约。（2分）语言和言语又有着密不可分的联系。一方面，语言存在于言语之中，言语是语言的存在形式。研究语言必须从言语中获得语料；（2分）另一方面，言语是运用语言的行为和结果，言语只是以语言为规范，才能成为有条理、可理解的东西。（2分）总之，言语总是以语言的共同规则作为活动基础，而语言则在言语运用中得以存在和发展。（2分）2、答：区别有以下几点：①词缀一般表示附加性的词汇意义；（2分）而词尾表示的纯粹是语法意义。（2分）②词缀有构成新词的能力；（2分）而词尾仅有改变一个词的语法意义的作用，没有构成新词的能力。（2分）③词缀可以处于词根之前，也可处于词根中间或词根之后；（1分）而词尾则只能处于词根（若有词缀还包括词缀）之后。（1分）
现代语言学研究始于20世纪初，其目的是要揭示人类语言的深层结构，对语言和语言交际作出客观，科学的描述。现代语言学课程是全国高等教育自学考试英语专业本科阶段的一门必考课程。
《语言学纲要》是1997年4月北京大学出版社出版的图书，作者是叶蜚声、徐通锵。 编辑推荐编辑《语言学纲要》的编者们参考了国内外新出版的一些专著、教材，对各种新的学说、理论采取客观、谨慎的态度，不尚新异，不拘一家，选择切实可靠的论点编入教材。语言学是一门既古老而又年轻的学科。推动语言学前进的传统的动力是语言的教学和运用。最近几十年来，现代科学技术的发展需要利用语言学的成果，同时也向语言研究提供新的材料、观点和方法。 [1] 内容简介编辑这本书是在总结试用经验的基础上，对讲义进行全面的补充修订而写成的教材。汉语专业有一系列语言学方面的课程，“语言学概论”是其中的先行课，它的任务是阐明语言学的基本理论和基本概念，为学习各门语言课程提供必要的理论知识，也为以后学习语言理论课程打下基础。在外语系各专业，“语言学概论”是唯一的一门语言学基础理论课，它要求在阐述理论问题的同时，注意联系外语教学的实际。本书以中文系的要求为主，兼顾外语系的需要。这是一本教材，有一定的深度，我们大体上以北京大学中文系汉语专业一年级学生在教师的指导下能够理解的程度作为掌握的标准。有些章节的内容偏深、偏难（如第三章第二节“音质的音响分析”），教学中可酌情安排。本书也可供语言学爱好者自学之用。语言学是一门既古老而又年轻的学科。推动语言学前进的传统的动力是语言的教学和运用。最近几十年来，现代科学技术的发展需要利用语言学的成果，同时也向语言研究提供新的材料、观点和方法。语言学在这股新的力量的推动下，进入了迅速发展的轨道。从五十年代末期开始，语言学理论出现了剧烈的震荡，各种学说竞相争鸣。在这种背景之下，我国语言学界也活跃起来，汉语研究，特别是现代汉语的研究，取得了一些扎实的进展。语言学的这些新进展。当然应该在本书中有所反映。我们参考了国内外新出版的一些专著、教材，对各种新的学说、理论采取客观、谨慎的态度，不尚新异，不拘一家，选择切实可靠的论点编入教材。贯串全书的语言结构的总框架是瑞士语言学家德·索绪尔在本世纪初阐述的组合关系和聚合关系。经过半个多世纪的语言研究实践的检验，这种框架是比较稳妥、可靠的，至少用来组织和安排各种语言现象，使之各得其所，是比较合适的。在联系汉语和汉语研究的实际方面，我们也作了一些努力。我们想在上述几方面对“语言学概论”教材的改革作一点尝试。 [1] 图书目录编辑导言一、语言学的对象和任务二、语言学在科学体系中的地位三、语言学的功用第一章 语言的社会功能第一节 语言是人类最重要的交际工具一、语言和说话二、语言是人类社会的交际工具三、语言是人类最重要的交际工具第二节 语言是思维的工具一、思维离不开语言二、儿童学习语言的过程三、思维不能离开语言的实验根据四、关于聋哑人的思维五、思维能力是全人类共同的，语言是各民族不同的六、人类思维在机器中的再现第二章 语言是符号系统第一节 语言符号的性质和特点一、什么是符号？为什么要用符号来交际？二、符号应该具备的条件三、语言符号的任意性和线条性第二节 语言符号的系统性一、语言的层级体系二、组合关系和聚合关系第三节 语言系统是人类特有的一、语言能力二、语言是其他动物和人类之间无法逾越的鸿沟三、人类语言和所谓动物“语言”的根本区别第三章 语音第一节 语音研究的诸方面一、语音的最小单位二、音标三、应该从哪些方面去研究语音？第二节 音响一、语音四要素二、音质的音响分析三、研究音响的仪器第三节 发音一、发音器官二、两类音素：元音和辅音三、元音四、辅音第四节 音位一、对立和互补二、音位和音位变体三、音质音位和非音质音位第五节 音位的聚合一、区别特征二、聚合群第六节 音位的组合一、音节二、语流音变第四章 语法第一节 语法和语法单位一、说话要符合规则二、语法规则三、语法单位第二节 组合规则一、语素组合成词的规则二、词的组合的五种基本类型三、语法结构的意义和形式四、组合的层次性五、组合的递归性第三节 聚合规则一、词类二、形态三、语法范畴第四节 变换一、变换和句型二、变换和句法同义三、变换和句法多义第五节 语言的结构类型和普遍特征一、语言的语法结构类型二、语法结构不能分优劣三、语言的普遍特征第五章 词义第一节 词汇和词义一、词和词汇二、词的词汇意义三、词义的概括性第二节 词义的聚合一、单义和多义二、同义词三、反义词第三节 词义的组合一、词语的搭配二、词义和环境三、“言内意外”第六章 文字和书面语第一节 文字和语言一、文字的作用二、文字是记录语言的书写符号系统三、汉字和汉语第二节 文字的起源、发展和改革一、文字的起源二、文字的发展三、文字的改进和改革第三节 书面语一、口语和书面语二、书面语的保守性和书面语的改革第七章 语言随着社会的发展而发展第一节 语言发展的原因和特点一、社会的发展是语言发展的基本条件二、语言中各种因素的相互影响和语言的发展三、语言发展的特点第二节 语言的分化一、语言随着社会的分化而分化二、社会方言三、地域方言四、亲属语言和语言的谱系分类第三节 语言的统一一、语言随着社会的统一而统一二、共同语三、共同语的规范第八章 语言的接触第一节 语言成分的借用和吸收一、借词二、结构规则的借用第二节 语言的融合一、语言系统的排挤和替代二、融合的原因三、自愿融合和被迫融合四、融合的过程第三节 语言接触的一些特殊形式一、“洋泾浜”二、混合语三、国际辅助语第九章 语言系统的发展第一节 语音的发展一、何以知道语音的发展二、语音演变的规律性三、语音对应关系和历史比较法第二节 语法的发展一、组合规则的发展二、聚合规则的发展三、语法发展中的类推作用第三节 词汇和词义的发展一、新词的产生和旧词的消亡二、词语的替换三、词义的演变
1.语言学，是对语言科学地进行研究的学科。2.音素，说话时发出的声音。
1 linguisitics: is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2 phone: speech sounds we use when speaking a language.3 tone: tons are pitch variations,which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phonemes; therefore, the tone is a suprasegmental feature. 4 intonation: when pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation,they are collectively known as intonation. 5 root: a root is often seen as part of a ward;it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with anther root or an affix to an affix to form a word. 6 bound morpheme: can not be used by themselves with other morphemes to from words that can be used independently.7 derivation: both phonologh and phonetics are studies of speech sounds.8 sentence: a sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises anumber o1 linguisitics：一般定义为语言的科学研究。2电话：讲话声音说话时，我们使用的语言。三音：吨间距的变化，是由对声带振动cords.Pitch变化率造成的不同可以区分音素的意义一样，因此，语调是一个超音功能。4语调：当间距，压力和声音的长度是联系在一起的句子，而不是孤立的单词，它们统称为语调。5根：1根往往是作为一个病房部分;它本身的立场从未虽然带有明显的，确定的意义，它必须与花药根或对贴上贴上组合成一个字。6约束语素：不能使用自己与其他语素从可以单独使用的话。7派生：既phonologh和拼音是学习讲话的声音。8句：句子结构是一个独立的单位，通常由aNumber的Ø
直接到zikao365网校上下载吧，上面的历年真题是最全的有一万多套。
不需要例子，按照教材内的解释
1 linguisitics: is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2 phone: speech sounds we use when speaking a language.3 tone: tons are pitch variations,which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phonemes; therefore, the tone is a suprasegmental feature. 4 intonation: when pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation,they are collectively known as intonation. 5 root: a root is often seen as part of a ward;it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with anther root or an affix to an affix to form a word. 6 bound morpheme: can not be used by themselves with other morphemes to from words that can be used independently.7 derivation: both phonologh and phonetics are studies of speech sounds.8 sentence: a sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises anumber o1 linguisitics：一般定义为语言的科学研究。2电话：讲话声音说话时，我们使用的语言。三音：吨间距的变化，是由对声带振动cords.Pitch变化率造成的不同可以区分音素的意义一样，因此，语调是一个超音功能。4语调：当间距，压力和声音的长度是联系在一起的句子，而不是孤立的单词，它们统称为语调。5根：1根往往是作为一个病房部分;它本身的立场从未虽然带有明显的，确定的意义，它必须与花药根或对贴上贴上组合成一个字。6约束语素：不能使用自己与其他语素从可以单独使用的话。7派生：既phonologh和拼音是学习讲话的声音。8句：句子结构是一个独立的单位，通常由aNumber的Ø
一2小学:小学是中国古代语文学的通称，包括音韵学、文字学、训诂学三个部分。音韵学研究字音，文字学分析字形，训诂学解释字义。4共时语言学：从语言发展的一个横断面对一种语言在特定时期的相对静止的状态进行静态研究的语言学分支。二2音韵学、文字学、训诂学3语音、词汇和语义、语法4编码、发送、传递、接收、解码56历史比较语言学7《语言论》8索绪尔
一2小学:小学是中国古代语文学的通称，包括音韵学、文字学、训诂学三个部分。音韵学研究字音，文字学分析字形，训诂学解释字义。4共时语言学：从语言发展的一个横断面对一种语言在特定时期的相对静止的状态进行静态研究的语言学分支。二2音韵学、文字学、训诂学3语音、词汇和语义、语法4编码、发送、传递、接收、解码56历史比较语言学7《语言论》8索绪尔
第一部分 选择题 一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。 1.The famous quotation from Shakespeare‘s play “Romeo and Juliet” ’A rose by any other name would smell as sweet‘ well illustrates _______.（ ） A.the conventional nature of language B.the creative nature of language C.the universality of language D.the big difference between human language and animal communication 2.Of the following sound combinations， only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.（ ） A.kibl B.bkil C.ilkb D.ilbk 3.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula “S→NP VP”。（ ） A.hierarchical B.linear C.tree diagram D.vertical 4.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.（ ） A.Case Condition B.parameter C.Adjacent Condition D.Adjacent Parameter 5.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning. A.phoneme B.word C.phrase D.sentence 6.According to Searle，those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.（ ） A.commisives B.directives C.expressives D.declaratives 7.The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages. A.synchronic B.diachronic C.comparative D.historical comparative 8.The way in which people address each other depends on their age， sex， social group， and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name， last name， title+last name， _______，and kin term. A.title+first name B.title+title C.title alone D.first name+last name+title 9.Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other， we may regard thought as “subvocal speech，” and speech as “_______”。（ ） A.vocal thought B.subvocal thought C.covert thought D.overt thought 10.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition _______.（ ） A.Language acquisition is a process of habit formation B.Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings C.Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language D.Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use 第二部分 非选择题 二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分。） 11.In the course of time， the study of language has come to establish close links with other branches of s________ studies， such as sociology and psychology. 12.Clear ［1］ and dark［ ］are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations， thus they are said to be in c________ distribution. 13.A r________ is often seen as part of a word， but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear， definite meaning. 14.A c________ sentence contains two or more clauses， one of which is incorporated in the other. 15.That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of c________ antonyms. 16.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized， that of an u________ is concrete and context-dependent. 17.Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another. For example， Modern English verb ask was Old English askian， with the /k/preceding the/s/.Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as m________. 18.In many societies of the world， we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies， b________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages. 19.The brain‘s neurological specialization for language is called linguistic I ________， which is specific to human beings. 20.In order to acquire a second language， learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language. This is know as language t________. 三、判断说明题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分。）判断下列各题正误，正者在括号内写“T”，误者在括号内写“F”，并说明理由。 （ ）21.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form. （ ）22.In English， long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as/i：/，the larynx is in a state of tension. （ ）23.A compound is the combination of only two words. （ ）24.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture.”，and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.”belong to the same syntactic category. （ ）25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense. （ ）26.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition， unlike entailment， is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say， if a sentence is negated， the original presupposition is still true. （ ）27.The division of English into Old English， Middle English， and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary. （ ）28.Language reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist， just as it is not obscene； but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism. （ ）29.If a child is deprived of linguistic environment， he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on. （ ）30.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language， they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them. 四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分。） 31.cultural transmission （as a defining feature of human language） 32.phonic medium of language 33.voicing 34.inflectional morphemes 35.reference 36.locutionary act 37.protolanguage 38.ethnic dialect 39.registers 40.acculturation 五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分。） 41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements Support your statement with examples. 42.Describe the process of language perception， comprehension and production. 全国2001年10月高等教育自学考试 现代语言学试题参考答案 课程代码：00830 一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分） 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.D 10.A 二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分） 11.social 12.complementary 13.root 14.complex 15.complementary 16.utterance 17.metathesis 18.bilingualism 19.lateralization 20.transfer 三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分） 21.F The contrary is true. The writing system is always a later invention. 22.T 23.F Some compounds contain more than two words. 24.T 25.F It is false because linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense. A case in point is the two expressions “morning star” and “ evening star.” They refer to the same star but differ in sense. 26.T 27.F The division of English into Old English， Middle English， and Modern English is conventional and somewhat arbitrary. 28.T 29.T 30.F Children first acquire the sounds found in all languages of the world， no matter what language they are exposed to ，and in later stages acquire the “ more difficult” sounds. 四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分） 31.One of the major defining features of human language.Humans are born with the ability to acquire a language， but different from animals， the actual use of human language is not genetically transmitted， rather it is culturally transmitted， i.e.it has to be taught and learnt. 32.The limited range of sounds that are used in human language communication， i.e.the speech sounds. 33.Voicing is a phonetic feature of some sounds.It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords. 34.Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatrcal relations and categories，such as-ed，-（e）s，-est in English. 35.Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world； it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.For example ，if we say， “The dog is barking，” we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the situation.The actual dog the word “dog” refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word “dog”。 36.Locutionary act refers to the act of uttering words， phrases， and clauses.It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax， lexicon and phonology. For example， by saying “You have left the door wide open”，the locutionary act performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words and expressed what the words literally mean. 37.A protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.The proto form can be reconstructed by identifying and comparing similar linguistic forms with similar meanings across related languages. 38.An ethnic dialect is a social dialect of a language，often cutting across regional differences. It is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation， such as racial discrimination or segregation. 39.Registers are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations，in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. For this reason， registers are also known as situational dialects. 40.Acculturation refers to a process of adapting to the culture and value system of the second language community. 五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分） 41.In addition to revealing a linear order， a constituent structure tree has a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent， and consequently is believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements. For example， the phrase “ the old men and women” may have two interpretations， i.e.the adjective “old”may modify the noun “men”， or the following two nouns “men and women”。Linear order analysis cannot tell this difference， so it is ambiguous.Whereas，the constituent or tree diagrams analysis can make this difference clear.So，we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure analysis. NP NP NP NP NP NP The old men and the women the old men and the old women 42.From the perspective of psycholinguistic analysis，language use in terms of perception，comprehension and production follows a certain pattern which involves the coordination of various language centers. When we speak，words are drawn from Wernicke‘s area and transferred to Broca’s area， which determines the details of their form and pronunciation.The appropriate instructions are then sent to the motor area which controls the vocal tract to physically articulate the words. When we hear something and try to comprehend it，t he stimulus from the auditory cortex is transmitted to Wernicke‘s area，where it is then interpreted. When we perceive a visual image，a message is sent to the angular gyrus，where it is converted into a visual pattern.
1.语言学，是对语言科学地进行研究的学科。2.音素，说话时发出的声音。