你好，自考书籍主要是教材、大纲和辅导书模拟题，历次考试真题，可以网上试试，或是有卖那种历次考试真题的试卷的辅导资料的可以，或是模拟试题都是可以的。自考书籍要根据你报考的科目来选择教材，所有课程的教材信息已经公布，在报考时自考办就有。根据 教材信息 购买教材 根据考试科目安排 报考科目 根据报考科目和科目的教材信息购买教材 教材信息已经公布，在报考时自考办就有 报考时在购买。查询你报考课程的教材信息，根据教材信息购买教材，可以在网上购买也可以到自考办问问，或是大型书店都有。一、自考教材都是全国自考办指定的教材，一般考试大纲都是根据指定教材来出的，所以教材一定不能买错。自考教材一般在每次考试前发布考试安排与计划时同时公布各科目的指定教材，考生在选购时根据办发布的各课程的代码、主编、版本号等信息进行选购就可以了~ 二、购买自考教材或辅导教材的方式一般有三种：1、自考办教材服务部：正版教材、一般原价出售，无折扣2、自考实体书店：一般都是6~9折左右，根据书的质量有些差异，每个地区基本上都有几个自考书店的3、网上书店购买：个人比较推荐的方式，一般网上都还是非常容易购买的，而且折扣也比较大。你直接网上搜书名就可以了。
请问你是报华师的英语教育专业吗？ 如果是的话，一月份的考试科目如下： 1月9日上午（8：30-11：00）英语论文写作（08478）；第二外语（法语）（08474）；英语（一）000121月9日下午（14：00-16：30）英语语言学（08269）；英语词汇学（08268）；基础英语（二）B 084481月10日上午：高级英语（一）B （08469）；翻译（08266）1月10日下午：英美报刊选读 （08475）；英国文学选读 （08476）祝你自考成功！
课程代码课程名称学分备注00087英语翻译600600高级英语1200602口译与听力600603英语写作400604英美文学选读600830现代语言学400831英语语法400832英语词汇学403708中国近现代史纲要203709马克思主义基本原理概论406999毕业论文0下列二选一00840第二外语(日语)603412第二外语(韩语)6
英语自考本科必考课程：高级英语(一)、高级英语(二)、翻译、英语语言学、英语词汇学、英语高级听力、英美报刊选读、英国文学选读、美国文学选读、英语论文写作、中学英语教学法(小教)、外语教学心理学、毕业论文。英语自考本科选考课程：第二外语(日语)、第二外语(法语)、英语(一)。英语自考本科加考课程：基础英语(一)、基础英语(二)、基础英语(三)、英语阅读(一)、英语听力、英语口语。必考课程是考生必须考的课程，选考课程考生可以从中任选择一门，加考课程非英语、中英文秘书、英语教育专业专科毕业生可直接报考本专业;其它专业考生都需要加考。自考/专升本有疑问、不知道自考/专升本考点内容、不清楚当地自考/专升本考试政策，点击底部咨询官网，免费获取个人学历提升方案：
请问你是报华师的英语教育专业吗？ 如果是的话，一月份的考试科目如下： 1月9日上午（8：30-11：00）英语论文写作（08478）；第二外语（法语）（08474）；英语（一）000121月9日下午（14：00-16：30）英语语言学（08269）；英语词汇学（08268）；基础英语（二）B 084481月10日上午：高级英语（一）B （08469）；翻译（08266）1月10日下午：英美报刊选读 （08475）；英国文学选读 （08476）祝你自考成功！
课程代码课程名称学分备注00087英语翻译600600高级英语1200602口译与听力600603英语写作400604英美文学选读600830现代语言学400831英语语法400832英语词汇学403708中国近现代史纲要203709马克思主义基本原理概论406999毕业论文0下列二选一00840第二外语(日语)603412第二外语(韩语)6
高等教育自学考试专业课程考试计划专业代码：D124000专业名称：英语教育（专科）*主考学校：华南师范大学开考方式：面向社会报考范围：广东省 说明： 1、101至103课程须任选考一门课程。 2、英语、中英文秘书、英语教育专业专科毕业生可直接报考本专业。其他专业专科（或以上）毕业生 报考本专业须加考201至206课程（已获得全国英语等级考试四级证书或通过大学英语四级考试者只须 加考205、206两门课程），已取得相同名称课程考试成绩合格者可申请免考。3、本专业仅接受国家承认学历的专科（或以上）毕业生申办毕业。 课程代码 课程名称 学分 类型 考试方式 07374 高级英语（一） 6 必考 笔试 11497 高级英语(二) 10 必考 笔试 11416 翻译 8 必考 笔试 06422 英语语言学 6 必考 笔试 00832 英语词汇学 4 必考 笔试 11498 英语高级听力 6 必考 实践考核 10876 英美报刊选读 4 必考 笔试 10100 英国文学选读 4 必考 笔试 10101 美国文学选读 4 必考 笔试 11499 英语论文写作 5 必考 笔试 05187 中学英语教学法（小教） 4 必考 笔试 11500 外语教学心理学 4 必考 笔试 06999 毕业论文 不计学分 必考 实践考核 00840 第二外语(日语) 6 选考 笔试 00841 第二外语(法语) 6 选考 笔试 00012 英语（一） 7 选考 笔试 11487 基础英语(一) 6 加考 笔试 11488 基础英语(二) 6 加考 笔试 11489 基础英语(三) 6 加考 笔试 00595 英语阅读（一） 6 加考 笔试 10655 英语听力 3 加考 实践考核 10664 英语口语 8 加考 实践考核 相关说明 开考方式 面向社会及独立办班 报考范围 全省及港澳地区 主考学校 华南师范大学 毕业要求 课程设置：必考课程16门，共76学分；选考课程0门，共0学分；加考课程1门，共4学分；说明：1、港澳考生可不考001课程，但须加考231课程。2、教育实习（一）课程实习时间4周 英语教育专业由于专业的局限性，目前来看就业前景堪忧。就英语专业本身已经就业困难，外加之英语教育作为师范教育的就业面就更加的狭窄。以下的一篇报道说明了英语专业的就业困难：在经济全球化的今天，熟练掌握外语是国际间交流与合作顺利进行所必需的，每年都会有相当数量的考生因此选择外语专业。但是，从各专业就业形势比较来看，外语专业人才就业形势却未必乐观。那么，导致外语专业人才就业难的原因是什么？企业需要什么样的外语人才？外语专业人才怎样求职才能少走弯路？英语专业人才就业渠道狭窄，人才饱和。笔者经过采访后了解到，外语专业人才就业存在的主要问题是：英语专业人才就业渠道狭窄、人才饱和，跨专业隔行如隔山。独之秀职业咨询公司咨询顾问指出，家长和学生对于英语专业的热情和投入一直居高不下，过渡关注的结果，导致市场需求的饱和，大批只掌握了英语的求职者不由得陷入求职无门的窘境。外语专业学生陈景告诉笔者：“我和我的同学都在面临这个问题，就是觉得就业困难，很迷茫，英语专业太狭窄了，毕业只能考虑当老师，要不然就是做翻译。如果跨专业，毕业生英语都非常好，而我们纯学英语的学生，其他的专业都不了解，一点竞争力也没有。”专业能力过硬和综合能力强的英语人才受欢迎独之秀职业咨询公司咨询顾问告诉笔者，据相关资料显示，北京、上海等地翻译职位空缺只有很小一部分是针对英语人才的，绝大部分职位招聘的是日语、韩语、西班牙语、葡萄牙语等小语种人才。由于这方面的人才相对稀缺，企业在工作经验上的门槛放得比招聘英语人才低出不少。如东软集团有限公司招聘的葡萄牙语翻译只希望有一年以上葡萄牙语翻译工作经验，而中国中信集团公司招聘负责商务谈判及日常翻译工作的西班牙语翻译，已经打出“应届毕业生也可”的条件。外语教学与研究出版社人力资源部主任谢文辉告诉笔者：“现在主要需要两种外语专业人才，不光是外研社，其他外语机构也是这样，就是需要外语专业能力特别好的人才来做编辑类工作和除具备英语能力以外还具有综合能力的综合型人才做市场、管理类工作。”谢文辉还说到：“以外研社为例，我们每年到10月份都会做外研社的宣讲会，吸引外语人才来外研社应聘，招聘工作开始了，总的来说外语人才需要得比较多，我们每年光应届毕业生就要招聘四、五十人，管理类的人要招十几个。我们很需要具有一定实际工作经验的人才，比如我们招MBA是十分看重实际工作经验的；对编辑工作，也比较看重以前有教学经验的人才；对于刚毕业的应届生，我们则要求具备很高的英语水平。”专家建议：应聘者应放稳心态谢文辉表示：“建议应聘者要放稳心态，做好熬的准备，踏踏实实工作。很多应聘者不能磨，急功近利，期望工作一两年就要达到什么位置，这个是不可取的，企业更愿意招收有想法有激情的人，而不是急功近利的人，要有坚持的过程，要踏实。基于以上原因，再加上教师行业的趋于饱和，只有通过自身的努力坚强的往上爬。比如说以下就是两种条件下不错的就业出路：1）超级棒的英语/汉语功底，同声传译等， 高级翻译；2）在其它非英语专业工作，同时英语很好，可说可写，这样才能有竞争力。
课程代码 课程名称 使用教材 作者 出版社 版次8469 高级英语(一)(B) 新编英语教程(5册) 李观仪 上海外语教育出版社 2003.38470 高级英语(二)(B) 新编英语教程(5、6册) 李观仪 上海外语教育出版社 2004.18266 翻译 翻译新概念 英汉互译实用教程 宋天锡 国防工业出版社 2008重印第四版8268 英语词汇学（英文） 现代英语词汇学概论 张韵裴 北京师范大学出版社 20048269 英语语言学（英文） 新编简明英语语言学教程 戴炜栋、何兆熊 上海外语教育出版社 2002年7月第1版8475 英美报刊选读 英美报刊阅读教程 端木义万 南京大学出版社 第二版8476 英国文学选读 英国文学史及选读（1、2册） 吴伟仁 外语教学与研究出版社 19888478 英语论文写作 英语写作手册 丁往道等 外语教学与研究 1994.6第二版8477 美国文学选读 美国文学史及选读（第一、二册） 吴伟仁 外语教学与研究出版社 19908479 中学英语教学法 英语教学法基础 何广铿 暨南大学出版社 20018480 外语教学心理学 外语教学心理学 朱纯 上海外语教育出版社 1994.98473 第二外语（日语）（B） 《中日交流标准日本语》初级上、下册 人民教育/日本光村 人民教育/日本光村合作出版 19888474 第二外语（法语） 简明法语教程(上下册) 孙辉 商务印书馆 0012 英语（一） 大学英语自学教程(上册) 高 远 高等教育出版社 1999年版8447 基础英语（一）（B） 新编英语教程[修订本](1、2册) 李观仪 上海外语教育出版社 19988448 基础英语（二）（B） 新编英语教程[修订本](3册) 李观仪 上海外语教育出版社 19998449 基础英语（三）（B） 新编英语教程[修订本](4册) 李观仪 上海外语教育出版社 19998450 英语阅读 新编英语阅读教程(1-3册) 王守仁.赵文书 上海外语教育出版社
ourage and power from man and from the infinite, so long as you are young.
教务老师，听见很多自考的同学在问自考英语本科有几门(自考英语本科先考哪门好一点)相关问题，那么今天教务老师来告诉同学们这些问题的解答！自考本科英语专业要考几门？分别是那几门，英语专业是不是考过率蛮低的？自考本科英语必考课程13门，共65学分；选考课程3门，共19学分；加考课程6门，共35学分；自考本科考试科目：高级英语高级英语(二)英语语言学英语词汇学英语高级听力英美报刊选读英国文学选读美国文学选读英语论文写作中学英语教学法外语教学心理学第二外语(日语)第二外语(法语)英语基础英语(一)基础英语(二)基础英语(三)英语阅读对于好好学习天天向上的自考生来说通过率就是比较高的。希望能对您有所帮助自考本科英语专业考哪几科啊？中国近现代史纲要、马克思主义基本原理概论、英语翻译、高级英语、口译与听力(实践)、英语写作、英美文学选读、现代语言学、英语经贸知识、旅游英语选读、第二外语(俄语)、第二外语(日语)、毕业论文。自考本科英语的开考科目因所在省份及主考院校的不同也有所不同。希望回答能够帮助你你也可以追问广州自考英语本科有哪些科目以上就是全国地区自考教材服务网分享关于自考英语本科有几门(自考英语本科先考哪门好一点)的全部内容，更多自考教材和自考历年真题及答案，自考视频网课，自考教材购买首页搜索科目代码即可，也可以咨询在线客服！自考/成考有疑问、不知道自考/成考考点内容、不清楚当地自考/成考政策，点击底部咨询官网老师，免费领取复习资料：
今天教务老师给大家收集整理了高级英语自考本科教材，自考本科高级英语怎么备考的相关问题解答，还有免费的自考历年真题及自考复习重点资料下载哦，以下是全国我们为自考生们整理的一些回答，希望对你考试有帮助！请问南师大英语本科自考英语泛读用什么教材的？全新正版27036高级英语阅读教程英语泛读江苏自考教材21世纪英语专业系列教程自学考试英语专业本科指定教材高级英语阅读教程下作者：康文凯出版社：上海交通大学出版社出版日期：2004-4-5定价：28元【内容简介】《高级英语阅读教程》分上中下三册，共精选短文96篇，内容涉及中西文化、语言、教育、生活、媒介、历史、妇女问题、科技、人性、哲学、文学等，每册按主题分为16个单元，每个单元配有与学习内容相关的阅读理解、词义辨析、句子释义以及修辞等练习和思考题。该教程为英语专业高年级学生设计，也可用作大学英语研究生和本科生选修课教材或散文爱好者的读物。【目录信息】UnitOneTextAUniversitiesandTheirFunctionTextBTheCollegeIsforEveryoneCultUnitTwoTextAMotherTongueTextBDoctorTalkUnitThreeTextATheProblemofHappinessTextBMyFather’sLifeUnitFourTextARememberingtheFarmTextBMyWoodUnitFiveTextASpeakingofPicturesTextBTelevision:ThePlug-inDrugUnitSixTextAHowDoesaPoemMean?TextBReading:FromManyRulestoOneHabitUnitSevenTextAWomenTextBWomen’sBusinessUnitEightUnitNineUnitTenUnitElevenUnitTwelveUnitThirteenUnitFourteenUnitFifteenUnitSixteenReferenceKeytotheExercises2010广东省自考英语教育本科教材有哪些？课程代码课程名称使用教材作者出版社版次8469高级英语(一)(B)新编英语教程(5册)李观仪上海外语教育出版社2003.38470高级英语(二)(B)新编英语教程(5、6册)李观仪上海外语教育出版社2004.18266翻译翻译新概念英汉互译实用教程宋天锡国防工业出版社2008重印第四版8268英语词汇学现代英语词汇学概论张韵裴北京师范大学出版社20048269英语语言学新编简明英语语言学教程戴炜栋、何兆熊上海外语教育出版社2002年7月第1版8475英美报刊选读英美报刊阅读教程端木义万南京大学出版社第二版8476英国文学选读英国文学史及选读吴伟仁外语教学与研究出版社19888478英语论文写作英语写作手册丁往道等外语教学与研究1994.6第二版8477美国文学选读美国文学史及选读吴伟仁外语教学与研究出版社19908479中学英语教学法英语教学法基础何广铿暨南大学出版社20018480外语教学心理学外语教学心理学朱纯上海外语教育出版社1994.98473第二外语《中日交流标准日本语》初级上、下册人民教育/日本光村人民教育/日本光村合作出版19888474第二外语简明法语教程(上下册)孙辉商务印书馆0012英语大学英语自学教程(上册)高远高等教育出版社1999年版8447基础英语新编英语教程[修订本](1、2册)李观仪上海外语教育出版社19988448基础英语新编英语教程[修订本](3册)李观仪上海外语教育出版社19998449基础英语新编英语教程[修订本](4册)李观仪上海外语教育出版社19998450英语阅读新编英语阅读教程(1-3册)王守仁.赵文书上海外语教育出版社自考英语本科中的《高级英语》比较难，该怎样复习才能通过考试呀？自?高级英语在英语本科中不是很难的，关键是要多看书，一般应该看3遍。有很多题目是书上的东西，没有什么窍门，只有去看透教材。另外，不要把希望寄托在一些复习材料上，北大燕园什么的用处都不大。以前的真题应该做一遍。当然，你参加英语自考，应该有很好的英语基础，我就不多说怎样学习英语了，呵呵。今年自考会计本科的教材？新华书店。大型书市。中职学校书店。淘宝网。自考/成考有疑问、不知道自考/成考考点内容、不清楚当地自考/成考政策，点击底部咨询官网老师，免费领取复习资料：
Chapter 5The Modern Period Ⅰ。学习目的和要求 通过本章的学习，了解20世纪批判现实主义文学和现代主义文学产生的历史、文化背景。认识该时期文学创作的基本特征、基本主张，及其对现当代英国文学乃至文化的影响；了解该时期重要作家的文学创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义等；同时结合注释，读懂所选作品，了解其思想内容和写作特色，培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。 Ⅱ。本章重点及难点 1. 英国现代文学的特征 2. 主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画和语言风格 3. 名词解释：现代主义 4. 应用：选读作品的主题结构、艺术特色、人物刻画和语言风格，如 （1）叶芝和艾略特诗歌（所选作品）的主题、意象分析 （2）小说《儿子与情人》的主题和主要人物的性格分析 （3）意识流小说的主要特色分析 （4）萧伯纳戏剧的特点与社会意义分析 Ⅲ。考核知识点和考核要求 （一）现代时期概述 1.识记： A. 20世纪英国社会的政治、经济、文化背景 B.英国20世纪批判现实主义文学 C.现代主义文学的兴起与衰落 2.领会： A. 现代主义文学创作的基本主张 B.英国现代主义文学思潮 （1）诗歌 （2）小说 （3）戏剧 3.应用： A.名词解释：现代主义 B.英国现代主义文学的特点 C.现代主义文学对当代文学的影响 （二）现代时期的主要作家 A.萧伯纳 1.一般：萧伯纳的生平与文学生涯。 2.识记： A.萧伯纳的政治改革思想和文学创作主张 B.萧伯纳的戏剧创作 （1）早期主要作品：《鳏夫的房产》、《华伦夫人的职业》、《康蒂坦》、《凯撒和克莉奥佩特拉》 （2）中期作品：《人与超人》、《巴巴拉少校》、《皮格马利翁》 （3）晚期作品：《伤心之家》、《回到麦修色拉》、《圣女贞德》、《苹果车》 3.领会： A.萧伯纳戏剧的特点与社会意义 B.萧伯纳的戏剧对20世纪英国文学的影响 4.应用： A.《华伦夫人的职业》的故事梗概、情节结构、人物塑造、语言风格、思想意义 B.选读：所选作品的主要内容、人物塑造、语言特点、艺术手法等 B.约翰。高尔斯华绥 1.一般识记：高尔斯华绥的生平与文学生涯 2.识记：高尔斯华绥的文学创作 （1）戏剧：《银盒》、《正义》、《斗争》 （2）小说：《福赛特世家》（《有产业的人》、《骑虎》、《出租》）、《现代喜剧》 3.领会： A.高尔斯华绥的创作思想 B.高尔斯华绥批判现实主义小说的主要特点及社会意义 4.应用： 选读：所选作品的主要内容、人物性格。语言特点、叙述手法等 C、威廉。勃特勒。叶芝 1.一般：叶芝的生平及文学生涯 2.识记：叶芝诗歌的代表作品 （1）早期诗歌：《茵尼斯弗利岛》、《梦见仙境的人》、《玫瑰》 （2）中期诗歌：《新的纪元》、《1916年的复活节》 （3）晚期诗歌：《驶向拜占廷》、《丽达及天鹅》、《在学童们中间》 3.领会： A.叶芝的诗歌创作思想 B.叶芝诗歌的特点及思想意义 C.叶芝诗歌的艺术成就 D.叶芝的诗歌对当代英国文学的影响 E.叶芝的戏剧创作 4.应用：选读：、所选作品的主题思想、语言风格、艺术特色等 D、T.S.艾略特 1.一般识记：艾略特的生平及创作生涯 2.识记：艾略特的主要诗歌作品 （1）《普鲁弗洛克的情歌》 （2）《荒原》 （3）《灰星期三》 （4）《四个四重奏》 3.领会： A.艾略特的文学理论与文艺批评观 B.艾略特诗歌的艺术特色及社会意义 C.艾略特的戏剧 D. 文略特的艺术成就 E.艾略特的文学创作及文艺批评思想对现当代英国文学的影响 4.应用： A.《荒原》主题、结构、神话、象征、语言特色及社会意义 B.选读：所选作品的主题结构、思想内容、语言特点、艺术手法等 E.戴维。赫伯特。劳伦斯 1.一般识记：劳伦斯的生平及文学生涯 2.识记：劳伦斯的主要小说 （1）《儿子与情人》 （2）《虹》 （3）《恋爱中的女人》 3.领会： A. 劳伦斯的创作思想 B. 劳伦斯小说的主要艺术特色及社会意义 . C. 劳伦斯的小说对现当代英国文学的影响 4.应用： A.《儿子与情人》的故事梗概、情节结构、人物塑造、语言风格、思想意义 B.选读：所选作品的主要内容、人物性格、语言特点、艺术手法等 F.詹姆斯。乔伊斯 1.一般识记：乔伊斯的生平与创作生涯 2.识记：乔伊斯的主要作品简介 （1）《都柏林人》 （2）《青年艺术家的肖像》 （3）《尤利西斯》 3.领会： A. 乔伊斯的文学创作主张与美学思想 B. 乔伊斯小说的主要艺术特色及思想意义 C.乔伊斯的艺术成就 D.乔伊斯的作品对现当代世界文学的影响 4.应用： A. 意识流小说的主要特色分析 B. 选读：所选作品的主题思想、人物塑造、语言特色、艺术手法等 Chapter 5 The Modern Period 一。识记： 1. The social， ideological background of the modern English literature： （1） The influences of the two World Wars on English literature： Modernism rose out of skepticism and disillusion of capitalism. The First World War and the Second World War had greatly influenced the English literature. The catastrophic First World War tremendously weakened the British Empire and brought about great sufferings to its people as well. Its appalling shock severely destroyed people's faith in the Victorian values； The postwar economic dislocation and spiritual disillusion produced a profound impact upon the British people， who came to see the prevalent wretchedness in capitalism. The Second World War marked the last stage of the disintegration of the British Empire. Britain suffered heavy losses in the war： thousands of people were killed； the economy was ruined； and almost all its former colonies were lost. People were in economic， cultural， and belief crisises. （2） Ideologically， the rise of the irrational philosophy and new science greatly incited modern writers to make new explorations on human natures and human relationships. （a） In the mid-19th century， Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels put forward the theory of scientific socialism， which not only provided a guiding principle for the working people， but also inspired them to make dauntless fights for their own emancipation. （b） Darwin's theory of evolution exerted a strong influence upon the people， causing many to lose their religious faith. The social Darwinism， under the cover of "survival of the fittest，" vehemently advocated colonialism or jingoism. （c） Einstein's theory of relativity provided entirely new ideas for the concepts of time and space. （d） Freud's analytical psychology drastically altered our conception of human nature. （e） Arthur Schopenhauer， a pessimistic philosopher started a rebellion against rationalism， stressing the importance of will and intuition. （f） Having inherited the basic principles from Schopenhauer， Friedrich Nietzsche went further against rationalism by advocating the doctrines of power and superman and by completely rejecting the Christian morality. （g） Based on the major ideas of his predecessors， Henry Bergson established his irrational philosophy which put the emphasis on creation， intuition， irrationality and unconsciousness. All these irrationalist philosophers exerted immense influence upon the major modernist writers in Britain. So， after the First World War， all kinds of literary trends of modernism appeared： symbolism， expressionism， surrealism， cubism， futurism， Dadaism， imagism and stream of consciousness. Towards the 1920s， these trends converged into a mighty torrent of modernist movement， which swept across the whole Europe and America. After the Second World War， a variety of modernism， or post-modernism， like existentialist literature， theater of the absurd， new novels and black humor， rose with the spur of the existentialist idea that "the world was absurd， and the human life was an agony." 2. The development of English poetry in the 20th century： The 20th century has witnessed a great achievement in English poetry. In the early years of this century， Thomas Hardy and the war poets of the younger generation were important realistic poets. Hardy expressed his strong sympathies for the suffering poor and his bitter disgusts at the social evils in his poetry as in his novels. The soldiers-poets of World War I revealed the appalling brutality of the war in a most realistic way. The early poems of Pound and Eliot and Yeats's matured poetry marked the rise of "modern poetry，" which was， in some sense， a revolution against the conventional ideas and forms of the Victorian poetry. The modernist poets fought against the romantic fuzziness and self-indulged emotionalism， advocating new ideas in poetry- writing such as to use the language of common speech， to create new rhythms as the expression of a new mood， to allow absolute freedom in choosing subjects， and to use hard， clear and precise images in poems. The 1930s witnessed great economic depressions， mass unemployment， and the rise of the Nazis. Facing such a severe situation， most of the young intellects started to turn to the left. And therefore the period was known as "the red thirties." A group of young poets during this period expressed in their poetry a radical political enthusiasm and a strong protest against fascism. With the coming of the 1950s， there was a return of realistic poetry again. By advocating reason， moral discipline， and traditional forms， a new generation of poets started "The Movement，" which explicitly rejected the modernist influence. There was no significant poetic movement in the 1960s. A multiplicity of choices opened to both the poet and the reader. Poets gradually moved into more individual styles. 3. Realism in the 20th century English literature： The realistic novels in the early 20th century were the continuation of the Victorian tradition， yet its exposing and criticizing power against capitalist evils had been somewhat weakened both in width and depth. The outstanding realistic novelists of this period were John Galsworthy， H. G. Wells， and Arnold Eennett. The three trilogies of Galsworthy's Forsyte novels are masterpieces of critical realism in the early 20th century， which revealed the corrupted capitalist world. In his novels of social satire， H. G. Wells made realistic studies of the aspirations and frustrations of the "Little Man；" whereas Bennett presented a vivid picture of the English life in the industrial Midlands in his best novels. Realism was， to a certain extent， eclipsed by the rapid rise of modernism in the 1920s. But with the strong swing of leftism in the 1930s， novelists began to turn their attention to the urgent social problems. They also enriched the traditional ways of creation by adopting some of the modernist techniques. However， the realistic novels of this period were more or less touched by a pessimistic mood， preoccupied with the theme of man's loneliness， and shaped in different forms： social satires by Aldous Huxley and George Orwell comic satires on the English upper class by Evelyn Waugh； and Catholic novels by Graham Greene. Another important group of young novelists and playwrights with lower-middle-class or working-class background in the mid-1950s and early 1960s known as "The Angry Young Man." They demonstrated a particular disillusion over the depressing situation in Britain and launched a bitter protest against the outmoded social and political values in their society. Kingsley Amis， John Wain， John Braine and Alan Sillitoe were the major novelists in this group. They portrayed unadorned working-class life in their novels with great freshness and vigor of the working-class language. Amis was the first to start the attack on middle-class privileges and power in his novel Lucky Jim （1954）。 The term "The Angry Young Man" came to be widely Having been merged and interpenetrated with modernism in the past several decades， the realistic novel of the 1960s and 1970s appeared in a new face with a richer， more vigorous and more diversified style. 二。领会： 1.Modern English poetry： It is， in some sense， a revolution against the conventional ideas and forms of the Victorian poetry. The modernist poets fought against the romantic fuzziness and self-indulged emotionalism， advocating new ideas in poetry- writing such as to use the language of common speech， to create new rhythms as the expression of a new mood， to allow absolute freedom in choosing subjects， and to use hard， clear and precise images in poems. 2. Modern English novels： The first three decades of 20th century were golden years of the modernist novel. In stimulating the technical innovations of novel creation， the theory of the Freudian and Jungian psycho-analysis played a particularly important role. With the notion that multiple levels of consciousness existed simultaneously in the human mind， that one's present was the sum of his past， present and future， and that the whole truth about human beings existed in the unique， isolated， and private world of each individual， writers like Dorothy Richardson， James Joyce and Virginia Woolf concentrated all their efforts on digging into the human consciousness. They had created unprecedented stream-of-consciousness novels such as Pilgrimage by Richardson， Ulysses （1922） by Joyce， and Mrs. Dalloway （1925） by Woolf. One of the remarkable features of their writings was their continuous experimentation on new and sophisticated techniques in novel writing， which made tremendous impacts on the creation of both realistic and modernist novels in this century. James Joyce is the most outstanding stream-of-consciousness novelist； in Ulysses， his encyclopedia-like masterpiece， Joyce presents a fantastic picture of the disjointed， illogical， illusory， and mental- emotional life of Leopold Bloom， who becomes the symbol of everyman in the post-World-War-ⅠEurope. In the works of E. M. Forster and D. H. Lawrence， old traditions are still there， but their subject matter about human relationships and their symbolic or psychological presentations of the novel are entirely modern. Forster's masterpiece， A Passage to India （1924）， is a novel of decidedly symbolist aspirations， in which the author set up， within a realistic story， a fable of moral significance that implies a highly mystical， symbolic view of life， death， human relationship， and the relationship of man with the infinite universe. D. H. Lawrence is regarded as revolutionary as Joyce in novel writing； but unlike Joyce， he was not concerned with technical innovations； his interest lay in the tracing of the psychological development of his characters and in his energetic criticism of the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist industrialization on human nature. He believed that life impulse was the primacy of man's instinct， and that any conscious repression of such an impulse would cause distortion or perversion of the individual's personality. In his best novels like The Rainbow （1915） and Women in Love （1920）， Lawrence made a bold psychological exploration of various human relationships， especially those between men and women， with a great frankness Lawrence claimed that the alienation of the human relationships and the perversion of human nature in the modern society were caused by the desires for power and money， by the shams and frauds of middle-class life， and， above all， by the whole capitalist mechanical civilization， which turned men into inhuman machines. After the Second World War， modernism had another upsurge with the rise of existentialism which was reflected mainly in drama. 3. The development of 20th century English drama： The most celebrated dramatists in the last decade of the 19th century were Oscar Wilde and George Bernard Shaw， who， in a sense， pioneered the modern drama， though they did not make so many innovations in techniques and forms as modernist poets or novelists. Wilde expressed a satirical and bitter attitude towards the upper-class people by revealing their corruption， their snobbery， and their hypocrisy in his plays， especially in his masterpiece， The Importance-of Being Earnest （1895）。 Shaw is is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare whose works are examples of the plays inspired by social criticism. John Galsworthy carried on this tradition of social criticism in his plays. By dramatizing social and ethical problems， Galsworthy made considerable achievements in his plays such as The Silver Box （1906） and Strife （1910）， in which Galsworthy presents not only realistic pictures of social injustice， but also the workers' heroic struggles against their employers. W. B. Yeats， a prominent poet of the 20th century， was the leader of the Irish National Theater Movement. He was a verse playwright who desired to restore lyrical drama to popularity. With the heroic portrayal of spiritual truth as his main concern， Yeats wrote a number of verse plays， introducing Irish myths and folk legends； but the plot in his plays was seldom very dramatic. The 1930s witnessed a revival of poetic drama in England. One of the early experimenters was T. S. Eliot who regarded drama as the best medium of poetry. Eliot wrote several verse plays and made a considerable success. Murder in the Cathedral （1935）， with its purely dramatic power， remains the most popular of his verse plays， in spite of its primarily religious purpose. After Eliot， Christopher Fry gained considerable successes in poetic drama. His exuberant though poetically commonplace verse drama. The Lady's Not For Burning （1948）， attracted delighted audience. The English dramatic revolution， which came in the 1950s under various European and American influences， developed in two directions： the working-class drama and the Theater of Absurd. The working-class drama was started by a group of young writers from the lower-middle class， or working class， who presented a new type of plays which expressed a mood of restlessness， anger and frustration， a spirit of rebelliousness， and a strong emotional protest against the existing social institutions. John Osborne's play， Look Back in Anger （1956）， in a fresh， unadorned working-class language， angrily， violently and unrelentingly condemned the contemporary social evils. With an entirely new sense of reality， Osborne brought vitality to the English theater and became known as the first "Angry Young Man." The most original playwright of the Theater of Absurd is Samuel Beckett， who wrote about human beings living a meaningless life in an alien， decaying world. His first play Waiting for Godot （1955） is regarded as the most famous and influential play of the Theater of Absurd.
下篇：美国文学 第一章美国浪漫主义时期 一、美国浪漫主义时期概述 Ⅰ。本章学习目的和要求 通过本章学习，了解19世纪初期至中叶美国文学产生的历史、文化背景；认识该时期文学创作的基本待征、基本主张，及其对同时代和后期美国文学的影响；了解该时期主要作家的文学创作生涯、创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题思想、人物刻画、语言风格等；同时结合注释，读懂所选作品并了解其思想内容和艺术特色，培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。 Ⅱ。本章重点及难点： 1.浪漫主义时期美国文学的特点 2.主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义。 3.分析讨论选读作品 Ⅲ。本章考核知识点和考核要求： 1.美国浪漫主义时期概述 （1）“识记”内容：美国浪漫主义文学产生的社会历史及文化背景 （2）“领会”内容： 美国浪漫主义在文学上的表现 a.欧洲浪漫主义文学的影响 b.美国本土文学的崛起及其待证 （3）“应用”内容：清教主义、超验主义、象征主义、自由诗等名词的解释 2.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家 A.华盛顿。欧文 1.一般识记：欧文的生平及创作主涯 2.识记：《纽约外史》《见闻札记》 3.领会：欧文的创作领域、创作思想，及其作品的艺术风格 4.应用：选读《瑞普。凡。温可尔》的主题及其艺术特色 B.拉尔夫.华尔多.爱默生 1.一般识记：爱默生的生平及创作生涯 2.识记：爱默生的超验主义思想 3.领会： （1）爱默生的散文：《论自然》《论自助》《论美国学者》等 （2）爱默生与梭罗：梭罗的超验主义思想和他的《沃尔登》 4. 应用：《论自然》节选：爱默生的基本哲 学思想及自然观 C.纳撒尼尔。霍桑 1.一般识记：霍桑的生平及创作主涯 2.识记：霍桑的长短篇小说 3.领会： （1）《红字》的主题、心理描写、象征手法和、小说结构 （2）霍桑的清教主义思想及加尔文教条中的“原罪”对霍桑的影响（人性本恶的观点） （3）霍桑对浪漫主义小说的贡献 4.应用：选读《小伙子布朗》的主题结构、象征手法及语言特色 D.华尔特。惠特曼 1.一般识记：惠特曼的生平及其创作生涯 2.识记：惠特曼的民主思想 3.领会： （1）惠特曼的《草叶集》的主创意图、思想感情及诗体形式、语言风格 （2）惠特曼的个人主义 4.应用：选读《草叶集》诗选：“一个孩子的成长”、“涉水的骑兵”、“自己之歌”的主题结构、诗歌的艺术特色、语言风格 E.赫尔曼。麦尔维尔 1.一般识记：麦尔维尔的生平及创作生涯 2.识记：麦尔维尔的早期作品：《玛地》《雷得本》《白外衣》，后期作品《皮埃尔》《骗子的化装表演》《比利伯德》等 3.领会：《白鲸》的 （1）主题：表层及深层意义 （2）小说结构：浪漫主义和现实主义的统一 （3）象征手法和寓言的运用 （4）语言特色 4.应用：选读《白鲸》最后一章的节选：主题思想、人物刻画、象征手法、语言特色 Chapter l The Romantic Period （一）“识记”内容： 1.The origin of Romantic American literature The Romantic Period， one of the most important periods in thehistory of American literature， stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass. 2.The American Renaissance or New England Renaissance is a period of the great flowering of American literature， from the i830s roughly until the end of the American Civil War. It came of age as an expression of a national spirit. One of the most important influences in the period was that of the Transcendentalists， including Ralph Waldo Emerson， Henry David Thoreau. The Transcendentalists contributed to the founding of a new national culture based on native elements. Apart from the Transcendentalists， there emerged during this period great imaginative writers ——Nathaniel Hawthorne， Herman Melville， and Walt Whitman——whose novels and poetry left a permanent imprint on American literature. 3.Its social historical and cultural background The development of the American society nurtured "the literature of a great nation." America was flourishing into a politically， economically and culturally independent country. Historically， it was the time of westward expansion in America economically， the whole nation was experiencing an industrial transformation. Politically， democracy and equa1ity became the ideal of the new nation， and the two-party system came into being. Worthy of mention is the literary and cultural life of the country. With the founding of the American Independent Government， the nation felt an urge to have its own literary expression， to make known its new experience that other nations did not have： the early Puritan settlement， the confrontation with the Indians， the frontiersmen''''''''s life， and the wild west. Besides， the nation’s literary milieu was ready for the Romantic movement as we11. Thus， with a strong sense of optimism， a spectacular outburst of romantic feeling was brought about in the first ha1f of the 19th century. 4.Major writers of this period There emerged a great host of men of letters during this period， among whom the better-known are poets such as Philip Freneau， William Cullen Bryant， Henry Wordsworth Long Fellow， James Russel Lowell， John Greenleaf Whitter， Edgar Ellen Poe， and， especially， Walt Whitman， whose Leaves Of Grass established him as the most popular American poet of the 19th century. The fiction of the American Romantic period is an original and diverse body of work. It ranges from the comic fables of Washington Irving to the The Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe， from the frontier adventures of James Fenimore Cooper to the narrative quests of Herman Melville， from the psycho1ogical romances of Nathaniel Hawthorne to the social realism of Rebecca Harding Davis. （二）领会内容 1.The impact of European Romanticism on American Romanticism Foreign literary masters， especially the English counterparts exerted a stimulating impact on the writers of the new world. Born of one common cultural heritage， the American writers shared some common features with the English Romanticists. They revolted against the literary forms and ideas of the period of classicism by developing some relatively new forms of fiction or poetry. （1） They put emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature， which included a liking for the picturesque， the exotic， the sensuous， the sensational， and the supernatural. （2） The Americans also placed an increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions and disp1ayed an increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters. Heroes and heroines exhibited extremes of sensitivity and excitement. （3） The strong tendency to exalt the individual and the common man was almost a national religion in America. Writers like Freneau， Bryant， and Cooper showed a great interest in external nature in their respective works. （4） The literary use of the more colorfu1 aspects of the past was also to be found in Irving’s effort to exploit the legends of the Hudson River region， and in Cooper’s long series of historical tales. （5） In short， American Romanticism is， in a certain way， derivative. 2.The unique characteristics of American Romanticism Although greatly influenced by their English counterparts， the American romantic writers revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands. For examp1e，（1） the American national experience of "pioneering into the west" proved to be a rich source of material for American writers to draw upon. They celebrated America''''''''s landscape with its virgin forests， meadows， groves， endless prairies， streams， and vast oceans. The wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that symbolized moral 1aw. （2）The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. Such a desire is particularly evident in Cooper’s Leather Stocking Tales， in Thoreau''''''''s Walden and， later， in Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. （3） With the growth of American national consciousness， American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency. （4） Then the American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values and American Romanticism. One of the manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts. （5） Besides， a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne， Melville and a host of lesser writers. （三）应用内容 1. The American Puritanism and its great influence over American moral values， as is shown in American romantic writings. （1） American Puritanism Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. （The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church， who came into existence in the reigns Queen Elizabeth and King James Ⅰ。The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them Puritans. They came to America out of various reasons， but it should be remembered that they were a group of serious， religious people， advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints， Puritans wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices. They felt that the Church of England was too close to the Church of Rome in doctrine form of worship， and organization of authority.） The American Puritans， like their brothers back in England， were idealists， believing that the church should be restored to complete "purity". They accepted the doctrine of predestination， original sin and total depravity， and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. But in the grim struggle for survival that followed immediately after their arrival in America， they became more and more practical， as indeed they had to be. Puritans were noted for a spirit of moral and religious earnestness that determinated their whole way of life. Puritans'''''''' lives were extremely disciplined and hard. They drove out of their settlements all those opinions that seemed dangerous to them， and history has criticized their actions. Yet in the persecution of what they considered error， the Puritans were no worse than many other movements in history. As a culture heritage， Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind and American values. American Puritanism also had a conspicuously noticeable and an enduring influence on American literature. It had become， to some extent， so much a state of mind， so much a part of the national cultural atmosphere， rather than a set of tenets. （2） One of the manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts. Besides， a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne， Melville and a host of lesser writers. 2. New England Transcendentalism New England Transcendentalism is the mot clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period. It was started in the area around Concord， Mass. by a group of intellectual and the literary men of the United States such as Emerson， Henry David Thoreau who were members of an informal club， i. e. the Transcendental Club in New England in the l830s. The transcendentalists reacted against the cold， rigid rationalism of Unitarianism in Boston. They adhered to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation ， the innate goodness of man， and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths. The writings of the transcendentalists prepared the ground of their contemporaries such as Walt Whitman， Herman Melville， and Nathaniel Hawthorne. The main issues involved in the debate were generally philosophical， concerning nature， man and the universe. Basically， Transcendentalism has been defined philosophical1y as "the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively， or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses." Emerson once proclaimed in a speech， "Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind." Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism inc1ude the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and， therefore， self-re1iant. 3. American Romanticists differed in their understanding of human nature. To the transcendentalists such as Emerson and Thoreau， man is divine in nature and therefore forever perfectible； but to Hawthorne and Melville， everybody is potentially a sinner， and great moral courage is therefore indispensab1e for the improvement of human nature， as is shown in Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter.