美学自考必考知识点如下：
1、审美趣味：个人在审美活动和审美评价中所体现出来个人爱好和倾向，它是主体社会显现，具有强烈社会。
2、美感：主体在具体活动中与审美对象同时建立起来呈现出审美主体存在方式和存在状态，它体现出主体直观到超越利、伦理、认识人生境界，体验出人和世界意义而表现出来幸福感、自由感和愉悦感。
3、美学的学科性质：美学是一门关于审美现象的综合性的人文学科。美学研究的核心方法是哲学方法。
4、美学发展的三个阶段
（1）审美意识，审美意识是人类在生存实践中萌发出来的有某种不明晰审美追求的意识。
（2）特性：具体感性的审美活动体现出来，缺乏明确而系统的理论表述，不成熟，不自觉。
（3）分类：分为初级审美意识和高级审美意识。
5、美学是研究美和美的规律这样一门学科；代表人物：柏拉图，代表作品：《大希庇阿斯篇》美学在古希腊没成为一门学科，但开始研究美本身、美的本质。
6、美学研究的方法多种多样，从学科性质来看，美学核心方法应当是哲学方法。
7、审美需要的特征
（1）生命需要：是人所独有的一种生命需要，它植根于人的生命活动本身的独特性质。
（2）高级的精神追求：审美需要属于人的一种高级的精神追求，而不仅仅是感官欲求的享受。
8、审美理想的概念：是主体心目中关于完善的美的观念。所谓审美理想就是主体通过想象在头脑中构造出来的理想形态的美。审美理想在主体的审美心理结构中必然处于最高的位置。
9、审美理想与人生理想的内在关联：审美理想反映着一定时代的民族性、时代性和阶级性，它与社会理想联系在一起。审美理想不仅仅是审美活动本身的产物，而是主体全部人生实践的结晶。
10、审美趣味的两重性：存在着个体性与社会性、特殊性与普遍性的矛盾。
美学的产生和发展美学的研究对象美学的研究方法古典美学概论及探索研究历史美的模式和本质审美关系美感论没得形态论艺术美论美育论美学未来中国的美学发端以及发展
美学自考知识重点：
1、审美趣味：个人在审美活动和审美评价中所体现出来的个人的爱好和倾向，它是主体社会性的显现，具有强烈的社会性。
2、美感：主体在具体活动中与审美对象同时建立起来的呈现出的审美主体的存在方式和存在状态，它体现出主体直观到超越功利、伦理、认识的人生境界，体验出人和世界的意义而表现出来的幸福感、自由感和愉悦感。 3、审美意识：审美主体在具体的活动中被具有独特性质的个体深深吸引，而情不自禁的对之进行领悟、体会、咀嚼，进而陶醉其中，心灵受到摇荡和震撼的一种独特的精神状态。
4、寓教于乐：古罗马贺拉斯提出，将美育看作娱乐和道德教育的统一，要求文艺要具有艺术魅力，以感动给人以教益。
5、审美直观： 直观是审美经验的一种重要特征，它是指不需要概念推理能够直接把握对象的审美特征，直观分为感性直观和本质直观，前者是指通过主体感觉器官不把握对象的感性特征，后者是指通过直觉把握对象的本质特征。
6、美感欣赏活动：指主体对美的现象进行感受体验、观照鉴赏和评价，提出艺术教育和审美教育通过感性的途径完善人性
7、费希纳：倡导“自上而下”研究美学的方法，实验学家命运悲剧。
自考美学知识重点的整理与归纳1荣格的原型理论抛弃了弗洛伊德的泛性主义，将个体无意识转化为集体无意识。原型是人类早期生存环境中产生的一种集体无意识，通过遗传机制被人类群体遗传。2艺术美是艺术中的审美现象。艺术本质上是一种审美活动，是审美活动中最高级、最典型的形式。艺术美是人类创造和提炼的结果，高于自然，是人类精神和人的本质力量的感性表现和确认。3美学是—1门关于审美现象的综合性人文学科。4审美意识——是指人类在生活实践中萌生并具有某种模糊的审美追求的意识。5审美思维是指基于审美意识对审美现象的本质、特征和规律的理性认识。6美学学科是以审美意识和审美思维为基础，以审美现象为一门特殊学科，独立、系统地看待审美现象的理论体系。7审美关系是指从属于人与世界的本体关系,是人与世界的一种特殊的精神关系，是人类通过感性形式对世界建构的一种自由的情感体验关系。8美是指通过审美活动所建构的能够激发主体美感的审美对象及其所呈现的存在方式和状态。它是人与世界和谐统一、 有限无限的自由生活境界的吝观化和感性表现。9美感是指审美主体在审美活动中与审美客体同时建构的存在方式和状态。它体现在对实践功利、伦理与认知之外的自由生命状态的主观感知，以及体验人与世界存在意义所产生的自由、幸福与愉悦感。10审美形式是指对美的不同形式，即审美对象的分类和描述。它是审美活动中产生的自由生命境界的对象化、感性表现和具体存在状态。11审美需要是指人作为一种生活的、自觉的社会存在,在客观活动中渴望实现和肯定自己，并根.据自己的人生理想自由、完整地发展自己的精神需要。它是人类本质力量的新丰富和新表现。12审美理想是主体心灵中完美美的概念，是主体通过想象在心灵中建构的理想形态美。13审美趣味是审美活动和审美评价中所表现出来的主观爱好和倾向。能力或鉴赏力是审美趣味的内在方面，兴趣和趣味则是审美趣味的外在表现。14审美活动没有功利性,也就是说，审美活动不是针对某-特定的有限目的，相反，它也必须以摆脱直接的功利目的为前提。美活动指向的是一种整体的、 根本的功利主义，即促进人走向一种完全的自由存在状态。15自律是指审美活动本身就是一个完美的世界， 它不是一种手段,而是目的本身。16审美体验是主体在特定的审美活动中,被具有某种独特性质的客体所吸引，不由得去理解、欣赏咀嚼，从而陶醉于其中，使灵魂受到震撼和震撼的一种独特的精神状态。17系统地提出了席勒博弈论。在他看来，游戏不仅是审美活动的基本特征，而且是人从动物状态.向人性的主要标志。它是在摆脱了物质欲望的桎梏和道德必然性的强迫之后的一种真正的自由活动。它突出的特点是它只关心事物的纯粹外表，也就是说，它只对事物的形象无所事事,供地面观看和玩耍，他基本上是一种想象的游戏，因此，所谓的游戏也是一种审美活动。18审美意识是指人的审美需要与外在吝体之间审美价值关系的心理反映形式。它主要包括人的审美欲望、渼趣味、美观念和审美理想。19审美形式是指以复杂的生活方式和自由的生活境界为核心，以以们对不同形式进行逻辑分类的感性表现形式，如审美趣味、审美风格等。20审美活动的二重性主要是指民族性与世界性的统一。自考/成人高考有疑问、不知道如何选择主考院校及专业、不清楚自考/成考当地政策，点击底部咨询官网老师，免费领取复习资料：
今天教务老师给大家收集整理了美学自考重点和教材分析，自考美学考试重点的相关问题解答，还有免费的自考历年真题及自考复习重点资料下载哦，以下是全国我们为自考生们整理的一些回答，希望对你考试有帮助！美学原理期末考试重点是什么?美学原理期末考试重点：1、最早使用“美学”这个术语作为一门科学名称的是被称为“美学之父”的德国理性主义者鲍姆嘉通，于此同时还发表了，即美学。2、日本的中江肇民用汉字“美学”来翻译Aesthetics，为汉语界所接受。3、审美理想包括：个体化的审美理想和群体化的审美理想。4、古希腊时期，柏拉图提出“美在理念”，他的《大希庇阿斯篇》是西方最早的一篇系统地论美的著作，他是在欧洲美学史上最早对美的文体作深入的哲学思考的人。5、康德的美学是建立在先验论的基础上，其美学著作有《判断力批判》，《纯粹理性批判》求真《实践理性批判》求善。6、黑格尔以哥特式建筑艺术为例，在《美学》里面具体说明了美是一种精神的外化，即美是“理念的感性显现”。7、自然美是自然事物的美，自然美在于自然事物本身，是自然事物本身固有的属性。8、《日出印象》直接描绘景物，一反过去宗教神话等主题内容和阵阵相因的灰褐色调，代表画家有莫奈，毕沙罗，西斯莱，雷诺阿。9、毕达哥拉斯定理—百牛定理，美在和谐。10、狄德罗提出“美是关系”，其中包括实在美和相对美。自考本科中,美学有什么具体内容百度文库有这么一片美学的笔记，自己去看看就知道要学一些什么。美学笔记(自考本科)?url=QFIAhWZsTKO_c1bRt7CyIMh9uFmAtCtD5Se2NhwBkZQ6_Q8ECWib1WANi604SXHH0yHwJYaypoadm6YF6RPL_8AsRN54Kffywg8BG4C_gCW自考/成考有疑问、不知道自考/成考考点内容、不清楚当地自考/成考政策，点击底部咨询官网老师，免费领取复习资料：
下篇：美国文学 第一章美国浪漫主义时期 一、美国浪漫主义时期概述 Ⅰ。本章学习目的和要求 通过本章学习，了解19世纪初期至中叶美国文学产生的历史、文化背景；认识该时期文学创作的基本待征、基本主张，及其对同时代和后期美国文学的影响；了解该时期主要作家的文学创作生涯、创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题思想、人物刻画、语言风格等；同时结合注释，读懂所选作品并了解其思想内容和艺术特色，培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。 Ⅱ。本章重点及难点： 1.浪漫主义时期美国文学的特点 2.主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义。 3.分析讨论选读作品 Ⅲ。本章考核知识点和考核要求： 1.美国浪漫主义时期概述 （1）“识记”内容：美国浪漫主义文学产生的社会历史及文化背景 （2）“领会”内容： 美国浪漫主义在文学上的表现 a.欧洲浪漫主义文学的影响 b.美国本土文学的崛起及其待证 （3）“应用”内容：清教主义、超验主义、象征主义、自由诗等名词的解释 2.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家 A.华盛顿。欧文 1.一般识记：欧文的生平及创作主涯 2.识记：《纽约外史》《见闻札记》 3.领会：欧文的创作领域、创作思想，及其作品的艺术风格 4.应用：选读《瑞普。凡。温可尔》的主题及其艺术特色 B.拉尔夫.华尔多.爱默生 1.一般识记：爱默生的生平及创作生涯 2.识记：爱默生的超验主义思想 3.领会： （1）爱默生的散文：《论自然》《论自助》《论美国学者》等 （2）爱默生与梭罗：梭罗的超验主义思想和他的《沃尔登》 4. 应用：《论自然》节选：爱默生的基本哲 学思想及自然观 C.纳撒尼尔。霍桑 1.一般识记：霍桑的生平及创作主涯 2.识记：霍桑的长短篇小说 3.领会： （1）《红字》的主题、心理描写、象征手法和、小说结构 （2）霍桑的清教主义思想及加尔文教条中的“原罪”对霍桑的影响（人性本恶的观点） （3）霍桑对浪漫主义小说的贡献 4.应用：选读《小伙子布朗》的主题结构、象征手法及语言特色 D.华尔特。惠特曼 1.一般识记：惠特曼的生平及其创作生涯 2.识记：惠特曼的民主思想 3.领会： （1）惠特曼的《草叶集》的主创意图、思想感情及诗体形式、语言风格 （2）惠特曼的个人主义 4.应用：选读《草叶集》诗选：“一个孩子的成长”、“涉水的骑兵”、“自己之歌”的主题结构、诗歌的艺术特色、语言风格 E.赫尔曼。麦尔维尔 1.一般识记：麦尔维尔的生平及创作生涯 2.识记：麦尔维尔的早期作品：《玛地》《雷得本》《白外衣》，后期作品《皮埃尔》《骗子的化装表演》《比利伯德》等 3.领会：《白鲸》的 （1）主题：表层及深层意义 （2）小说结构：浪漫主义和现实主义的统一 （3）象征手法和寓言的运用 （4）语言特色 4.应用：选读《白鲸》最后一章的节选：主题思想、人物刻画、象征手法、语言特色 Chapter l The Romantic Period （一）“识记”内容： 1.The origin of Romantic American literature The Romantic Period， one of the most important periods in thehistory of American literature， stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass. 2.The American Renaissance or New England Renaissance is a period of the great flowering of American literature， from the i830s roughly until the end of the American Civil War. It came of age as an expression of a national spirit. One of the most important influences in the period was that of the Transcendentalists， including Ralph Waldo Emerson， Henry David Thoreau. The Transcendentalists contributed to the founding of a new national culture based on native elements. Apart from the Transcendentalists， there emerged during this period great imaginative writers ——Nathaniel Hawthorne， Herman Melville， and Walt Whitman——whose novels and poetry left a permanent imprint on American literature. 3.Its social historical and cultural background The development of the American society nurtured "the literature of a great nation." America was flourishing into a politically， economically and culturally independent country. Historically， it was the time of westward expansion in America economically， the whole nation was experiencing an industrial transformation. Politically， democracy and equa1ity became the ideal of the new nation， and the two-party system came into being. Worthy of mention is the literary and cultural life of the country. With the founding of the American Independent Government， the nation felt an urge to have its own literary expression， to make known its new experience that other nations did not have： the early Puritan settlement， the confrontation with the Indians， the frontiersmen''''''''s life， and the wild west. Besides， the nation’s literary milieu was ready for the Romantic movement as we11. Thus， with a strong sense of optimism， a spectacular outburst of romantic feeling was brought about in the first ha1f of the 19th century. 4.Major writers of this period There emerged a great host of men of letters during this period， among whom the better-known are poets such as Philip Freneau， William Cullen Bryant， Henry Wordsworth Long Fellow， James Russel Lowell， John Greenleaf Whitter， Edgar Ellen Poe， and， especially， Walt Whitman， whose Leaves Of Grass established him as the most popular American poet of the 19th century. The fiction of the American Romantic period is an original and diverse body of work. It ranges from the comic fables of Washington Irving to the The Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe， from the frontier adventures of James Fenimore Cooper to the narrative quests of Herman Melville， from the psycho1ogical romances of Nathaniel Hawthorne to the social realism of Rebecca Harding Davis. （二）领会内容 1.The impact of European Romanticism on American Romanticism Foreign literary masters， especially the English counterparts exerted a stimulating impact on the writers of the new world. Born of one common cultural heritage， the American writers shared some common features with the English Romanticists. They revolted against the literary forms and ideas of the period of classicism by developing some relatively new forms of fiction or poetry. （1） They put emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature， which included a liking for the picturesque， the exotic， the sensuous， the sensational， and the supernatural. （2） The Americans also placed an increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions and disp1ayed an increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters. Heroes and heroines exhibited extremes of sensitivity and excitement. （3） The strong tendency to exalt the individual and the common man was almost a national religion in America. Writers like Freneau， Bryant， and Cooper showed a great interest in external nature in their respective works. （4） The literary use of the more colorfu1 aspects of the past was also to be found in Irving’s effort to exploit the legends of the Hudson River region， and in Cooper’s long series of historical tales. （5） In short， American Romanticism is， in a certain way， derivative. 2.The unique characteristics of American Romanticism Although greatly influenced by their English counterparts， the American romantic writers revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands. For examp1e，（1） the American national experience of "pioneering into the west" proved to be a rich source of material for American writers to draw upon. They celebrated America''''''''s landscape with its virgin forests， meadows， groves， endless prairies， streams， and vast oceans. The wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that symbolized moral 1aw. （2）The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. Such a desire is particularly evident in Cooper’s Leather Stocking Tales， in Thoreau''''''''s Walden and， later， in Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. （3） With the growth of American national consciousness， American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency. （4） Then the American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values and American Romanticism. One of the manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts. （5） Besides， a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne， Melville and a host of lesser writers. （三）应用内容 1. The American Puritanism and its great influence over American moral values， as is shown in American romantic writings. （1） American Puritanism Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. （The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church， who came into existence in the reigns Queen Elizabeth and King James Ⅰ。The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them Puritans. They came to America out of various reasons， but it should be remembered that they were a group of serious， religious people， advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints， Puritans wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices. They felt that the Church of England was too close to the Church of Rome in doctrine form of worship， and organization of authority.） The American Puritans， like their brothers back in England， were idealists， believing that the church should be restored to complete "purity". They accepted the doctrine of predestination， original sin and total depravity， and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. But in the grim struggle for survival that followed immediately after their arrival in America， they became more and more practical， as indeed they had to be. Puritans were noted for a spirit of moral and religious earnestness that determinated their whole way of life. Puritans'''''''' lives were extremely disciplined and hard. They drove out of their settlements all those opinions that seemed dangerous to them， and history has criticized their actions. Yet in the persecution of what they considered error， the Puritans were no worse than many other movements in history. As a culture heritage， Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind and American values. American Puritanism also had a conspicuously noticeable and an enduring influence on American literature. It had become， to some extent， so much a state of mind， so much a part of the national cultural atmosphere， rather than a set of tenets. （2） One of the manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts. Besides， a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne， Melville and a host of lesser writers. 2. New England Transcendentalism New England Transcendentalism is the mot clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period. It was started in the area around Concord， Mass. by a group of intellectual and the literary men of the United States such as Emerson， Henry David Thoreau who were members of an informal club， i. e. the Transcendental Club in New England in the l830s. The transcendentalists reacted against the cold， rigid rationalism of Unitarianism in Boston. They adhered to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation ， the innate goodness of man， and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths. The writings of the transcendentalists prepared the ground of their contemporaries such as Walt Whitman， Herman Melville， and Nathaniel Hawthorne. The main issues involved in the debate were generally philosophical， concerning nature， man and the universe. Basically， Transcendentalism has been defined philosophical1y as "the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively， or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses." Emerson once proclaimed in a speech， "Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind." Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism inc1ude the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and， therefore， self-re1iant. 3. American Romanticists differed in their understanding of human nature. To the transcendentalists such as Emerson and Thoreau， man is divine in nature and therefore forever perfectible； but to Hawthorne and Melville， everybody is potentially a sinner， and great moral courage is therefore indispensab1e for the improvement of human nature， as is shown in Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter.
Chapter II The Neoclassical Period 一。新古典主义时期概述 1. 识记：（1）新古典主义时期的界定 （2）政治经济背景 （3）启蒙运动的意义与影响 2. 领会：（1）启蒙运动的主张与文学的特点 （2）新古典主义时期文学的艺术特点 3. 应用：启蒙运动，新古典主义，英雄双行诗，英国现实主义小说等名词的解释 1. 识记Definitions of literary terms 1） The Enlightenment Movement The 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France & swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th & 16th centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical & artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality， equality & science. They called for a reference to order， reason & rules & advocated universal education. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden， Alexander pope & so on. 2） Neoclassicism In the field of literature， the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. According to the neoclassicists， all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek & Roman writers （Homer， Virgil， & so on）& those of the contemporary French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order， logic， restrained emotion & accuracy， & that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. This belief led them to seek proportion， unity， harmony & grace in literary expressions， in an effort to delight， instruct & correct human beings， primarily as social animals. Thus， a polite， urbane， witty， & intellectual art developed. 3） The heroic couplet It means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry， which rhyme & are written with five beats each…… 4） the Realistic Novel The mid-century was， however， predominated by a newly rising literary form， the modern English novel， which， contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats， gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. This-the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century - is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution & a symbol of the growing importance & strength of the English of the growing importance & strength of the English middle class， Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe ，Samuel Richardson， Henry Fielding， Laurence Sterne， Tobias Creorge Smollott， & Oliver Goldsmith. 2. 领会Characteristics of Neoclassical Literature According to the neoclassicists， all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek & Roman writers （Homer， Virgil， Horace， Ovid， etc，）& those of the contemporary French ones. Neoclassicists had some fixed laws &rules for almost every genre of literature， prose should be precise， direct， smooth & flexible. Poetry should be lyrical， epical， didactic， satiric or dramatic， & each class should be guided by its own principles. Drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets （iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines）； the three unities of time， space & action should be strictly observed； regularity in construction should be adhered to & type characters rather than individuals should be represented. 二。该时期的重要作家 1，一般识记：重要作家的创作生涯 2，识记：重要作品及主要内容 3，领会：重要作家的创作思想，艺术特色其代表作的主题结构，人物刻画，语言风格，艺术特色，社会意义等。 4，应用：（1）《天路历程》中“名利场”的寓义。 （2）蒲伯的文学（诗歌）批评观及其诗歌特色。 （3）《格列佛游记》的社会讽刺。 （4）菲尔丁的“散文体史诗”。 （5）格雷诗歌的主题与意象。 I. John Bunyan 1. 一般识记His life English author & preacher， born in Elstow， England， probably Nov.28， 1628，and died in London， England， Aug， 31， 1688. 2. 识记His major works John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress （1678） is the outstanding 17th-century English religious literature. For more than 200 years this book was second in popularity only to the Bible. Bunyan did not attempt to portray the political confusion & social upheaval of 17th-century England. His concern was rather the study of man’s spiritual life. Bunyan chiefly wrote four prose works - Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners （1666）， The Life & Death of Mr. Badman （1680）， The Holy War （1682） & The Pilgrim’s Progress， part II （1684）。 3. 领会Characteristics of his works Bunyan’s style was modeled after that of the English Bible. With his concrete &living language & carefully observed & vividly presented details， he made it possible for the reader of the least education to share the pleasure of reading his novel & to relive the experience of his characters. 4. 应用Selected Reading "The Vanity Fair"， an excerpt from Part I of The Pilgrim’s Progress. （1） Theme： The Pilgrim’s Progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. Its purpose is to urge people to comply with Christian doctrines & seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weakness & all kinds of social evils. It is not only about something spiritual but also beats much relevance to the time. Its predominant metaphor-life as a journey-is simple & familiar. （2） "Vanity Fair" is the most famous part of The Pilgrim’s Progress. It tells how Christian & his friend Faithful come to Vanity Fair on their way to heaven，" a fair where in should be sold all sorts of vanity & that it should last all the year long： therefore at this fair all such merchandise sold， as houses， lands， trades， places， honors， preferments， titles， countries， kingdoms， lusts， pleasures & delights of all sorts as harlots， wives， husbands， children， masters， servants， lives， blood， bodies， souls， silver， gold， pearls， precious stones & what not." As they refuse to buy anything but truth， they are beaten & put in a cage & then taken out & led in chains up & down the fair. They are sentenced to death-to be put to the most cruel death that can be invented." Vanity Fair" is a satirical picture of English society， law & religion in Bunyan’s day.
如果时间允许建议你自己把内容先做个笔记整理一下，如果来不及的话，还是多做题来加深印象吧，那种辅导练习，或者是历年考题，都可以的，多做题自然就知道什么是重点了，祝你好运！
下篇：美国文学 第一章美国浪漫主义时期 一、美国浪漫主义时期概述 Ⅰ。本章学习目的和要求 通过本章学习，了解19世纪初期至中叶美国文学产生的历史、文化背景；认识该时期文学创作的基本待征、基本主张，及其对同时代和后期美国文学的影响；了解该时期主要作家的文学创作生涯、创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题思想、人物刻画、语言风格等；同时结合注释，读懂所选作品并了解其思想内容和艺术特色，培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。 Ⅱ。本章重点及难点： 1.浪漫主义时期美国文学的特点 2.主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义。 3.分析讨论选读作品 Ⅲ。本章考核知识点和考核要求： 1.美国浪漫主义时期概述 （1）“识记”内容：美国浪漫主义文学产生的社会历史及文化背景 （2）“领会”内容： 美国浪漫主义在文学上的表现 a.欧洲浪漫主义文学的影响 b.美国本土文学的崛起及其待证 （3）“应用”内容：清教主义、超验主义、象征主义、自由诗等名词的解释 2.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家 A.华盛顿。欧文 1.一般识记：欧文的生平及创作主涯 2.识记：《纽约外史》《见闻札记》 3.领会：欧文的创作领域、创作思想，及其作品的艺术风格 4.应用：选读《瑞普。凡。温可尔》的主题及其艺术特色 B.拉尔夫.华尔多.爱默生 1.一般识记：爱默生的生平及创作生涯 2.识记：爱默生的超验主义思想 3.领会： （1）爱默生的散文：《论自然》《论自助》《论美国学者》等 （2）爱默生与梭罗：梭罗的超验主义思想和他的《沃尔登》 4. 应用：《论自然》节选：爱默生的基本哲 学思想及自然观 C.纳撒尼尔。霍桑 1.一般识记：霍桑的生平及创作主涯 2.识记：霍桑的长短篇小说 3.领会： （1）《红字》的主题、心理描写、象征手法和、小说结构 （2）霍桑的清教主义思想及加尔文教条中的“原罪”对霍桑的影响（人性本恶的观点） （3）霍桑对浪漫主义小说的贡献 4.应用：选读《小伙子布朗》的主题结构、象征手法及语言特色 D.华尔特。惠特曼 1.一般识记：惠特曼的生平及其创作生涯 2.识记：惠特曼的民主思想 3.领会： （1）惠特曼的《草叶集》的主创意图、思想感情及诗体形式、语言风格 （2）惠特曼的个人主义 4.应用：选读《草叶集》诗选：“一个孩子的成长”、“涉水的骑兵”、“自己之歌”的主题结构、诗歌的艺术特色、语言风格 E.赫尔曼。麦尔维尔 1.一般识记：麦尔维尔的生平及创作生涯 2.识记：麦尔维尔的早期作品：《玛地》《雷得本》《白外衣》，后期作品《皮埃尔》《骗子的化装表演》《比利伯德》等 3.领会：《白鲸》的 （1）主题：表层及深层意义 （2）小说结构：浪漫主义和现实主义的统一 （3）象征手法和寓言的运用 （4）语言特色 4.应用：选读《白鲸》最后一章的节选：主题思想、人物刻画、象征手法、语言特色 Chapter l The Romantic Period （一）“识记”内容： 1.The origin of Romantic American literature The Romantic Period， one of the most important periods in thehistory of American literature， stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass. 2.The American Renaissance or New England Renaissance is a period of the great flowering of American literature， from the i830s roughly until the end of the American Civil War. It came of age as an expression of a national spirit. One of the most important influences in the period was that of the Transcendentalists， including Ralph Waldo Emerson， Henry David Thoreau. The Transcendentalists contributed to the founding of a new national culture based on native elements. Apart from the Transcendentalists， there emerged during this period great imaginative writers ——Nathaniel Hawthorne， Herman Melville， and Walt Whitman——whose novels and poetry left a permanent imprint on American literature. 3.Its social historical and cultural background The development of the American society nurtured "the literature of a great nation." America was flourishing into a politically， economically and culturally independent country. Historically， it was the time of westward expansion in America economically， the whole nation was experiencing an industrial transformation. Politically， democracy and equa1ity became the ideal of the new nation， and the two-party system came into being. Worthy of mention is the literary and cultural life of the country. With the founding of the American Independent Government， the nation felt an urge to have its own literary expression， to make known its new experience that other nations did not have： the early Puritan settlement， the confrontation with the Indians， the frontiersmen''''''''s life， and the wild west. Besides， the nation’s literary milieu was ready for the Romantic movement as we11. Thus， with a strong sense of optimism， a spectacular outburst of romantic feeling was brought about in the first ha1f of the 19th century. 4.Major writers of this period There emerged a great host of men of letters during this period， among whom the better-known are poets such as Philip Freneau， William Cullen Bryant， Henry Wordsworth Long Fellow， James Russel Lowell， John Greenleaf Whitter， Edgar Ellen Poe， and， especially， Walt Whitman， whose Leaves Of Grass established him as the most popular American poet of the 19th century. The fiction of the American Romantic period is an original and diverse body of work. It ranges from the comic fables of Washington Irving to the The Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe， from the frontier adventures of James Fenimore Cooper to the narrative quests of Herman Melville， from the psycho1ogical romances of Nathaniel Hawthorne to the social realism of Rebecca Harding Davis. （二）领会内容 1.The impact of European Romanticism on American Romanticism Foreign literary masters， especially the English counterparts exerted a stimulating impact on the writers of the new world. Born of one common cultural heritage， the American writers shared some common features with the English Romanticists. They revolted against the literary forms and ideas of the period of classicism by developing some relatively new forms of fiction or poetry. （1） They put emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature， which included a liking for the picturesque， the exotic， the sensuous， the sensational， and the supernatural. （2） The Americans also placed an increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions and disp1ayed an increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters. Heroes and heroines exhibited extremes of sensitivity and excitement. （3） The strong tendency to exalt the individual and the common man was almost a national religion in America. Writers like Freneau， Bryant， and Cooper showed a great interest in external nature in their respective works. （4） The literary use of the more colorfu1 aspects of the past was also to be found in Irving’s effort to exploit the legends of the Hudson River region， and in Cooper’s long series of historical tales. （5） In short， American Romanticism is， in a certain way， derivative. 2.The unique characteristics of American Romanticism Although greatly influenced by their English counterparts， the American romantic writers revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands. For examp1e，（1） the American national experience of "pioneering into the west" proved to be a rich source of material for American writers to draw upon. They celebrated America''''''''s landscape with its virgin forests， meadows， groves， endless prairies， streams， and vast oceans. The wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that symbolized moral 1aw. （2）The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. Such a desire is particularly evident in Cooper’s Leather Stocking Tales， in Thoreau''''''''s Walden and， later， in Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. （3） With the growth of American national consciousness， American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency. （4） Then the American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values and American Romanticism. One of the manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts. （5） Besides， a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne， Melville and a host of lesser writers. （三）应用内容 1. The American Puritanism and its great influence over American moral values， as is shown in American romantic writings. （1） American Puritanism Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. （The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church， who came into existence in the reigns Queen Elizabeth and King James Ⅰ。The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them Puritans. They came to America out of various reasons， but it should be remembered that they were a group of serious， religious people， advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints， Puritans wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices. They felt that the Church of England was too close to the Church of Rome in doctrine form of worship， and organization of authority.） The American Puritans， like their brothers back in England， were idealists， believing that the church should be restored to complete "purity". They accepted the doctrine of predestination， original sin and total depravity， and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. But in the grim struggle for survival that followed immediately after their arrival in America， they became more and more practical， as indeed they had to be. Puritans were noted for a spirit of moral and religious earnestness that determinated their whole way of life. Puritans'''''''' lives were extremely disciplined and hard. They drove out of their settlements all those opinions that seemed dangerous to them， and history has criticized their actions. Yet in the persecution of what they considered error， the Puritans were no worse than many other movements in history. As a culture heritage， Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind and American values. American Puritanism also had a conspicuously noticeable and an enduring influence on American literature. It had become， to some extent， so much a state of mind， so much a part of the national cultural atmosphere， rather than a set of tenets. （2） One of the manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts. Besides， a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne， Melville and a host of lesser writers. 2. New England Transcendentalism New England Transcendentalism is the mot clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period. It was started in the area around Concord， Mass. by a group of intellectual and the literary men of the United States such as Emerson， Henry David Thoreau who were members of an informal club， i. e. the Transcendental Club in New England in the l830s. The transcendentalists reacted against the cold， rigid rationalism of Unitarianism in Boston. They adhered to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation ， the innate goodness of man， and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths. The writings of the transcendentalists prepared the ground of their contemporaries such as Walt Whitman， Herman Melville， and Nathaniel Hawthorne. The main issues involved in the debate were generally philosophical， concerning nature， man and the universe. Basically， Transcendentalism has been defined philosophical1y as "the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively， or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses." Emerson once proclaimed in a speech， "Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind." Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism inc1ude the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and， therefore， self-re1iant. 3. American Romanticists differed in their understanding of human nature. To the transcendentalists such as Emerson and Thoreau， man is divine in nature and therefore forever perfectible； but to Hawthorne and Melville， everybody is potentially a sinner， and great moral courage is therefore indispensab1e for the improvement of human nature， as is shown in Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter.
新大纲规定的英语专业自考英美文学重点要记的作家有:William Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亚1564-1616 John Milton约翰.弥尔顿1608-1674 Daniel Defoe丹尼尔.笛弗1660-1731 Jonathan Swift乔纳森.斯威夫特1667-1745 Henry Fielding亨利.菲尔丁1707-1754 William Blake威廉.布莱克1757-1827 William Wordsworth威廉.华兹华斯1770-1850 Percy Bysshe Shelley铂.比.雪莱1792-1822 Jane Austen简.奥斯汀1775-1817 Charles Dickens查尔斯.狄更斯1812-1870The Brontë Sisters Charlotte Brontë (1816-1855), Emily Brontë (1818-1848), Anne Brontë (1820-2849) 布郎帝姐妹 Thomas Hardy托马斯.哈代137240324481840-1928 George Bernard Shaw萧伯纳1856-1950 T. S. Eliot T.S.艾略特1888-1965 D. H. Lawrence戴维.赫伯特.劳伦斯1885-1930 Nathaniel Hawthorne纳萨尼尔.霍桑1804-1864 Walt Whitman华尔特.惠特曼1819-1892 Herman Melville赫尔曼.麦尔维尔1819-1891 Mark Twain马克.吐温1835-1910 Henry James亨利.詹姆斯1843-1916 Emily Dickinson艾米莉.狄金森1830-1886 Theodore Dreiser西奥多.德莱塞1871-1945 Robert Lee Frost罗伯特.弗罗斯特1874-1963 F. Scott Fitzgerald弗.斯科特.菲茨杰拉德1896-1940 Ernest Hemingway厄内斯特.海明威1899-1961 William Faulkner威廉.福克纳1897-1962祝你考试成功!
（一） 管理与管理学1. 识记：（1）管理的概念：（P5）管理是指组织为了达到个人无法实现的目标，通过各项职能活动，合理分配、协调相关资源的过程。（2）管理的基本职能：（P6）计划、组织、领导、控制、创新。2. 领会：（1）管理学的研究对象：（蔡P5）管理学的一般规律。（2）管理二重性：（蔡P15）与生产力相联系的自然属性和与生产关系相关联的社会属性。（3）管理既是一门科学，又是一种艺术：（蔡P3）科学性：A、管理是有一定的规律可以遵循的；B、管理要以科学的管理理论和方法为指导。艺术性：在管理实践中，必须灵活运用管理理论和方法，经验和技巧都很重要。统一性：在管理中，科学性与艺术性相辅相成。（4） 管理者的角色：（P7）A、人际角色： a代表人 b 领导者 c联络者；B、信息角色： a监督人 b传播者 c发言人；C、决策角色： a企业家 b冲突管理者 c资源分配者 d谈判者（5） 管理者的技能：（P8）a 技术技能 b人际技能 c概念技能（二）、管理理论的形成与发展1. 识记：（1） 霍桑试（实）验：（P18）是指梅奥作为一位心理学家和管理学家，他领导了1924——1932年在芝加哥西方电器公司霍桑工厂进行的试验。包括四个阶段：第一阶段，工作场所照明试验；第二阶段，继电器装配室试验；第三阶段，大规模访谈；第四阶段，接线板接线工作室试验。梅奥在总结霍桑试验成果的基础上写出了《工业文明中的人的问题》一书，并于1933年出版。梅奥开创了人际关系学说，并为后续的行为科学理论奠定了基础。人际关系学说的主要内容如下:1、工人是社会人，而不是经济人。2、企业中存在着“非正式组织”。 3、生产效率主要取决于工人的工作态度以及他和周围人的关系。（2） 学习型组织：（P22）是指具有持续不断学习、适应和变革能力的组织。彼得圣吉认为，判断一个组织是否是学习型的组织，具有以下四条基本标准：1、人们能不能不断检验自己的经验；2、人们有没有生产知识；3、大家能否分享组织中的知识；4、组织中的学习是否和组织的目标息息相关。（3） 核心资源：是指有价值的、稀缺的、不完全模仿和不完全替代的资源，它是企业持续竞争优势的源泉。（4） 核心能力：是组织内的集体知识和集体学习，尤其是协调不同生产技术和整合多种多样技术流的能力。2. 领会（1）泰罗科学管理理论要点：（P13）a、工作定额 b、标准化 c、能力与工作相适应 d、差别计件工资制 e、计划职能与执行职能相分离（2）亨利·法约尔一般管理（组织管理）理论要点：（P15）五项职能：计划、组织、指挥、协调、控制。 六种基本活动：技术活动、商业活动、财务活动、安全活动、会计活动、管理活动。14条原则：1:分工2:权力与责任3:纪律4:统一指挥 5:统一领导6:个人利益服从集体利益7:报酬合理8:集权与分权9:等级链与跳板10:秩序11:公平12:人员稳定13:首创精神 14:集体精神。（3）马克斯·韦伯行政组织管理理论要点：（P17）韦伯认为等级、权威和行政制是一切社会组织的基础。韦伯的理想行政组织体系具有8个特点。（4）人际关系学说要点：a、工人是社会人，而不是经济人。b、企业中存在着“非正式组织”。 c、生产效率主要取决于工人的工作态度以及他和周围人的关系。（5）现代管理理论主要学派（数量管理理论、系统管理理论、权变管理理论、全面质量管理理论、学习型组织理论、核心能力理论）的基本观点。a、管理科学学派（数量管理理论）（P20）以现代自然科学和技术科学的成果为手段，运用数学模型对管理领域中的人、财、物和信息资源进行系统的定量分析，并作出最优规划和决策的理论。b、系统理论（系统管理）学派（P21）是指运用系统理论中的范畴、原理，对组织中的管理活动和管理过程，特别是组织结构和模式进行分析的理论。组织是一个系统，是由相互联系、相互依存的要素构成的系统在一定的环境下生存，与环境进行物质、能量和信息的交换。c、权变理论学派（P21）强调在管理中要根据组织所处的内外部环境随机应变，针对不同的具体条件寻求响应的最合适的管理模式。d、学习型组织理论（P22）是指具有持续不断学习、适应和变革能力的组织。学习型组织的理论以彼得圣洁的五项修炼为基础。创建学习型组织的五方面修炼途径：自我超越；改善心智模式；建立共同愿景；团队学习；系统思考。学习型组织与传统型组织具有明显的不同，主要体现在6个方面。（P22）
书后面有考试大纲，那些要求领会，识记，应用的都是重点，但也不能说明其它的就不重要了，这些只是出到名词解释和问答分析题概率高点，其它的会出选择题。建议你去看下历年的自考试卷，肯定有好处，每次都有几道题目在以前的试卷上出现过的。希望对你有帮助！！
第一章 管理与管理学 管理：在社会活动中，一定的人或组织依据所拥有的权力，通过一系列的职能活动，对人力、物力、财力及其他资源进行协调或处理，以达到预期目标的活动过程。 管理的历史发展： 1、史前人类社会的管理：①习惯化的管理方式②原始民主的管理制度③简单的管理机构④人格化的管理权力⑤单一的公共事务管理 2、前资本主义国家的管理：①管理阶层兴起，管理成为政治统治的手段②管理内容趋于复杂，管理权力开始分化③管理制度产生，但在管理中的作用受到限制④管理思想提出，但经验管理仍占主导地位 3、资本主义社会的管理：①科学管理②分权管理③法制管理④经济管理成为管理的重点 4、现代管理：①系统化管理②民主化管理③科学化管理④法治化管理⑤以人为本⑥追求效率 公共管理和私人管理的划分： 1、管理宗旨：公共事务、公共利益；盈利、利润 2、管理主体：政府、非政府组织；个人、公司、企业 3、管理依据：公共权力、委托权力；私人权力、市场权威 4、管理对象：公共领域；私人领域 5、管理过程：政治气氛、政治安排；自主权、自治权 管理在社会发展中的作用： 1、管理是维系人类正常社会生活的条件 2、管理是社会资源有效配置手段 3、管理是社会生产力实现的基础 4、管理是社会生产力发展的保证，还能创造出新的生产力 管理学研究的对象： 1、生产力方面的问题 2、生产关系方面的问题 3、上层建筑方面的问题 管理学的学科特征： 1、管理学是一门理论性与应用性相统一的学科 2、管理学是一门定性与定量相统一的学科 3、管理学是一门软科学 4、管理学具有鲜明的时代特征 5、管理学是一门自然属性与社会属性相统一的学科 现代管理学的特征： 1、变革性 2、开放性 3、严密性 4、实用性 现代管理学的研究内容： 1、关于管理、管理学和现代管理学的基本问题 2、关于管理职能的基本问题 3、关于管理方法与技术的基本问题 学习现代管理学的基本途径： 1、以马克思主义辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义为指导是学习现代管理学的基本前提 2、一切从实际出发，充分认识我国的国情是学习现代管理学的出发点 3、分析和借鉴国外的有关理论是学习现代管理学的重要条件 4、掌握相关学科的基本知识是系统学习现代管理学的保证 学习现代管理学的方法： 1、比较研究法 2、定量分析法 3、历史研究法 4、案例研究法