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如何编写自学考试模拟题

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如何编写自学考试模拟题

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如何编写自学考试模拟题

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1、自考试卷命题水平自考试卷大多是参照普通全日制高校的水平层次来命题,为的就是考验考生是否达到同等知识水平。命题和考试大纲比较接近,考验的是学生的基本理论、分析问题和解决问题的能力。同时也和全日制的合格分数线相同,严格按照全日制考试来要求考生。2、自考的命题范围自考命题一般不会超过考试大纲和教材,为的就是让每道题考生都有能力答出来;只是看你的复习是否到位。3、自考试题类别自考试题分为主观性试题和客观性试题两种类型。客观性试题有选择题、填空题、判断题等。主要的考验考生知识的掌握;答案都是固定的;都是教材有的知识点。

自学考试模拟试题精编

【第一篇】

一、 名词解释

1.脂肪变性:细胞浆内甘油三脂(中性脂肪)的蓄积。

2.营养不良性钙化:继发与局部变性,坏死组织,或其他异物内的钙化。

3.包裹:坏死灶如较大、或坏死物质难干溶解吸收,或不完全机化,最初是由肉芽组织包裹,以后则为增生的纤维组织包裹。

4.萎缩:是指已经发育正常的实质细胞、组织或器官的体积缩小,可以伴发细胞数量的减少。

5.虎斑心:心肌脂肪变性,见于左心室内膜下心肌和乳头肌,呈黄色条纹与暗红色心肌相间,似虎皮斑纹。

二、 选择题

1 老年人产生萎缩的器官主要有 (B)

A 心、肾 B 脑、心 C 肝、肺 D 心、肺 E 肾、脑

2 细胞发生脂肪变性时,其脂滴的主要成分是 (D)

A 磷脂 B 胆固醇 C 脂褐素 D 中性脂肪 E 蛋白质

3 发生液化坏死基本条件 (D)

A 含较多的可凝固蛋白 B 组织凝血较严重

С 有****菌感染 D 产生蛋白酶较多 E 组织较松软

4 下列哪项不属于萎缩:(E)

A 老年男性的睾丸 B 晚期食管癌患者的心脏

C 脊髓灰质炎患儿的下肢肌肉 D 成年女性的子宫

E 心肌梗死后心室壁变薄

5 实质器官中最易发生脂肪变性的器官是

A 心脏 B 肝脏 C 脾脏 D 肺脏 E 肾脏

三、 是非判断题

1 心衰细胞中出现色素颗粒是脂褐素。(╳)

2 心肌脂肪性引起“虎斑心”时,最易出现变化的部位是左心室的内膜下和乳头肌。(√)

3 血管壁玻璃样变时,形成病变物质的主要成分是血浆蛋白。(╳)

4 胃粘膜上皮可发生肠上皮化生,但绝不可能发生鳞状上皮化生。(╳)

5 萎缩是适应性变化,去除原因后,都可恢复正常。(╳)

四、 简答题

1 试述“三性”坏疽的区别。

答:

干性 湿性 气性

病因 A阻塞、V通 A、V均阻塞 深且开口性损伤,有含气菌

部位 四肢多 肠、肺子宫等 深部肌肉

特点 干、分界清 界线不清 气泡成蜂窝状

临床 症状轻,预后好 毒血症明显预后差 毒血症差,预后差,截肢

2 试述脂肪变性的原因,发病机制、病理变化及结果?

答:1)形成原因:血管中逸出的cell被巨噬细胞摄入,经其溶酶体降解。在巨噬细胞质内,来自红细胞的血红蛋白的Fe3+与蛋白质结合形成铁蛋白微粒,若干铁蛋白微粒聚集成光镜下可见的含铁血黄素。

2)形态:HE染色呈棕黄色,较粗大,有折光的颗粒。

3)临床意义:①局部沉着过多,提广陈旧性出血,可继发纤维化。②全身性沉着,多系溶血性贫血,多次输血,肠内铁吸收过多。

【第二篇】

一、名词解释:

1 化生:由一种已分化组织转化为另一种相似性质的分化组织的过程。

2 机化:由新生肉芽组织取代坏死组织或其它异物过程,最终形成瘢痕组织。

3 溃疡:皮肤和粘膜的坏死组织崩解或液化后脱离原来的组织,可留下局部组织缺损,称为溃疡。

4 坏疽:是身体内直接或间接地与外界大气相通部位的较大范围坏死,并因有****菌生长而继发****。

5 凋亡:是活体内单个细胞或小团细胞的死亡,死亡细胞的质膜不破裂,不引发死亡细胞的自溶,也不引起急性炎症反应,有人也称之为程序性细胞死亡。

二、选择题:

1 下列器官肥大时不伴细胞增生是 (C)

A 乳腺 B 甲状腺 C 心脏 D 肝脏 E 肾脏

2 在萎缩肌细胞内可见 (B)

A 含铁血黄素 B 脂褐素 C 黑色素 D 胆色素 E 纤维素

3 下列哪项变性实质上为组织坏死 (C)

A 细胞水变性 B 玻璃样变性 C 纤维素样变性

D 粘液样变性 E 淀粉样变性

4 全身性营养不良时,最早发生萎缩的器官或组织是 (A)

A 脂肪组织 B 心肌 C 脑 D 骨骼肌 E 肝

5.下列病变,哪些可以出现机化过程 (ABCDE)

A 较大的血管内血栓 B 较大的血肿

C 心肌梗死 D 组织内死亡的寄生虫卵

E 纤维素性粘连

三、 是非判断题:

1 结节性动脉周围炎属于玻璃样变。 (╳)

2 虎斑心是由于心肌脂褐素沉着。 (╳)

3 急性肠扭转最可能引起湿性坏疽。 (√)

4 两端开放的通道样坏死性缺损称窦。 (╳)

5 细动脉壁的透明变性多为弥漫性的多器官受累。(√)

四、 简答题

1 试比较肥大和增生这两种不同的病理过程。

答:组织、细胞体积增大称为肥大。肥大可发生于任何器官。实质器官的肥大通常因实质细胞的体积增大所致,但肾、前列腺等的肥大则常因细胞数增多所致。组织、器官内组成的细胞数增多,称为增生。常发生于具有增殖分裂能力的细胞,如表皮组织、子宫内膜等。而不出现于心肌、骨骼肌。一般来说对机体适应反应积极意义,但有时也可能化为肿瘤。

2 组织坏死的结局有哪些?

答:1)溶解吸收 来自坏死组织本身和中性粒细胞的溶蛋白酶将坏死物质进一步分解液化,尔后由淋巴管或血管加以吸收,不能吸收的碎片由巨噬细胞吞噬消化。

2)分离排出 较大的坏死灶周围发生炎症反应,白细胞释放溶蛋白酶,溶解吸收加速,使坏死灶与健康组织分离。在皮肤,粘膜可形成溃疡,在肾、肺内脏可形成空洞。

3)机化 由新生的毛细血管和成纤维细胞组成的肉芽组织取代坏死组织,最终形成纤维瘢痕。

4)包裹钙化 坏死灶较大,或坏死物质难以溶解吸收,或不能完全机化,则由周围新生结缔组织加以包裹,其中的坏死物有时可发生钙化。

【第三篇】

一、 名词解释:

1 修复:指损伤造成机体部分细胞和组织丧失后,机体对所形成缺损进行修补恢复的过程,修复后可完全或部分恢复原组织的结构和功能。

2 肉芽组织:由旺盛增生的毛细血管、纤维结缔组织和各种炎性细胞组成,肉眼表现为鲜红色,颗粒状,柔软湿润,形成鲜嫩的肉芽,故名。见于损伤的纤维性修复。

3 瘢痕组织:即纤维化的肉芽组织。肉芽组织中纤维成分增多,纤维细胞越来越少,剩下少量转变为纤维细胞,毛细血管闭合消失,留下很少的小动脉和小静脉,这种主要由胶原纤维组成的,血管稀少的组织称为瘢痕组织,色灰白,质地较硬,缺乏弹性。

二、 选择题

1 关于创伤一期愈合正确的是: (B)

A 无感染故无炎症,仅有表皮再生、无肉芽组织生长

B 无感染、有轻度炎症,表面再生先于肉芽组织生长

C 无感染故无炎症,表皮再生先于肉芽组织生长

D 无感染有轻度炎症,肉芽组织填平伤口后表再生覆盖

E 无感染故无炎症,肉芽组织填平伤口后表皮再生覆盖

2 关于再生下列可能发生的是 (D)

A 一侧肾脏摘除后,另一侧肾脏体积增大 B 胃肠道粘膜缺损后由表层上皮增生修补

C 神经细胞通过脱髓鞘后再生 D 分化低的组织再生能力强

E 横纹肌损伤均不能再生

3 影响伤口愈合的局部因素不包括 (C)

A 严重感染 B 电离辐射 C 含硫氨基酸缺乏

D 局部血液循环不良 E 手术缝线

4 下列关于瘢痕形成的叙述正确的是 (ABE)

A 瘢痕中的胶原纤维最终与皮肤表面平行 B 与腹壁疝有关

C 脑液化性坏死通过纤维瘢痕修复 D 瘢痕的抗拉力强度可与正常皮肤相同

E 瘢痕的抗拉力强度主要由胶原纤维的量及其排列状态决定

三、 是非判断题:

1 毛细血管的再生过程是以出芽方式来完成的。 (√)

2 成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF)能引起纤维细胞、平滑机细胞和单核细胞的增生和游走。(╳)

3 细胞损伤后能否重新构建为正常结构依赖于细胞外基质。(√)

4 纤维性修复必须通过肉芽组织的增生才能完成。 (√)

【第四篇】

一、 名词解释:

1 修复:指损伤造成机体部分细胞和组织丧失后,机体对所形成缺损进行修补恢复的过程,修复后可完全或部分恢复原组织的结构和功能。

2 肉芽组织:由旺盛增生的毛细血管、纤维结缔组织和各种炎性细胞组成,肉眼表现为鲜红色,颗粒状,柔软湿润,形成鲜嫩的肉芽,故名。见于损伤的纤维性修复。

3 瘢痕组织:即纤维化的肉芽组织。肉芽组织中纤维成分增多,纤维细胞越来越少,剩下少量转变为纤维细胞,毛细血管闭合消失,留下很少的小动脉和小静脉,这种主要由胶原纤维组成的,血管稀少的组织称为瘢痕组织,色灰白,质地较硬,缺乏弹性。

二、 选择题

1 关于创伤一期愈合正确的是: (B)

A 无感染故无炎症,仅有表皮再生、无肉芽组织生长

B 无感染、有轻度炎症,表面再生先于肉芽组织生长

C 无感染故无炎症,表皮再生先于肉芽组织生长

D 无感染有轻度炎症,肉芽组织填平伤口后表再生覆盖

E 无感染故无炎症,肉芽组织填平伤口后表皮再生覆盖

2 关于再生下列可能发生的是 (D)

A 一侧肾脏摘除后,另一侧肾脏体积增大 B 胃肠道粘膜缺损后由表层上皮增生修补

C 神经细胞通过脱髓鞘后再生 D 分化低的组织再生能力强

E 横纹肌损伤均不能再生

3 影响伤口愈合的局部因素不包括 (C)

A 严重感染 B 电离辐射 C 含硫氨基酸缺乏

D 局部血液循环不良 E 手术缝线

4 下列关于瘢痕形成的叙述正确的是 (ABE)

A 瘢痕中的胶原纤维最终与皮肤表面平行 B 与腹壁疝有关

C 脑液化性坏死通过纤维瘢痕修复 D 瘢痕的抗拉力强度可与正常皮肤相同

E 瘢痕的抗拉力强度主要由胶原纤维的量及其排列状态决定

三、 是非判断题:

1 毛细血管的再生过程是以出芽方式来完成的。 (√)

2 成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF)能引起纤维细胞、平滑机细胞和单核细胞的增生和游走。(╳)

3 细胞损伤后能否重新构建为正常结构依赖于细胞外基质。(√)

4 纤维性修复必须通过肉芽组织的增生才能完成。 (√)

【第五篇】

一、名词解释

1 修复:损伤造成机体部分细胞和组织丧失后,机体对可形成的缺损进行修补恢复的过程。

2 再生:由损伤周围的同种细胞来修复。

3 瘢痕组织:肉芽组织经及建成熟形成的结缔组织。

二、选择题

1 细胞周期包括 (ABCDE)

A G1期 B G2期 C Gο期 D S期 E M期

2 细胞增殖周期包括 (ABDE)

A G1期 B G2期 C Gο期 D S期 E M期

3 组成细胞外基质的是 (ABC)

A 胶原蛋白 B 蛋白多糖 C 粘连糖蛋白 D 各种血细胞 E 膜磷脂

三、是非判断题

1 平滑肌细胞是永久性细胞。 (╳)

2 不论损伤程度,骨折后可完全修复。 (╳)

3 瘢痕修复必须经历肉芽组织阶段。 (√)

四、 简答题

1 比较一期愈合与二期愈合在创口修复及愈合的区别。

答:一期愈合:组织缺损少,创缘整齐,无感染经粘合或缝合后创面对合严密的伤口。修复①表面24~48小时内将伤口覆盖②第三天肉芽组织填满伤口 ③5-7天伤口两侧胶原纤维连接,达到愈合标准。愈后切口数月形成一条白线状。

二期愈合:组织缺损大,创缘不整,无法整齐对合,或伴有感染、修复,由于坏死组织多,或由于感染,继而引起组织变性,坏死只能等到感染组织被清除,再生才能开始;伤口大,收缩明显,以伤口底部及边缘长出多量肉芽组织将伤口填平。除以上外,如伤口面积过大,上皮不能增殖添补,必须殖皮。愈后:形成较大。

2 影响创伤愈合的因素

答:1)全身因素 ①年龄 ②营养

2)局部因素 ①感染与异物 ②局部血液循环 ③神经支配 ④电离辐射

【第六篇】

一、 名词解释:

1 心衰细胞:左心衰竭时出现在肺泡腔内的吞噬了含铁血黄素的巨 嗜细胞称之为心衰细胞。

2 槟榔肝:慢性肝淤血时,小叶中央区除淤血外,肝细胞因缺氧而萎缩、变性或消失,小叶外围肝细胞出现脂肪样变,这种相间的病变使得肝切面呈槟榔状花纹,故称之为槟榔肝。

3 混合血栓:一般位于延续性血栓的体部,由血小板小梁、纤维蛋白、白细胞和红细胞组成,呈褐色与灰白色条纹状,多发生于血流缓慢的静脉。

4 栓塞:血管内出现的异常物质,随血流至远处阻塞血管,这种现象成为栓塞。

二、选择题:

1 脂肪栓塞患者的一般死亡原因是 (C)

A 动脉系统栓塞 B 脂肪分解产物引起中毒

C 肺水肿和心功能栓 D 肾小动脉栓塞 E 脑小动脉栓塞

2 下列哪种情况不易形成静脉血栓: (B)

A 充血性心力衰竭 B 急性黄色肝萎缩

C 白细胞增多症 D 外科手术后的病人 E 肺癌晚期患者

3 下列哪些器官不发生出血性梗死 (CD)

A 肾 B 心 C 肺 D 小肠 E 小脑

4 出血可见于 (ABCDE)

A 败血症 B 维生素C缺乏 C 再生障碍性贫血

D 原发性血小板减少性紫瘢 E 血友病

三、是非判断题

1 脾静脉血栓脱落可引起肺动脉栓塞。 (╳)

2 减压病是由于空气中的二氧化碳所形成的气泡栓塞引起的。(╳)

3 引起贫血性梗死的原因是动、静脉同时受阻。 (╳)

4 致肺出血性梗死的原因主要是肺动脉栓塞。 (╳)

四、简答题:

1 比较梗死两种类型的病理变化。

答:(1)贫血性梗死:

1)肉眼:①外观呈锥体形,灰白色 ②切面呈扇形 ③边界清楚 ④尖端朝向器官中心,底部靠近器官表面梗死周边可见充血,出血带。

2)镜下:①梗死区为凝固性环死(脑为液化性坏死)②梗死边缘有明显的充血和出血③梗死边缘有多少不等的中性粒细胞浸润等。

(2)出血性梗死:

1)肉眼:①梗死区呈暗红色或紫褐色 ②有出血 ③失去光泽,质地脆弱 ④边界较清 ⑤肺的出血性梗死的底部靠近肺膜,尖部指向肺门的锥病灶。

2)镜下:①梗死区为凝固性环死 ②梗死边缘有明显的充血和出血 ③梗死边缘有多少不等的中性粒细胞浸润等。

2 简答淤血的原因、病变、结局。

答:(1)原因:①静脉受压 ②静脉阻塞 ③心力衰竭

(2)病变:1)肉眼①淤血组织器官体积增大②呈暗红色③皮肤淤血时发绀,温度下降。2)镜下①毛细血管、小静脉扩张,充血②有时伴水肿③实质细胞变性

(3)结局:①淤血时间短可以恢复正常 ②淤血时间长则组织或器官,缺氧,代谢产物堆积至淤血性水肿,体积增大,淤血性硬化。

3 简述血栓形成.栓塞.梗死三者相互关系

答:(1)1)血栓形成: ①活体的心脏或血管腔内②血液成分凝固③形成固体质块的过程

2)栓塞: ①循环血流中②异常物质随血液滚动③阻塞血管腔的过程;

3)梗死: ①动脉阻塞 ②侧支循环不能代偿③局部组织缺血性坏死

(2)三者相互关系:血栓形成→血栓→栓塞→梗死(无足够侧支循环时发生)

【第七篇】

一、名词解释:

1 透明血栓:当机体发生DIC时,在全身微循环小血管内产生的一种由纤维蛋白组成的,只能在镜下见到的微血栓.

2 淤血:器官或组织由于静脉回流受阻,血液淤积于毛细血管和小静脉内发生的充血,称为静脉性充血,又称淤血。

3 梗死:器官或组织的血液供应减少或中断称为缺血,由血管阻塞引起的局部组织缺血性坏死,称为梗死。

二、选择题:

1 延续性血栓的形成顺序为 (A)

A 白色血栓,混合血栓,红色血栓

B 混合血栓,红色血栓,白色血栓

C 红色血栓,白色血栓,混合血栓

D 混合血栓.白色血栓.红色血栓

E 红色血栓.混合血栓.白色血栓

2 脑梗死可发生于 (ABDE)

A 二尖瓣狭窄全并血栓形成 B 严重的动脉粥样硬化

C 右心室心肌梗死合并附壁血栓 D 主动脉瓣急性细菌性心内膜炎

E 房间隔缺损患者大腿深部静脉的血栓性静脉炎

3 门静脉高压时建立的主要侧支循环有 (ABC)

A 肠系膜下静脉→直肠静脉→髂内静脉→下腔静脉

B 脐静脉→脐周腹壁静脉→腹上静脉→乳内静脉→上腔静脉

C 胃冠状静脉→食管下静脉→奇静脉→上腔静脉

D 肠系膜上静脉→髂内静脉→下腔静脉

E 门静脉→脾静脉→奇静脉→上腔静脉

三、是非判断题:

1 大脑中动脉的血栓栓塞,其栓子可能来源于脉静脉。 (╳)

2 只需在肺的毛细血管或小动脉内见到角化上皮,胎毛.胎脂和胎粪等羊水成分就可诊断为羊水栓塞。 (√)

3 血栓形成是指活体的心血管内发生异物阻塞的过程。 (╳)

4 脾.肾.肠易发生贫血性梗死。 (╳)

四、简答题:

1 简述栓塞的类型及其产生的后果。

答:(1)栓塞的类型: ①血栓栓塞;②气体栓塞;③脂肪栓塞;④羊水栓塞;⑤其他如寄生虫及其虫卵栓塞,肿瘤细胞栓塞等。

(2)后果: ①肺动脉栓塞,可致肺出血梗死,甚至致急性呼吸衰竭,心力衰竭而死之;②脑动脉栓塞,可致脑梗死,呼吸和心血管中抠的梗死可引起患者死之;③肾动脉栓塞,可引起肾脏梗死;④脾动脉栓塞可引起脾脏梗死;⑤肠系膜动脉栓塞可致肠梗死,湿性坏疽形成;⑥肝动脉栓塞,可引起肝梗死等.

2 简述淤血的原因,病变及其结局。

答:(1)淤血的原因:①静脉受压;②静脉阻塞;③心力衰竭。

(2)病变:肉眼观:淤血组织,器官体积增大,呈暗红色,皮肤淤时发绀,温度下降;镜下观:①毛细血管,小静脉扩张充血②有时伴水肿;③实质细胞变性。

(3)结局:①淤血时间短可以恢复正常;②淤血时间长则组织或器官缺氧,代谢产物堆积致淤血性水肿,体积增大,淤血性硬化。

【第一篇】

一.名词解释:

1.资本——生产出来的生产要素,可以划分为物质资本、人力资本、自然资源、技术知识。

2.工业化——工业化是一个过程,其基本特征是:“第一,来自制造业活动和第二产业的国民收入份额一般上升 第二,从事制造业和第二产业的劳动人口一般也表现为上升的趋势”。

3.就业不足——一个劳动者实际工作的时间少于他愿意并能够工作的时间。

4.工业化度——工业制造净产值,占国内生产总值的比重。

5.霍夫曼系数——消费资料工业的净产值与资本资料工业的净产值之比。

6.城市化——城市化是三个社会过程的有机统一,即由于生产力的发展和社会生产方式的变化而引起现代产业向城市的聚集过程,以及由此决定的人中集中过程和城市生活方式不断扩大过程相统一的社会进程。

7.发展经济学——是第二次世界大战后形成的一门新兴的综合性,应用性很强的经济学科。它通过对各种发展理论和战略,经济体制的可行性对策进行比较的方法研究不发达条件下经济发展的过程和规律。

8.经济增长:所谓经济增长是指社会财富的增长、生产的增长或产出的增长。

经济发展:指不发达经济摆脱贫穷、落后,实现现代化的过程,是伴随经济结构、政治体制、文化法律,甚至观念、习俗的变革的经济增长。

9 托达罗模式的基本内容:按照托达罗模式,人口流动基本上是一种经济现象,是一种合乎理性的经济行为。他们所关心的与其说是城乡现实的收入差异,不如说是城乡预期的收入差异。影响他们预期的是两个因素:城乡实际工资的差异估计有多大,在城市求得工作机会的可能性估计有多大。

二.概念

1.农业对经济发展的贡献包括:产品贡献 市场贡献 要素贡献 外汇贡献

2.技术进步是指一定量的投入得到更多的产出。

3.发展中国家中未经改造的农业是传统农业,传统农业是落后的,生产力极低下的农业,它的最基本的特征是技术滞后。

4.人力资本形成的三大途径:教育 培训 医疗保健

5.失业是指没有工作而正在寻找工作的人。

6.早期经济发展思想代表人物:亚当-斯密 大卫-李嘉图 斯图亚特-穆勒

7.经济发展问题的四种基本思路:结构主义 新古典主义 新古典政治经济学 激进主义

8.促进资本形成的主要代表:罗森斯坦的“大推进“理论

9.形成资本的来源:国内储蓄 国外资金 国内储蓄包括:民间的自愿储蓄 政府储蓄 国内民间储蓄包括:家庭储蓄 企业

10.人口增长过快不是发展中国家贫困落后的主要原因,但是它是发展中国家经济发展的重大障碍。 收入水平的提高会使养育子女的直接成本和机会成本都提高。

【第二篇】

二、填空题

1. 被定义为每小时劳动的产出。

2. 把投入水平与产出水平联系起来。

3.一个国家的道路、桥梁、下水道系统和铁路构成它的 。

4.经济学家把人的教育和技能称为 。

5.每一工人资本的增加叫做 。

6.为某一特定目的(比如说大学学费)而储蓄,叫做 。

7.根据 ,资本的连续增加导致每一工人产出较少增加。

8.家庭为预防紧急事件或疾病的储蓄称为 。

9.经济学家们利用 来发现技术进步的程度。

10. 的倡导者们寻求在提高生活水平的同时保护环境与自然资源的政策。

11.经济学家把世界上的那些穷困国家叫做 。

12.新近从贫穷状态进入中等收入的国家和地区,包括韩国和香港,被称为 。

13.新种子的开发、化肥和在20世纪60—70年代带来欠发达国家农业产出增长的农业实践被称为 。

14.在许多欠发达国家,存在着 ,它是指贫穷的农村部门和相对更先进的城市部门的区别。

15.一个国家的道路、港口、桥梁和法律制度构成了它的 。

16. 是一种政府借以鼓励出口、刺激经济增长的战略。

17. 是一种强调以国内产品替代进口品以发展自给自足经济的战略。

18.具有庞大数量之失业或就业不足人口的经济现象被称为 。

19. 是指用来获得政府优惠的活动,例如进口许可证或获得外汇。

20. 是最为重要的国际机构,它向欠发达国家提供借贷资金以帮助其经济发展。

三、判断题

1.生产率衡量每一单位资本货物的产出。

2.美国的生产率增长自20世纪80年代以来一直是缓慢的。

3.美国的生产率是发达国家中的。

4.收益递减规律认为技术进步必定带来未来更慢的增长。

5.资本深化是指每单位资本下工人数目的增加。

6.在20世纪80年代,美国对资本收入的税收上升了。

7.20世纪80年代美国储蓄率低的原因之一是,处于黄金储蓄阶段的人口群体数量下降。

8.一个国家的基础设施包括它的道路、桥梁、下水道系统和机场。

9.美国在基础设施方面的投资在近年已经获得了巨大的增长。

10.人力资本是指工人们在工作中使用的机器和设备。

11.美国教育制度的一大强项是它的初级学院和州立大学。

12.以把工人转换到生产率较高的出口部门的方式,可增加国际贸易,从而提高一国的生产率。

13.通过较高的生产率和经济增长,每个人都可以从每一次技术进步中获益。

14.全要素生产率分析是用于劳动力和资本的增加所达到的经济增长与技术进步所达到的增长之间的区别。

15.市场激励可确保诸如热带雨林和全球性的环境得到保护。

17.在过去的一个世纪中,工业化国家与欠发达国家之间的收入差距已经被缩小了。

18.在欠发达国家集中的第三世界中,一个成功的故事就是新兴工业化国家或地区的崛起,比如新加坡和台湾地区。

19.预期寿命的增加和婴儿死亡率的下降,已经造成许多欠发达国家人口的迅速增长。

20.在贫穷的国家中,农业起着更为突出的作用,经常占GNP的80%。

21.欠发达国家比美国的人均资本要少得多,因为他们的储蓄率很低。

22.欠发达国家中资本市场的缺位,阻止有限的资本供给找到能够发挥其生产率效应的用途。

23.土地改革是把农业土地让渡给那些在土地劳动的人们。

24.不平等能够以引向政治不稳定和外国投资之不利环境的形式来阻碍发展。

25.佃农耕种制向佃户们提供了努力劳动和保持土地之生产力的良好激励。

26.中央计划使得发展中国家在一个单一而相互关联的发展战略中协调所有相关活动。

27.一个国家基础设施的重要组成要素之一就是它的法律制度。

28.出口导向战略的困难是保护国内低效率的生产者免受外国企业的竞争。

29.进口替代的一个难题是一旦贸易壁垒被强制实施,就难以消除它们。

30.成功的东亚经济已经取得了很高的增长率,但是这已经导致了极端不平等的代价。

【第三篇】

三.简答:

1.工业化对发展中国家经济社会发展的意义

(1)可以帮助发展中国家谋求经济上的自立与发展; (2)它有助于发展中国家在国际贸易中摆脱“贸易条件” 恶化的环境;(3) 它有助于发展中国家摆脱资本不足对经济发展形成的制约;(4)它有助于改变发展中国家的二元经济结构,促进经济的协调发展; (5)它可以大幅提高全社会的劳动生产率,提供各种新兴的消费品,有助于发展中国家摆脱贫穷;

2.工业化发动的条件:(1)经济条件:包括物质资本、人力资本、科技进步、资源状况、市场规模 (2)非经济条件:包括企业家精神、社会条件、文化条件、政治体制

3.工业化与城市化的关系: 工业化与城市化的变动的关系,在工业化的不同阶段存在着较大差别。 在工业化初期,工业发展所形成的聚集效应使工业比重上升对城市化率上升具有直接和较大的带动作用,而当工业化接近和进入中期阶段之后,产业结构转变和消费结构升级的作用超过了聚集效应的作用,城市化的演进更多地表现为非农业产业就业比重上升的拉动。在这个阶段,非农业就业比重的上升明显快于生产比重的上升。当工业化演进到较高阶段之后,对城市化进程的主导作用逐步由工业转变为整个非农产业,就业结构的变化也越来越不同于产出结构的变化并起着更大的作用,这使服务行业的比重上升对城市化进程产生了更大的影响。

4.工业化的实质:是经济结构的转化,是农业份额的下降和非农业份额的上升。这里的份额既有产值份额也有就业份额。这种转化的结果是一个国家从农业国转变为工业国,即经济发展处于工业化时期时,产业的结构我的主体是工业部门。于此相对应,在经济发展的工业化前期,农业部门是产业结构的主体,而经济发展的工业化后期,服务部门是产业结构的主体。

5.发展中国家劳动力市场的特点:a.工资低b.劳动力增长迅速c.农业和其它初级产业的就业人口比重大d.劳动力市场的二元结构和多层次e.大量的劳动力利用不足(失业)

6.经济增长与经济发展的区别和联系:经济增长是一个数量概念,经济发展既是一个数量

概念,更是一个质量概念;经济增长是经济发展的动因和手段,经济发展是经济增长的结果和目的。没有经济增长,不可能有经济发展。经济增长是经济发展必要的、先决条件。特殊情况下会出现有经济发展而无经济增长的情况,但一定是个别的、短暂的,更多的是有经济增长而未必带来经济发展。

7.发展中国家的定义及其特征:发展中国家一般是指经济落后,社会文明程度低,正处于工业化和现代化发展进程中的国家。 特征:1、低生活水平2、低生产效率3、高人口增长率,高赡养负担4、严重的劳动力不得其用5、对农产品、初级产品高度依赖

8.经济发展的内涵:经济发展是指随着经济的增长而发生的社会经济多方面的变化。包括(1)投入结构的变化,即生产中投入要素比例的变化。(2)产出的变化,主要表现为产业结构的变化 (3)一般生活水平和分配状况的变化 (4)卫生健康状况的变化 (5)文化教育状况的变化(6)自然环境和生态的变化

四.论述题:

《一》复述三大经济增长模型的内容及评价:

(1) 哈罗德---多马模式

哈罗德—多马模式是一个说明经济增长所需条件的模型。用公式表示为:G=s/k 即增长率=储蓄率/资本-产出比例 由此可看出一个简单的道理:GNP的增长率是由国民储蓄率和国民资本-产出比例共同决定的。一定水平的GNP中储蓄率越高,GNP的增长率就越大。资本-产出比例越高则GNP的增长率就越低。储蓄越多,投资就越多,增长也就越快。

基本思想:资本的不断形成是经济长期稳定增长的的原因。

理论根据:不断的投资和资本形成增加,是保证经济稳定增长的源泉。

前提条件:1、储蓄全部自动转化为投资,投资根据固定比例的资本-产出率转化为增加的产出(GDP)2、这一增大了的GDP又能按照一定的比例储蓄起来用于投资,实现持续不断的增长过程。

假设条件包括四点:1、只生产一种产品2、生产要素只有资本、劳动 资本-产出比例不变 3、GNP只在资本家、劳动者之间分配4、分配到资本家手中的GDP一部分用于消费支出,剩余的用于储蓄。

意义:1、它强调了资本积累在经济增长中的决定作用,适用于分析发展中经济资本稀缺对经济发展的制约;2、该模型的出现标志着当代经济发展理论的产生。但是同时也存在缺陷包括:1、资本-产出比不变的假设不合理,因为它否定了生产要素的可替代性。2、过分依赖国家干预,忽视了市场调节作用。3、没有充分考虑技术进步对经济增长的重要作用4、增长道路是一个”狭窄的刀锋”:经济增长取决于储蓄。

(2) 新古典经济增长模式

模型:Y=f(k,L) 表示产出是资本和劳动投入的函数

由此说明了1、产出水平决定于资本和劳动投入量的大小。2、K、L的比例可以通过市场价格的调节而改变:当K >L时,L价格上涨,增加K的使用,资本-产出比增大, 选择资本密集型技术发展经济;当K < L时,K价格上涨,增加L的使用,资本-产出比下降,选择劳动密集型技术发展经济。

意义:1、k、L具有替代性,通过资本与劳动比变化影响资本—产出比,增加了经济增长的可调节性,克服了增长“分锋”问题 2、强调市场机制对经济增长的调节作用,当储蓄率既定,改变利润率(资本价格)和工资率(劳动的收入)、改变k、L投入量、调整二者比例、调整资本—产出比 3、首次强调技术进步的经济增长作用突破了“资本积累论” 它的缺陷包括:1、存在投资的“油泥---陶土模式”问题 2、现实中的技术进步不是独立因素:没有投资增加就不会有技术进步。

【第四篇】

四、选择题(Ⅰ)

1.生产率是:

A、来自边际工人的额外产出; B、产出除以工作小时;C、每小时劳动的产出;D、生产下一单位产出所需要的工人数量;E、产出除以总投入的数量。

2.美国生产率的增长速率,

A、在60年代后期和70年代加速增长;B、在整个20世纪几乎一直不变;

C、在70年代和80年代初期明显放慢;D、在整个20世纪一直稳步增长;

E、在80年代大幅度下降。

3.在整个商业周期中,生产率,

A、以大致相同的速率增长;

B、当经济进入衰退期时下降,但在经济开始复苏时上升得比产出快;

C、当经济进入衰退期时上升,但在经济复苏时下降;

D、在经济衰退时期增长更快,因为产出比就业下降的幅度小;

E、有可能以更快或更慢的速率增长,取决于货币政策与财政政策。

4.增长的原因包括:

A、资本货物的积聚; B、劳动力素质的提高;C、对资源更有效的配置; D、技术进步; E、上述所有答案。

5.资本深化是指:

A、每单位资本所增加的工人数目;B、每一工人工作资本的增加;

C、每一工人工作资本的减少;D、资本从生产率较低的部门向生产率较高的部门的重新配置;E、政府对于基础设施的投资。

6.根据收益递减规律,当经济积聚更多资本时,产出 增加。

A、以与资本增长相同的速率; B、以比资本增长更慢的速率;

C、以比资本增长更快的速率; D、只有在新工人进入劳动力市场时才;

E、只有在新的资本设备利用了新的更好的技术时才。

7.为退休而积聚的储蓄叫做:

A、生命周期储蓄; B、目标储蓄; C、预防性储蓄;D、遗赠储蓄; E、永久性收入储蓄。

8.为在紧急情况下使用而积聚的储蓄叫做:

A、生命周期储蓄; B、目标储蓄; C、预防性储蓄;D、遗赠储蓄; E、永久性收入储蓄。

9.根据生命周期理论,20世纪80年代美国储蓄率低的原因是:

A、退休人口数量减少了;B、处于黄金储蓄阶段(45-65岁)的人口数量增加了;C、处于黄金储蓄阶段(45-65岁)的人口数量减少了;D、人口整体增加了;E、处于黄金储蓄阶段(21-44岁)的人口数量减少了。

10.在20世纪80年代,美国税收变革,

A、以增加税后真实收益对储蓄比率的方式鼓励储蓄;

B、以减少税后真实收益对储蓄比率的方式鼓励储蓄;

C、以增加税后真实收益对储蓄比率的方式削弱储蓄;

D、以减少税后真实收益对储蓄比率的方式削弱储蓄;

E、对储蓄没有影响力。

11.当经济处于充分就业均衡水平时,下列何者不会增加投资?

A、削减财政赤字; B、将政府支出朝着基础设施投资方向移动;

C、对投资进行补贴; D、使用IRAs一类的税收政策;

E、上述各项均可增加投资。

12.生产函数显示 之间的关系。

A、投入水平与产出水平; B、技术与增长; C、生产率与真实工资;

D、学习与经验; E、生产率与产出。

13.在20世纪80年代,美国基础设施方面的投资,

A、是充足的,但商业投资水平低;B、是不充足的,但被商业投资的高水平所抵消;C、是不充足的,并且使得商业投资低水平的效果更加恶化;D、是很低的,因为税收变革使得它更加昂贵;E、是充足的,与商业投资水平相同。

14.人力资本是指:

A、个人所拥有的资本货物;B、旨在提高个人生产率的教育和技能;

C、生育力; D、每小时劳动的产出;E、工人们在工作中所使用的资本货物。

15.下列何者不是美国教育制度的长处?

A、缺少对低年级学生的早期追踪;B、初级学院与州立大学相对开放的制度;C、研究型大学;D、学生在选择科学与技术专业方面所占的高比例;E、上述各项均为长处。

16.取消电讯管制和扩展国际贸易将,

A、提高整体生产率,因为生产率高于这些部门的平均生产率;

B、提高整体生产率,因为生产率低于这些部门的平均生产率;

C、降低整体生产率,因为生产率高于这些部门的平均生产率;

D、降低整体生产率,因为生产率低于这些部门的平均生产率;

E、使整体生产率保持不变。

17.技术变革,

A、移动生产函数,使得同样数量的投入生产出更多的产出;B、移动生产函数,使得同样数量的投入生产出更多的产出,但除非使用额外的资本货物;C、移动生产函数,使得同样数量的投入生产出更多的产出,但除非雇佣额外的工人;D、提高资本的生产率,但不提高工人的生产率;E、提高生产率,但不移动生产函数。

18.把不能以劳动力和资本增加来解释的经济增长部分归于技术进步的方法叫做:

A、全要素生产率分析; B、部分生产率分析;C、资本深化; D、资本拓宽; E、可持续发展。

19.经济产出的增长等于:

A、它在生产率上的增长;B、它在劳动力和资本积聚方面增长的数目;

C、它在劳动小时和生产率上增长的数目;D、劳动的边际产量乘以劳动的小时数加上资本的边际产量乘资本存量;E、私人储蓄、政府储蓄和来自国外的资本净流入的数目。

20.可持续发展是指没有 的增长。

A、过剩的技术进步; B、过剩的人口增长;C、过剩的资本投资; D、过剩的自然资源占用; E、上述各项。

21.在政府掌握主动权并积极参与其中的经济发展区域,会有如下现象:

A、保持均衡增长; B、支持重工业发展;C、把必要资源由集中于农业转为集中于工业;D、提供社会基础资本;E、以上都不对,因为不存在总是需要政府干预的经济区域。

22.近几年来,许多欠发达国家的人口增长迅速,其主要原因是:

A、由于增强了营养,出生率急剧上升;B、在延长人的寿命方面取得很大成就,老年人的寿命平均延长了5至10年;C、婴儿死亡人数和疾病死亡人数显著减少;D、第二次世界大战以后,大量移民涌入这些国家;E、结婚年龄提前,导致出生率显著上升。

23.下面5句话中,有4句是说经济发展问题的,请问哪一句不是?

A、当发展中经济增加总产出时,预期“规模报酬递增”通常是合理的;

B、通常,单个企业不可能投资于社会基础资本,不管这些项目有多重要;

C、任何一个发展中经济要取得成功,企业家精神和创新是不可或缺的;

D、对发展中国家而言,保护进口替代工业未必是个明智的选择;

E、在绝大多数欠发达国家,过度储蓄都是一个值得注意的问题。

24.当一国发展经济并建立自己的工业体系时,下面哪一项可能发生?

A、它从其他发达工业国的进口越来越少;B、它的出口总额趋于上升;C、它从其他发达工业国的进口越来越多;D、它将更多地从欠发达国家进口商品;E、它的进口总额趋于上升。

25.“社会基础资本”是指:

A、在某一特定自然资源能够实现收益以前所投入的资金;B、以从国外筹集资金为特征的投资项目;C、被人们认为具有净生产率的投资项目;D、某些投资项目,与由私人企业筹措的项目不同,其投入资金是由国家筹集的;E、一种资本投资,其数额不会随国民产出的增加而变化。

26.可作为“社会基础资本”例子的是:

A、农业电气化项目; B、国家筹资组建的医院和学校;C、国内运输系统的完善; D、以上各项都是;E、A和B是,C不是。

27.经济增长的一个绝对前提是:

A、收入除满足消费外还有剩余,以促进经济发展;B、为制造业创造出大量剩余劳动力;C、发现并开拓一些内部经济;D、在文化上接受经济行为的自主经营原则;E、制造业发展到一定程度,开始排挤农业。

28.下面5句话中,有4句是说经济发展问题的,请问哪一句不是?

A、在一些欠发达国家,投资已达到相当大的规模,但它们都投向低利润的项目,有的甚至流向与经济发展的立足点不相符的项目;

B、只要经济发展了,社会基础资本就会自发发展到充足的水平;

C、从历看,在经济取得一些进步后,常常会随之进行政治改革;

D、我们知道,许多欠发达国家拥有大量未开发的自然资源,要是它们能同时拥有可以有效利用这些资源的资本,其发展将指日可待;

E、在贫穷的国家,尤其是农业国,常常有大量的劳工整天无所事事,因为他们根本无事可做。

29.欠发达国家的人均收入远低于发达国家,在过去的几十年里,这一差距呈现出怎样的趋势?

A、对实行“自由经营”的欠发达国家而言,这一差距缩小了,而对实行计划经济的国家来说,差距越来越大;B、这一趋势很难衡量,因为各个国家的文化传统、习惯爱好以及气候条件各不相同;C、这一差距明显缩小了,很显然这是外向型经济的产物;D、对那些把投资集中于社会基础资本的国家而言,这一差距缩小了;E、这一差距基本上保持稳定,或许在某些区域扩得更大了。

30.人力发展指数:

A、把社会指标和经济指标结合在一起,用来评价一国人力资源状况;

B、与人均产出有很强的负相关关系;C、受到了经济学家的批评;

D、 以上各项都对; E、以上各项都不对。

英语自学考试模拟试题精编

2017年的英语自学考试写作基础试题大家有做过吗?下面是我给大家整理的2017英语自学考试写作基础试题,供大家参阅!

I.重写句子(15 points, 1.5 points each)

Rewrite each of the following sentences according to the requirement in brackets.

Example: The history of English words is the history of our civilization in many ways. (periodic

sentence) 1. Queues will likely be long this summer at the airport. Families head abroad for their summer holidays. (complex sentence)

2. Although the rain clouds are gathering in the distance, they still insist on meeting in the park. (simple sentence)

3. No farmer would dare invest in anything new without being certain that the government officials stand behind it.(periodic sentence)

4. The loan model offers some unbelievably cheap loans and allows a short payback period. (compound sentence)

5.Because the hotel receptionist beat the thief severely, both the receptionist and the thief were arrested. (simple sentence)

6. Tighter restrictions on animal transports have forced farmers to consider transporting their herds by cargo plane instead of lorry as a way to comply with animal welfare requirements. (complex sentence)

7. The Great Wall is the world’s longest human-made structure, stretching over approximately 6,400 km from Shanhaiguan in the east to Jiayuguan in the west, along an arc roughly drawing the southern edge of Inner Mongolia. (compound-complex sentence)

8. By the Spring and Autumn Period, which began around the 8th century BC, the Chinese had learned the techniques of wall-building. (loose sentence)

9. Susan knows business management very well. She has got many years’ work experience in business administration. (compound sentence)

10. Oprah Winfrey’s own story is an inspiration. She overcame almost every obstacle that a person might face. (compound-complex sentence)

Ⅱ.修改病句 (15 points,3 points each)

Correct the errors in the following sentences.

Example: After seeing an offensive mouthwash ad on television. I resolved never to buy that

brand again.

11. A new blouse in a fashionable color can update an old outfit; in contrast, adding dramatic jewelry or an attractive scarf can make an old outfit seem new.

12. Judging by Meg’s party, her parents are irresponsible. First of all, there is no adult supervision, for example, wine and beer are served.

13. He said that they should make full use of the water power of the river. And that a small reservoir should be built.

14. My hometown is closer to Beijing than Shijiazhuang.

15. After correcting all the mistakes, the second draft of the paper was much better than the first. Ⅲ.辨认主题句 (15 points, 5 points each)

16. Choose the best topic sentence from the four options below. Write the corresponding letter of your choice on the Answer Sheet.

A. Some political parties have adopted animals to represent them.

B. Cars are given animal names to make consumers associate them with speed and grace.

C. Many professional sports teams, such as the Tigers and Rams, have chosen animal names to suggest power.

D. Many people in the world hold animals in such high regard that they use animals’ names for their organizations and products.

17. Read the following paragraph and write the topic sentence on the Answer Sheet.

We are on our way to becoming a cashless, checkless society, a trend that began with the credit card. Now some banks are offering “debit cards” instead of credit cards. The costs of purchases made with these cards are deducted from the holder’s bank account instead of being added to a monthly bill. And checking accounts, which are mainly used for paying bills, are going electronic. Now some people can make computer transactions over their pushbutton phones to pay bills by transferring money from their account to the account of whomever they owe. Soon we may be able to conduct most of our business without signing a check or actually seeing the money we earn and spend.

18. Read the following paragraph and choose the best topic sentence from the four options that follow. Write the corresponding letter of your choice on the Answer Sheet.

Cutting down on your responsibilities is one way to minimize stress in your life. You can also relax yourself by breathing deeply, rather than taking light, shallow breaths. Peaceful music is also soothing if you focus your attention on it and consciously disregard distracting thoughts. Another good way to release

tension is to exercise regularly, which, rather than tiring you out, builds energy and endurance.

A. Stress has several harmful effects, so you must minimize them.

B. There are several ways you can reduce stress in your life.

C. Cutting down on responsibilities lessens stress.

D. You can relax by breathing deeply.

Ⅳ.重新组合段落 (5 points, l point each)

19. Rearrange the following sentences so that they read logically. Write the corresponding letters in a proper sequence on the Answer Sheet. The positions of some sentences have been given.

A. After several conversations with salespeople, she then buys what she came into the store for in the first place, but all the while, my father has been reading a mystery in the car.

B. My father has grown to hate stores of all kinds.

C. My mother, on the other hand, has a somewhat more complicated approach.

D. As she does so, she draws up two mental lists-one of items that she can afford and the other of items she cannot.

E. His view is that one should go into a store, buy what one came for, and leave.

F. While she believes that one should enjoy oneself as much as possible while shopping, my father feels enjoyment and shopping are two different things.

G. She prefers to look carefully over every single item in the store.

Ⅴ. 划掉与段落内容无关的句子 (10 points, 5 points each)

20. Read the following paragraph and write the TWO irrelevant sentences on the Answer Sheet. Studies reveal that people’s first names can have influence on them. Clearly, Chinese names are quite different. Some names reflect on people in a positive way. For example, one survey showed that American men consider the name Susan to be sexy. And participants in a British study thought Tony to be the name of someone very friendly. However, other names can have a negative impact. In one study, for instance, teachers gave lower grades to essays supposedly written by boys named Hubert and Elmer than to the very same essays when they were credited to boys with more popular names. Another study found that girls with unpopular names did worse on IQ and achievement tests than girls with more appealing names. So IQ and achievement tests are important and necessary in studying names.

Ⅵ. 写信 (40 points)

21. Suppose you (Wang Lin) have finished your study, during which Professor Li helped you a lot both in your study and in your life. Write a letter to thank him. Tell him with examples that you have learned a lot from him in terms of knowledge and positive attitude towards difficulties. And

also tell him that with what you have learned from him, you have got a good job in a company or you have started your own business. (150-200 words)

I. Write an outline. (20 points)

Read the following passage carefully and compose a “sentence outline” for it.

Styles of Dress as Reflections of Social Conditions

Something that becomes very apparent when we study the topic of fashion is that clothes and style are related to so much more than merely an individual’s appearance. For thousands of years, fashion and style have been primary indicators about a person’s social status, sexuality, wealth, individuality, and overall personality attributes.

In the 20th century alone, each decade has been marked by distinctly different manners for dress for both men and women. Our Halloween tradition exemplifies this very clearly with “costumes” such as a 1920’s “flapper girl” and the 1960’s “hippie.” With deeper consideration, however, these differing fashion styles can be viewed as representative of the related social conditions occurring at the time.

As stated by Pasacoe, “The fashion of the 1920’s reflected the Jazz Age perfectly. It was made for fast automobiles and Charlestondance. For the first time in western fashion the knee was socially acceptable.” Although there are many theories regarding what causes fashion to change, the fact that social climate is reflected in styles of dress has a great deal of support. Perhaps the reason why so much change occurred in women’s dress in the early decades of the century is that so many changes occurred regarding women’s roles and fights within that same time frame.

Another decade in which fashion was strongly indicative of the underlying social conditions is the turbulent 1960’s. One of the most noted developments accredited to this decade is the introduction of the miniskirt. Many social historians relate the introduction of the miniskirt to the introduction of the birth control pill. Women became sexually liberated and the “free love” era began. These miniskirts came to symbolize the new liberation for women and the ssocial climate of the decade. As stated in Vogue at the end of the decade, “The length of your skirt is how you feel this moment.”

Towards the end of the 1960's, younger generations were rejecting the establishment and rejecting the idea of high fashion along with it. Students wore long hair, faded denim jeans, and flamboyant patterns. Many wore combat jackets and surplus shirts to anti-war rallies. As Hoeymaker stated, “By the end of the decade, cheap, flamboyant clothes became expensive designer labels. The hippie style became high fashion; in fact ‘anti-fashion’ became the biggest fashion of all.” In this case, clothes became a form of protest.

Overall, there are countless examples of how fashion is influenced by the social climate of the times. Over the past thousands of years, the socially “appropriate” styles of dress for men and women have varied tremendously. Regardless of what exactly constituted“stylish” fashion during any given time period, one thing that remains constant is that fashion has always been a significant aspect of one's life and the time in which they lived.

II. Supply the missing paragraph. (20 points)

The following passage is incomplete with one body paragraph missing. Study the passage carefully and write the missing paragraph in about 100 words. Make sure that your tone and diction are in unity with the passage provided.

Say No to Blind Optimism

“Is the glass half full or half empty?" This question is often asked to determine whether someone

is an optimist or a pessimist. In my view, even though we need to see the glass half full, we cannot deny the fact that the glass is also half empty. Having a healthy proportion of expectations makes us more realistic. Blind optimism, however, may foster delusions, result in frustrations and spoil relationships.

We all long for accomplishments, but sometimes we overstress the positive outcome of our effort and waste our time with glori ous plans that will never work. We indulge ourselves in delusions and impractical dreams. We fail to see that blind optimism only gives us false promises and clouds our sense of judgment. Ambition without clear directions cannot lead to a victorious experience. We need to understand that wishful thinking and delusions won’t work.

______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Balanced optimism helps us to develop healthy relationships whereas blind optimism destroys them. One of the reasons for short-lived friendships is that we tend to expect too much of our friends. However, they may not always live up to our expectations. This gives rise to disappointment and misunderstanding. Friendships or relationships consequently turn sour. Some relationships may be seriously affected, with all parties experiencing much pain. A more realistic outlook helps us to understand human limitations, show more consideration for others and prevent excess expectations. To sum up, blind optimism does more harm than good and should be discarded. Saying no to blind optimism means we can fly but we fly with the safest bet, with the parachute, so that we don’t drop hard. It proves our ability to accept weaknesses and strive for the best. It gives us second options in our lives and alleviates the pains and disappointments that life imposes on us. This holistic attitude, accepting both positive and negative sides, will make us stronger and more mature. After all, a lotus is a beautiful flower that blossoms out of the mud.

IlI. Compose an essay. (60 points)

Some people enjoy playing sports individually while others love to play in groups. Which do you prefer? Write a 300-word expository essay stating your reasons.

填 have,句意是如果我有钱投资,我将会去投资。完成if从句的主将从现的时态结构。

I.用适当语法形式或词汇填空。从A、B、C和D四个选项中选出一个最佳答案,写在 答题纸相应的位置上。(本大题共20小题,每小题1分,共20分) 1. I got to the airport only to find that the plane had left______. A. for ten minutes B. since ten minutes ago C. ten minutes D. ten minutes before 2. The committee for local development asked that the highway______ alongside the railway. A. be built B. must build C. should build D. will be built 3. John worked for more than ten years in a high school ______ the university. A. attach to B. be attached to C. attached to D. attaching to 4. Scarcely had Mary closed the door ______ heard the telephone ring. A. when B. after C. then D. i 5. I have always regretted ______ studied harder at school. A. not to have B. not having C. to have not D. having not 6. Tom, ______ he had done, could at first say nothing. A. horrified by that B. horrifying by that C. horrified by what D. horrifying by what

自考如何备战中考模拟题

自考生在备考复习中,要注意利用好考试大纲,其次要对整体的复习做好计划,目标明确才能更好的复习。自学考试是根据大纲、教材要求水平进行安排,与高等院校教学测试要求相同。由于各个专业特点不同,如英语专业,单靠个人自学就能通过考试,因为英语专业主要是“技能”而不是“知识”,而会计专业则相反,有条件的话一定要参与社会助学的这种形式,社会助学多种形式和手段,对自学考试起着不可低估的作用,是个人自学的必要补充,自学者应充分利用社会助学的辅导成份,解决个人自学过程中的难题。学习是一件要耐得住寂寞的事,需要考生能够“沉下来潜进去”,放平心态,对自己的学业对于自学的课程要做到五点:(1)通读教材,了解这门课程在讲什么,共多少章节以及计划用多长时间学完这门课。(2)分章节依据考试大纲细读教材,边读边标注重点知识,然后做配套习题。(3)收集近3至5年的试题,画出考试知识点章节分布图。从这个图表中我们可以一目了然看出重点章节、常出考点、易出题型,然后将考题标注在课本上。(4)回归课本,对各章节知识进行总结,构建知识网络图。(5)考前习题训练,注重往年试题。任何一件事的完成不是靠计划得如何完美,而是靠持之以恒地坚持下去。这个过程未必一帆风顺,但遇到挫折与失败时,要及时调整心态,分析原因,重树信心。学习还需要我们不懈努力,毕竟一分耕耘一分收获。

合理的安排好休息时间,保持学习节奏是考前备考的关键,其次做好真题试卷,学习一些解题技巧。1.合理安排作息时间盲目复习达不到好的学习效果,学习时间并不是学的越多越好。合理安排作息时间,制定一个升本计划表,每当完成一项学习任务时,在上面以对号的形式标示出来,随着时间的推移,你会发现你完成的学习任务越来越多。复习的同时也要做些运动,健康的身体会让你备考更有力。2..回归课本,查缺补漏冲刺阶段的复习做题不一定多,但一定要“精”,根据复习中暴露的问题查缺补漏,在教材课本中明确标示出薄弱环节,避免这些薄弱环节造成“短腿拉分”。等待考试大纲出来之后,对考纲中所列考点逐个检查,扫除盲区。3.自主进行模拟考试一般步入冲刺阶段,模拟考试是重中之重,大家一定要严格模拟考试环境和把握考试时间,把每一张试卷都当作正式考试的试卷来做,从而找到最佳的考试状态,回归历年真题,在做真题中寻找考试规模,摸清出题人的思路。4.知识点巧妙梳理注意思维的角度和方法,检查回顾之前复习过程中出现的问题,对各种错题进行分类整理,整合知识之间的内在联系,形成以关键词为核心的知识网络体系。学会利用书本的目录,根据标题的提示尝试回忆,与基础知相结合进行分析。

英语二自学考试模拟试题精编

有没有人把试题拍下来了啊?分享一下,本人想对下具体答案~万分感谢~

00015英语(二)真题和答案29份:2004年04月,2004年10月,2005年04月,2005年07月2005年10月,2006年04月,2006年07月,2006年10月2007年01月,2007年04月,2007年07月,2007年10月2008年01月,2008年04月,2008年07月,2008年10月2009年01月,2009年04月,2009年07月,2009年10月2010年01月,2010年04月,2010年07月,2010年10月2011年01月,2011年04月,2011年07月,2011年10月2012年01月 我有这些试题及答案

全国06年4月自学考试:英语(二)试卷及答案 2006年09月21日 14:18 来源:腾讯教育 第 1 2 3 4 5 6 页 PART ONE (50 POINTS) I.Vocabulary and Structure (10 points, 1point each) 1. It would be better to make a decision now, ______ leave it until next week. A. other than B. rather than C. less than D. more than 2. We‘ll inform you as soon as tickets become ______. A. valuable B. capable C. acceptable D. available 3. The foreign company has been______ running this factory for decades. A. enormously B. effectively C. infinitely D. extremely 4. If you ______ my advice, you wouldn‘t be in such trouble now. A. took B. takes C. has taken D. had taken · 免费用QQ打电话超清晰 · 银行卡 安全快捷换Q币 · 沟通无极限手机Q时代 · 魔法表情秀出百变心情 · 管中窥豹 明察秋毫 · QQ秀 秀出个性真自我 5. The meeting ______, we left the room quickly for dinner. A. over B. was over C. is over D. been over 6. All the money ______, Frederick started looking for work. A. having spent B. has been spent C. having been spent D. had been spent 7. ______ his talk when Mary ran out of the lecture hall. A. Hardly had be begun B. Hardly he had begun C. Hardly he has begun D. He hardly had begun 8. The two sisters are _____ in many ways, not only in appearance but also in temperament. A. like B. likely C. alike D. lively 9. The purpose of the program is to provide training for employees so that they can work ______. A. late B. later C. lately D. latest 10. I hope my boy friend will be handsome, strong and ______ kind. A. above all B. in all C. at all D. after all II. Cloze Test (10 points, 1 point each) However careful one may be, he cannot possibly listen carefully to everything that he hears. There are 11 of reasons for this. One of them is the overload of messages most of us 12 each day. In addition to the numerous hours we 13 hearing other people speak, we may spend several hours listening to the radio or sitting in front of a television set. 14, it is impossible to focus our attention completely on what is said; our mind might be 15 elsewhere. Preoccupation with our personal concerns is 16 reason we don‘t always listen carefully. A romance 17 sour or a good grade on a test may take prominence in our mind even as 18 is speaking to us. Furthermore, we are surrounded by all kinds of noises which interfere 19 listening. For example, voices at a party or 20 of traffic may simply make it difficult for us to catch everything that is being said. 11. A. the number B. a number C. number D. numbers 12. A. accept B. obtain C. receive D. possess 13. A. put B. consume C. spend D. spare 14. A. Besides B. Whereas C. Otherwise D. Nevertheless 15. A. wondering B. swinging C. recycling D. wandering 16. A. other B. some C. the other D. another 17. A. gone B. going C. goes D. went 18. A. anyone B. everyone C. someone D. few 19. A. to B. with C. of D. about 20. A. sound B. noise C. voice D. scream III. Reading Comprehension (30 points, 2 points each) Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. Many of today‘s most trusted sales techniques were invented over a century ago by a young merchant named Eaton in Toronto. When he was young, Eaton worked briefly with his brothers in small-town stores. In 1869, he sep up his own shop in downtown Toronto. He had many competitors, but he was also ambitious and had a plan for success. He offered a unique style of trade, but as was expected, all the other shopkeepers laughed at him, believing he would eventually fail. However, Eaton was not a man to be easily defeated; he came up with a brand new notion of business – “Goods satisfactory, or money refunded.” He sold all his goods at fixed prices and only for cash. With a sharp sense of what the public wanted, he went out of the way to meet their needs. His business grew rapidly. He set up new branches and started mail order service that allowed people to buy from a list of his goods. Eaton‘s list—advertisements of his day—was the first of its kind. It was distributed and read all over the country. It was the only way to access good-quality goods at reasonable prices for people living far away from big cites. It became part of their life. They even called it The Wishing Book. The secret of the list’s success was that Eaton gained the respect of this customers; they trusted him for good prices and quality goods. Probably because he remembered his miserable early days in Ireland, Eaton thought much of the welfare of his employees: better working conditions, shorter weekday hours than his competitors and Saturday afternoons off in the summer. In all this, he was a leader. 21. The best description of Eaton is that ______. A. he was the richest merchant in Toronto B. he was a successful technical inventor C. he introduced new sales practices D. he changed people‘s ideas about businessmen 22. Eaton‘s success lay primarily in that ____. A. he sold only good quality goods B. he was the first person to provide good service C. he treated his employees better than any of his competitors D. he won respect from his customers 23. From the passage we can infer that ______. A. Eaton invented the idea of the internet shopping B. Eaton drove other businessmen to failure C. Eaton never sold his goods on credit D. Eaton was defeated by his rivals 24. The best title for this passage is _____. A. Good Goods, of Money Refunded B. Eaton, a Sales Inventor C. Customers‘ Respect, a Secret of Success D. Eaton‘s list, a Welcome Event in Sales History 25. Eaton‘s List was important to people on farms because it was a convenient way of getting _____. A. good-quality goods at reasonable prices B. goods at unreasonable prices C. good-quality goods at unreasonable prices D. poor-quality goods at reasonable prices Passage Two Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage. The threat of a global outbreak (疾病大爆发) of bird flu makes it urgent for the international community to cooperate effectively. Wealthy countries will have to provide hundreds of millions of dollars for the testing and production of medicines necessary for treating patients suffering from bird flu. Developing countries, particularly in Southeast Asia, where the bird flu virus (病毒) has spread since 1997, must work out special programs so that farmers will not hide sighs of possible outbreaks. In addition, the way such farm birds as chickens and ducks are traditionally raised and marketed in the developing world should be changed; there should be more distance between the birds and their keepers. Countries should deal with the disease with joint effort. If one country is inadequately prepared, it will be a threat to every other country. The potential effects of a national outbreak of bird flu are enormous. Firstly, an outbreak may kill large numbers of people. World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that an outbreak similar to the mild Hong Kong flu of 1968 could kill as many as 7.4 millions people. If it were as dangerous as the 1918 Spanish flu, which killed 50 million, the number would be much higher. Secondly, such an outbreak may cause great financial damage. The latest outbreak of bird flu, which began in December 2003, has cost Southeast Asia more than $10 billion and depressed its GDP by 1.5 percent. If a new outbreak of bird flu were to last for a whole year, $800 billion would be lost. Despite the 124 human cases and 63 deaths from bird flu since December 2003, the virus remains mainly a disease animals. However, the more animals that die of the disease, the more chances it has of spreading to people. Large numbers of dead or dying birds mean that more people will be exposed to the virus and change into a virus with new characteristics. If the international community works together efficiently, man can surely prevent such a virus and possibly save millions of lives. 26. Faced with the threat of a global outbreak of bird flu, the international community should ________. A. establish new markets B. work together effectively C. stop birds from flying to other countries D. raise fewer chickens and ducks 27. The second paragraph focuses on ______. A. World Health Organization B. flus in Hong Kong and Spain C. the economy of Southeast Asia D. possible effects of a bird flu outbreak 28. The number of people who have died of bird flu since 2003 is _______. A. 63 B. 124 C. 7.4 million D. 50 million 29. In the third paragraph, the author is mainly interested in _____. A. stimulating financial growth B. reducing economic damages C. saving human lives D. protecting bird species 30. The passage deals with all the following aspects bird flu EXCEPT _______. A. the origin and history of bird flu B. the importance of international cooperation C. the possible dangers of a national outbreak D. the significance of preventing it from spreading Passage Three Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage. The long summer holidays are finally over and some parents are pleased. “We worry more about their safety in the holidays,” explains one mother from North London. If teenagers are not wandering around on public transport in a big and potentially dangerous city, they are chatting to strangers in an internet chat room! Well, that‘s an extreme picture of the UK today, but many parents are worried about how much freedom they can give their children during the holidays and at weekends. Weekends are not the only time to worry! Newspaper are full of stories about too many school kids going to school by car because their parents do not want them to travel alone on a bus or train. This summer there were more frightening stories of teenagers disappearing with questionable friends that they met on the net. All the Media stories help increase parents fears, but is the UK really so dangerous? Many young people feel that life for their parents was easier. In the 1960s young people played in the streets more and traveled around town without their parents. “At least our parents can keep tabs on us,” says 16-year-old Julia. “So many people have mobile phones now and their parents ring to find out where they are. I use my mobile to get Dad to come to the station when I arrive late.” Mobiles are not just expensive toys; they help keep young people safe. Most significantly, they help keep young people safe. Most significantly, they make parents feel better. Only one problem is, though, that some young people have been attacked by thieves who want to steal their mobile phones. Young people like going out with friends, but they now need to learn how to get home safely. Five million young people in the UK between the ages of 9 to 16 use chat rooms to make friends, but they, too, need to be careful and never give their personal details to a stranger. Young people today have more opportunities to meet new people and go out at night more than their parents ever did. Now school, television programs and newspapers must help teenagers to enjoy their freedom and to be responsible for their own safety. 31. Some parents are upset about the summer holidays mainly because their children ______. A. wander around on bus in the city B. chat to strangers in Internet chat rooms C. make questionable friends on the net D. are taken little care of by teachers 32. For the sake of the safety, many parents send their kids to school ________. A. by car B. by bus C. by train D. by public transport 33. Most significantly, mobile phones _______. A. enable parents keep a close watch on their kids B. help keep teenagers safe C. make parents feel less worried D. protect teenagers from being attacked 34. Teenagers should never give any strangers ______. A. their mobile phone numbers B. their family address C. their personal information D. their parents‘ names 35. This passage is mainly about ________. A. freedom for teenagers in summer holidays B. safety for teenagers in summer holidays C. activities for teenagers in summer holidays D. troubles for teenagers in summer holidays PART TWO (50 POINTS) IV. Word Spelling (10 points, 1 point for two items) 将下列汉语单词译成英语。每个单词的词类、首字母及字母数目均已给出。请将完整的单词写在答题纸上。 36. 获胜者,优胜者 n. w_ _ _ _ _ 37. (使)枯萎,凋谢 v. w_ _ _ _ _ 38. 垂直的,竖的 a. v_ _ _ _ _ _ _ 39. 易变的,变量的 a. v_ _ _ _ _ _ _ 40. 唯一的,独特的 a. u_ _ _ _ _ 41. 地下的,隐蔽的 a. u_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 42. 真实的,如实地 ad. t_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 43. 星期二 n. T_ _ _ _ _ _ 44. 传统,惯例 n. t_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 45. 同情,同情心 n. s_ _ _ _ _ _ _ 46. 投降,让步 vi. s_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 47. 足够的,充分的 a. s_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 48. 亲属,亲戚 n. r_ _ _ _ _ _ _ 49. 抵抗,反抗 n. r_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 50. 有目的的,蓄意的 a. p_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 51. 财产;性质 n. p_ _ _ _ _ _ _ 52. 俯望,漏看 vt. o_ _ _ _ _ _ _ 53. 发源,源自 vi. o_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 54. 音乐的,悦耳的 a. m_ _ _ _ _ _ 55. 意图,打算 n. i_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ V. Word Form (10 points, 1 point each) 将括号中的各词变为适当的形式填入空白。答案写在答题纸上。 56.He _________(write) her 10 letters since he met her last years. 57. I think it necessary for him ________ (finish) the work in time. 58. The house is ______ (complete) before his brother‘s wedding ceremony. 59. You had better ________ (bring) enough money with you. 60. The _______ (good) he feels, the more work he will do. 61. If I hadn‘t listened to you, I would _______ (make) such a silly mistake. 62. The three players repeatedly denied ________ (take) any drug. 63. People who are entitled to ________ (vote) should be over eighteen. 64. The government has taken measures to reduce the total energy ______(consume)。 65. If she ______(catch) the 10 O‘clock train, she can get there by lunch time. VI. Translation from Chinese into English (15 points, 3 points each) 将下列各句译成英语并将答案写在答题纸上。 66. 男人的平均身高比女人高几英寸。 67. 你所说的与我们正在讨论的豪不相干。 68. 教育应该使每个学生德、智、体全面发展。 69.这本书对读者产生了很大影响。 70.这次考试比我们预想的要难得多。 VII. Translation from English into Chinese (15 points) 将下列短文译成汉语并将答案写在答题纸上。 There is a clear distinction between one who is supposed to know and another, usually a younger person who is supposed not to know. However, teaching is not necessarily the area of a special group of people, nor should it be looked upon as a technical skill. Teaching can be more like guiding and assisting than forcing information into a blank mind. If you have a certain skill, you should be able to share it with others. You do not have to get a certificate to convey what you know to them or to help them in their attempt to teach themselves. All of us, from the very youngest children to the oldest members of our society, should come to realize our own talent and abilities as teachers. We can share what we know, however little it might be, with others who have need of that knowledge or skill. 「答案及评分参考」 I. Vocabulary and Structure (本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分) 1.B 2.D 3.B 4.D 5.A 6.C 7.A 8.C 9.B 10.A II. Cloze Test (本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分) 11.B 12.C 13.C 14.A 15.D 16.D 17.A 18.C 19.B 20.B III. Reading Comprehension (本大题共15小题,每小题2分,共30分) 21.C 22.D 23.C 24.B 25.A 26.B 27.D 28.A 29.C 30.A 31.D 32.A 33.C 34.C 35.B IV. Word Spelling (本大题共20小题,每两小题1分,共10分) 36. winner 37. wither 38. vertical 39. variable 40. unique 41. underground 42. truthfully 43.Tuesday 44. tradition 45. sympathy 46. surrender 47. sufficient 48. relative 49. resistance 50. purposeful 51. property 52. overlook 53. originate 54. musical 55. intention [评分参考] 多写、少写或错写一个或一个以上的字母均为错 V. Word From (本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分) 56. has written 57. to finish 58. to be completed 59. bring 60. better 61. have made 62. taking 63. vote 64. consumption 65. catches [评分参考] 语法错误或拼写错误均不给分。 VI. Translation from Chinese into English (本大题共5小题,每小题3分,共15分) 66. On the average, men are higher than women by several inches/several inches higher than women. 67. What you said has nothing to do/has no relevance with what we are discussing. 68. Education should enable every student to develop morally,intellectually and physically. 69. The book has made a great impact/had a great effect/influence on its readers. 70. The test was much more difficult than we had expected.

英语二的话看历年真题只是学习的一部分,平常也需要看一些词汇的重点资料包括语法英语最重要的是语法和单词,所以可以在这方面多下一些功夫,历年真题作为辅导,相信一定没什么问题的。以上是个人看法,加油了哦

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