英语词汇学自考重点及翻译题库

何谓词汇学？不少学生误以为，词汇学就是“学词汇”，把词汇学与市场上编写的“突破词汇大关”的各种词汇手册联系起来。然而，真正开始学习，发现完全是两回事，因此产生畏难情绪。有的学生说，他们把《英语词汇学》看过数遍，书上讲的东西似乎都明白了，但参加考试，结果却不理想。凡此种种，实际上集中于两个问题：一是词汇学属于什么性质的课程，它包括哪些内容？二是学词汇学，怎样才能收到好效果？本文就这两个问题谈几点意见。 一、《英语词汇学》的性质英语词汇学是一门有关英语词汇的学问，是普通高等院校英语专业普遍开设的专业知识课程。因为这门课程实用性强，对学好英语语言很重要，所以被列为高等教育自学考试英语语言文学专业本科段选修课。英语词汇学是专业理论课，它运用现代语言学的有关理论，研究英语语言中的词汇问题。该课程介绍“词”的基本知识，讨论词的形态结构及构成方式，探讨词的意义及语义关系，阐述英语词汇的发展变化乃至相关的词典知识。学习本课程的目的是对英语词汇具有比较系统、比较完整的知识，较深入地了解英语词汇的现状及其历史演变过程，并能对现代英语词汇发展中出现的各种词汇现象做出分析和解释，提高对英语词语的理解、阐释和综合运用的能力。由此可见，词汇学绝对不是一般意义上的“学词汇”。二、内容的安排及重难点《英语词汇学》教程共十章，其涵盖的内容可以分为五大块：一、英语词汇的基本常识及其来源和发展；二、英语词汇的形态结构及构成方式；三、词的意义、关系及变化；四、英语习语；五、英语词典。第一、二、三、四章主要讨论英语词汇的形式；第五、六、七、八章集中探讨词的意义；第九章论述习语，即“多成分”词语；第十章研究词典。各章尽管长短不同，繁简各异，但每章都有一定数量的知识点，只是多寡不一。至于哪些章节重要，哪些章节不重要很难确定。应该说每个知识点都重要，知识点多的章节比知识点少的更重要。不过，就其实用性而言，还是有区别的。英语词汇的构成方式、词的意义、语义关系、意义与语境等章节相比之下更为实用，更能锻炼语言综合应用能力。就其难易度而言，亦因人而异。有的章节难是因为涉及的专业术语多，定义多，难以识记，如第一章、第二章等；有的章节含有大量的例词，难记住，如第三章、第八章、第九章等；还有的是概念较为复杂，领会起来较难，如第三章、第五章等。因为考生各自的背景不同，知识面有别，阅读理解能力各异，所以某些人认为难的章节，对另外一些人可能较容易，故不能一概而论。在学习过程中，对自己感觉难的章节多下些工夫。有的术语概念，读一遍可能朦朦胧胧，读两遍也许有所领悟，多读几遍其义会自然明白。三、如何读书《英语词汇学》是为英语自考者所编的教材，从语言的选用到内容和知识点的处理，都有助于学生自学。现在的自考学员大致分为三类。第一类是就读自学助考班的学员，脱产学习，有教师教；第二类学生是上班族，边工作边学习，以自学为主，考前参加一两次短期培训班；第三类是名副其实的自学者。不管是哪一类学生，首先都必须要有苦干精神和拼劲。不认真，不刻苦是不会有好效果的。当然，只一味地“死”读，不善于联想、思考，方法不得当，花了时间也未必会取得好成绩。第一类学生，时间充裕，而且有教师教，要善于利用这些有利的条件。上课前必须充分预习，把不懂的问题记下来，这样上课时，带着问题听讲，效果会更好。第二类和第三类的学生，一般说工作阅历较为丰富，不少自学能力较强，不利的因素是时间紧，任务重，因此要周密计划，巧妙安排。要发扬蚂蚁啃骨头的精神，一章一节地细读，把不懂的问题和疑难点全部记下来，有机会找人请教，或在短训班集中解决。要想在学习中取得事半功倍的效果，一定要处理好下述几个关系：1．重点和一般的关系。本文前面已经讲过，英语词汇学是一门理论知识课，每个知识点应该说都重要，所以重点和一般本来就难以界定。从掌握知识来说，不要去分重点和一般，对每章每节都要以搞懂弄通为原则。特别要防止为考试去猜题、押题。考试的试卷是从题库中临时抽取拼合而成的，每个知识点都可能成为考点，同样的知识点可能以不同的形式进入试卷，所以，一味地抓重点，猜考题，可能会抓瞎。只有把书上讲的理论知识全部搞明白，才能触会贯通，以不变应万变，临阵不慌。就考试的题型而言（后面还要谈到），简单应用题和综合应用题主要集中在实用性较强的那些章节，所以在这些方面多下些工夫，多思考是有益处的。苦干加巧干，定会收到事半功倍之效。 2．识记、领会和应用的关系。《英语词汇学考纲》上对学习提出了能力层次要求，包括识记、领会和运用。识记是最低层次，即对有关概念、定义、知识点和主要的例词要记住。但是，“识记”不是“死记”，不是说要把书上的定义逐字背下来，而是把那些概念意义记住，这样在运用的时候，可以变换方式表述，只要能说清楚就行。领会就是要理解，搞清楚书中阐述的基本理论知识的精神实质，它们与其它相关理论知识的关系和异同。运用就是能利用书中所学的理论知识和方式方法去分析、阐释英语词汇的种种现象，并能用自己的语言对其进行重构、改造和正确表述。三个能力层次虽要求不同，却紧密相关。识记是基础，记不住的东西谈不上领会，更无从运用。相反，领会了的东西容易记，而且不易忘记。只有领会了的东西，才可能转化为活的知识，才能达到运用。比如有这样一道简单应用题：If a word is a hyponym in one semantic field, can it also be a superordinate in another semantic field? Use an example to illustrate your point.该题涉及三个术语和概念，即hyponym，semantic field，superordinate；它们之间的关系是：semantic field（语义场）由两个以上的hyponym（下义词）构成，能概括或支配semantic field中各个hyponym的词叫superordinate（上义词），它们的关系是上下义关系。上义词和下义词是相对而言的，它们的身份是可以转化的。如horse（马） 在 sheep（羊）, cow（牛）, horse（马），dog（狗）等组成的animal（动物）语义场中是下义词, 但在mustang（小野马）, mare（母马）, mule（骡）, stallion（牡马）等构成的语义场中变成了上义词。要做好这道题，首先必须识记hyponym，semantic field，superordinate三个术语及其定义，进而领会它们之间的关系与区别，然后才有可能举例阐述出来。所以说三个能力层次依次递进，且相互联系。记忆是基础，但决不能仅满足于记忆。对每一个知识点一定要领会，按书中提供的方法对语言现象进行分析，做到学以致用。

Chapter 11 - The definition of a word comprises the following points:(1) a minimal free form of a language;(2) a sound unity;(3) a unit of meaning;(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2- Sound and Meaning: symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional.A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question.3- Old English, the speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than it is today. The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart. 4-A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes.Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary.5 - Vocabulary: All the words in a language make up its vocabulary. Not only can it refer to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all thewords used in a particular historical period. We also use it to refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over million words.words used in a particular historical period. We also use it to refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over million words.words used in a particular historical period. We also use it to refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over million words.words used in a particular historical period. We also use it to refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over million words.6 - Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion, and into native words and borrowed words by origin.7 - The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though words of the basic word stock constitute a small percentage of the English vocabulary, yet it is the most important part of it. These words have obvious characteristics.8 - All national character. Words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us, which are indispensable to all the people who speak the languageNatural phenomena/Human body and relations/Names of plants and animals/Action, size, domain, state/Numerals, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions9 - Stability. Words of the basic word stock have been in use for centuries.10 - Productivity . Words of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words. They can each be used alone, and at the same time can form new words with other roots and affixes.11 - Polysemy. Words belonging to the basic word stock often possess more than one meaning because most of them have undertone semantic changes in the course of use and become polysemous.12 - Collocability . Many words of the basic word stock quite a number of set expressions, idiomatic usages, proverbial sayings and the like.13 - Terminology consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas .14 - Jargon refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves such as in business.15 - Slang belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words like cant, jargon, and argot, all of which are associated with, or most available to, specific groups of the population.Slang is created by changing or extending the meaning of existing words though some slang words are new coinages altogether. Slang is colourful, blunt, expressive and impressive.16 - Argot generally refers to the jargon of criminals.17 - Dialectal words are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question.18 - Archaisms are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.19 - Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.20 - By notion, words can be grouped into content words and functional words. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals, which denote objects, phenomena, action, quality, state, degree, quantity.21 - Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called empty words. As their chief function is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as well as between sentences, they are known as form words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category.22 - However, functional words do far more work of expression in English on average than content words.23 - Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes; the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, thus known as Anglo-Saxon words.24 - Apart from the characteristics mentioned of the basic word stock, in contrast to borrowed words, native words have two other features:Neutral in style. they are not stylistically specific.Stylistically, natives words are neither formal nor informal whereas the words borrowed from French or Latin are literary and learned, thus appropiate in formal style.Frequent in use. Native words are most frequently used in everyday speech and writing.25 - Words taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms. It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modem English vocabulary. The Englishlanguage is noted for the remarkable complexity and heterogeneity of its vocabulary because of its extensive borrowings26 - Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. These words are immediately recognizable as foreign in origin.27 - Semantic-loans. Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form. But their meanings are borrowed. In other words, English has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language.还有很多，主要要看书！希望我们一起通过！加油！

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