articulatory phonetics(发音语音学)--the study of the production of speach sounds. acoustic phonetics:(声学语言学) --the study of physical properties of speech sounds. Allophones(音位变体)--the different phones which cab represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of taht phoneme. consonant(辅音):a major category of sound segments produced by a closure in the vocal tract,or by a narrowing which is so marked that air can not escape without producting audible friction. compositionality(综合性原则):the meaning of a sentence should be viewed from both the grammatical structure and the word meaning.In other words,the meaning of a sentence depend on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined. cooperative principle(合作原则):1,Maxim of Quantity.2,maxim of Quality.3,Maxim of relatiob.4,Maxim of manner. Constatives(叙事句):a constative sentence is a description of what the speaker is doing at the time of speaking.It can be said to be ture or false. Endocentric(向心结构):is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents,i,e,a word or a group of words,which serves as a definable centre or head. Exocentric(离心结构)：it refers to a group of syntactionally related words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole,that is,there is no definable "center" or "head" inside the group illocutionary act(行事行为):when we speak we not only produce some units of language with certain meanings,but also make clear our purpose in producing them,the way we intend them to be understood,or they also have certain forces.The act performed is known as a... linguistics(语言学):is the the scientific study of language Language:is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. locutionary act(发话行为):when we speak we move our vocal organs and produce a number of sounds organzined in a certain way and with a certain meaning.The act performed in this sense is called a ... morpheme(语素):is the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content,a unit that can not be divided into fuither,smaller,units without destorying or drastically altering the meaning whether it is lexical or grammatical. Morphology(形态学):is a branch of linguistics which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Phonetics(语音学):phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced,transmitted and perceived. Pragmatics(语用论):is the study of these relations between language and context that are grammaticalized,or encoded in the structure of a language. perlocutionary act(取效行为):whether or not the effects are intended by the speaker,they can be regarded as parts of the act that the speaker performed.this act is called.... performatives(施为句):some sentence is the doing of an action.They can not be said to be true or false.these sentences are called.... phoneme(音位):is a phonological unit which is the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words. phonology(音系学):is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages.It aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages and to explain the variations that occur. sapir-whorf hypotheses(沃尔夫假设):our language helps mould our way of thinking and,consequently,different languages may probably express speakers` unique ways of understanding the world. Semantics(语义学):is the study of meaning,or more specifically,the study of linguistic units,words and sentences in particular. sense relations(涵义关系):the sense of a word may be seen as network of its sense relation with others. Syntax(句法):is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language,or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structure. syntax relations(句法关系):syntax relations can be analysed into three kinds: positional relations,relations of substitutability.and relations if co-occurrence suprasegmentals(超音段特征):units which extend over more than one sound in an utterance.The principal suprasegmentals are syllable,stress,tone and intonation. theory of conversational implicature(会话含义论):in real communication,the intention of the speaker is often not the literal meaning of what he or she says.the real intention implied in the words is called.... vowel(元音):a major category of sound segments produced without abstruction of the vocal tract so that air eascapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or the nose. 这个是定义考察 下面的是大题 Design features of language(语言的结构特征) arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission functions of language 语言的功能 informative,interpersonal function,performative,emotive function,phatic communication,recreational function,metalingual function Important distinctions in linguistics语言学重要差别 1,descriptive and prescriptive描写和规定 区别:the distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are. 1：the linguistic study aims to describe and analyse the language people actually use. 2: the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for correct and standard "behavior" in using language. 2,synchronic and diachronic(共时和历时) 1:said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical point in time. 2:said of the study of development of language and languages over time. 3,language and parol(语言和言语) 1,the language system shared by a "speech community". 2,the concrete utterances of a speaker. 4,competence and performance（语言能力和应用） 1,unconscious knowledge of the system of grammatical rules in a language 2,the language actually used by people in speaking and writing. 语音学三领域: articulatory phonetics(发音语音学 acoustic phonetics:(声学语言学) perceptual or auditory phonetics:感知语音学和听觉语言学 theory of the illocutionary Act行事行为论:locutionary act发话行为,illocutionary act行事行为, 两种句子:performatives and constatives(施为句和叙事句) cooperative principle合作原则:1,Maxim of Quantity.2,maxim of Quality.3,Maxim of relatiob.4,Maxim of manner. 沃尔夫假设重要理论:on one hand,language may determine our thinking patterns.,on the other hand,similarity between languages is relative.For two different speech communities,the greater there structure differentiation is,the more diverse their conceptualization of the word will be.上个学期用过的 不知道你们老师是这么画的重点 凑合看看吧。。。
看胡壮麟的语言学，侯国金的语言学白问和硕博指南。强烈推荐后者，通俗易懂！
自考的难度在成人教育中是最难的，主要是考试重点无法把握，复习范围比较大，但只要掌握复习方法，通过是没有问题。自考英语的语言学概论的复习方法：1、网上下载历年试卷和考试大纲，把答案在教材书上找出来。因为自考试题是从题库中出来的，往往会反复考到，只要把这些题目都背下来，一般及格没有问题。2、根据大纲复习，要求识记和掌握的重点背下来，就可以有好的成绩。3、考试时，要把名词解释当简答题回答，凡是能记住的内容只要卷面允许，都写上去。4、自考的题目范围广，但难度不大，所以要记住的内容比较多。
I can't carry a tune
下文是我特为2022年10月自考考生们整理的自考英语句式的知识点，分别是解释句、举例句和比较句的知识点，有需要的朋友仔细看看吧！下面是整理的“2022年10月自考英语有哪些知识点？自考英语句式知识点”，此文本仅供参考，欢迎阅读。
一、入门：
e are probably several reasons/causes for this dramatic/significant increase/decline in…引起……显著增长（下降）的原因有几个。
reasons can explain this t of all， … Secondly， .. . Furthermore， …一些原因可以解释这一趋势。首先，……；其次，……；另外，……
phenomenon exists for a number of reasons. First…second…third….这一现象存在有很多的原因，第一，……第二，……第三，……
aps the main/primary/fundamental/most important reason is…也许，最主要（根本、重要）的原因是……
二、进阶：
e is no doubt that …is going to be the biggest problem for…毫无疑问，……正在成为……的最大问题。
don’t have to look very far to find out/identify the reason why…你不必花费很大的力气就会找到……的原因。
le seem to fail to take into account the fact that …人们似乎忽视了……这一事实。
causes for…are include…The main cause is…造成……的原因有很多，包括……主要的原因是
三、高级：
1. lt is no easy task to identify the reasons for this phenomenon which involves several complicated factors.要找出这一现象的原因并非易事，因为它涉及若干复杂的因素。
ainly， …is not the sole reason for…. …is also responsible for the change/problem.当然，……并不是唯一的原因。还有……也导致了这一变化（问题）的产生。
e are numerous reasons why… and l would explore only the most important one here.…的原因有很多，在此我只想探讨其中最重要的原因。
reason for this is not far to seek. The first reason is that…The second one is…The third is…For all this， the main cause of…is due to…这一问题的原因不难发现。第一个原因是……第二个是……第三个是……综上所述，……最主要的原因应该是……
一、入门：
…for example.以……为例。
2.A good case in point is…一个很好的相关例子是……
e are many instances supporting my opinion.有许多例子可以证明我的观点。
4，Perhaps the most important example of…i…有关……的最重要的例子可能是……
二、进阶：
1.l can think of no better illustration of this idea than the example of…要说明这个问题，……是一个最好的例子。
one writer/scientist/psychologist wrote/commented/noted…正如一位作家（科学家、心理学家）写的（说的、指出的）那样……
latest surveys conducted by…show/reveal/demonstrate/indicate that…最近由……开展的调查显示……
4.I have fully realized that …is essential to our future.我充分认识到……对我们的未来是多么的重要。
三、高级：
majority of people believe that …will provide them with more opportunities to…，which may put them in a favorable position in the future.大部分人相信……会使他们有更多机会发展……，而这对他们未来是非常有好处的。
2. We are blessed with new opportunities and faced with new challenges that…我们被赋予新的机会和面临着新的挑战……
3. What will happen to…？ Nobody really one thing is certain….……会发生什么事情？没人确切知道。但有一件事可以肯定：……
ing could be more obvious/apparent than the evidence that…再没有比这个更明显的例子了。
一、入门：
1. …is no more…than…is……绝不比……更……
the one hand…on the other hand…一方面，……另一方面，……
larly/Likewise/In the same way， …同样，……
4. …bears startling/striking resemblance to……与……极为相似。
二、进阶：
ough…enjoys a distinct advantage， ..尽管……有明显优势，但是……
hold that..， while others argue that…一部分人认为……，另一部分人则认为..…….
ing/Few things can equal/match/parallel…没有什么能与……相比。
4. l think we should balance well between…and…我认为我们应该平衡好……和……两方面。
三、高级：
1. Serious as the problem may be， it pales/disappears into insignificance by comparison to…问题可能很严重，但与……相比就微不足道了。
2. The advantages gained in…are much greater than the advantages we gain from………的优点远远超过我们从……中获得的。
ed， …carries more weight than…when…is concerned.的确，就……而言，……的重要性要超过……
nding on personal experience and concern， we find that some people hold the idea of…， while others prefer…基于个人经历、关注的不同，我们发现有人持……的观点，而另外一些人则更喜欢……
何谓词汇学？不少学生误以为，词汇学就是“学词汇”，把词汇学与市场上编写的“突破词汇大关”的各种词汇手册联系起来。然而，真正开始学习，发现完全是两回事，因此产生畏难情绪。有的学生说，他们把《英语词汇学》看过数遍，书上讲的东西似乎都明白了，但参加考试，结果却不理想。凡此种种，实际上集中于两个问题：一是词汇学属于什么性质的课程，它包括哪些内容？二是学词汇学，怎样才能收到好效果？本文就这两个问题谈几点意见。 一、《英语词汇学》的性质英语词汇学是一门有关英语词汇的学问，是普通高等院校英语专业普遍开设的专业知识课程。因为这门课程实用性强，对学好英语语言很重要，所以被列为高等教育自学考试英语语言文学专业本科段选修课。英语词汇学是专业理论课，它运用现代语言学的有关理论，研究英语语言中的词汇问题。该课程介绍“词”的基本知识，讨论词的形态结构及构成方式，探讨词的意义及语义关系，阐述英语词汇的发展变化乃至相关的词典知识。学习本课程的目的是对英语词汇具有比较系统、比较完整的知识，较深入地了解英语词汇的现状及其历史演变过程，并能对现代英语词汇发展中出现的各种词汇现象做出分析和解释，提高对英语词语的理解、阐释和综合运用的能力。由此可见，词汇学绝对不是一般意义上的“学词汇”。二、内容的安排及重难点《英语词汇学》教程共十章，其涵盖的内容可以分为五大块：一、英语词汇的基本常识及其来源和发展；二、英语词汇的形态结构及构成方式；三、词的意义、关系及变化；四、英语习语；五、英语词典。第一、二、三、四章主要讨论英语词汇的形式；第五、六、七、八章集中探讨词的意义；第九章论述习语，即“多成分”词语；第十章研究词典。各章尽管长短不同，繁简各异，但每章都有一定数量的知识点，只是多寡不一。至于哪些章节重要，哪些章节不重要很难确定。应该说每个知识点都重要，知识点多的章节比知识点少的更重要。不过，就其实用性而言，还是有区别的。英语词汇的构成方式、词的意义、语义关系、意义与语境等章节相比之下更为实用，更能锻炼语言综合应用能力。就其难易度而言，亦因人而异。有的章节难是因为涉及的专业术语多，定义多，难以识记，如第一章、第二章等；有的章节含有大量的例词，难记住，如第三章、第八章、第九章等；还有的是概念较为复杂，领会起来较难，如第三章、第五章等。因为考生各自的背景不同，知识面有别，阅读理解能力各异，所以某些人认为难的章节，对另外一些人可能较容易，故不能一概而论。在学习过程中，对自己感觉难的章节多下些工夫。有的术语概念，读一遍可能朦朦胧胧，读两遍也许有所领悟，多读几遍其义会自然明白。三、如何读书《英语词汇学》是为英语自考者所编的教材，从语言的选用到内容和知识点的处理，都有助于学生自学。现在的自考学员大致分为三类。第一类是就读自学助考班的学员，脱产学习，有教师教；第二类学生是上班族，边工作边学习，以自学为主，考前参加一两次短期培训班；第三类是名副其实的自学者。不管是哪一类学生，首先都必须要有苦干精神和拼劲。不认真，不刻苦是不会有好效果的。当然，只一味地“死”读，不善于联想、思考，方法不得当，花了时间也未必会取得好成绩。第一类学生，时间充裕，而且有教师教，要善于利用这些有利的条件。上课前必须充分预习，把不懂的问题记下来，这样上课时，带着问题听讲，效果会更好。第二类和第三类的学生，一般说工作阅历较为丰富，不少自学能力较强，不利的因素是时间紧，任务重，因此要周密计划，巧妙安排。要发扬蚂蚁啃骨头的精神，一章一节地细读，把不懂的问题和疑难点全部记下来，有机会找人请教，或在短训班集中解决。要想在学习中取得事半功倍的效果，一定要处理好下述几个关系：1．重点和一般的关系。本文前面已经讲过，英语词汇学是一门理论知识课，每个知识点应该说都重要，所以重点和一般本来就难以界定。从掌握知识来说，不要去分重点和一般，对每章每节都要以搞懂弄通为原则。特别要防止为考试去猜题、押题。考试的试卷是从题库中临时抽取拼合而成的，每个知识点都可能成为考点，同样的知识点可能以不同的形式进入试卷，所以，一味地抓重点，猜考题，可能会抓瞎。只有把书上讲的理论知识全部搞明白，才能触会贯通，以不变应万变，临阵不慌。就考试的题型而言（后面还要谈到），简单应用题和综合应用题主要集中在实用性较强的那些章节，所以在这些方面多下些工夫，多思考是有益处的。苦干加巧干，定会收到事半功倍之效。 2．识记、领会和应用的关系。《英语词汇学考纲》上对学习提出了能力层次要求，包括识记、领会和运用。识记是最低层次，即对有关概念、定义、知识点和主要的例词要记住。但是，“识记”不是“死记”，不是说要把书上的定义逐字背下来，而是把那些概念意义记住，这样在运用的时候，可以变换方式表述，只要能说清楚就行。领会就是要理解，搞清楚书中阐述的基本理论知识的精神实质，它们与其它相关理论知识的关系和异同。运用就是能利用书中所学的理论知识和方式方法去分析、阐释英语词汇的种种现象，并能用自己的语言对其进行重构、改造和正确表述。三个能力层次虽要求不同，却紧密相关。识记是基础，记不住的东西谈不上领会，更无从运用。相反，领会了的东西容易记，而且不易忘记。只有领会了的东西，才可能转化为活的知识，才能达到运用。比如有这样一道简单应用题：If a word is a hyponym in one semantic field, can it also be a superordinate in another semantic field? Use an example to illustrate your point.该题涉及三个术语和概念，即hyponym，semantic field，superordinate；它们之间的关系是：semantic field（语义场）由两个以上的hyponym（下义词）构成，能概括或支配semantic field中各个hyponym的词叫superordinate（上义词），它们的关系是上下义关系。上义词和下义词是相对而言的，它们的身份是可以转化的。如horse（马） 在 sheep（羊）, cow（牛）, horse（马），dog（狗）等组成的animal（动物）语义场中是下义词, 但在mustang（小野马）, mare（母马）, mule（骡）, stallion（牡马）等构成的语义场中变成了上义词。要做好这道题，首先必须识记hyponym，semantic field，superordinate三个术语及其定义，进而领会它们之间的关系与区别，然后才有可能举例阐述出来。所以说三个能力层次依次递进，且相互联系。记忆是基础，但决不能仅满足于记忆。对每一个知识点一定要领会，按书中提供的方法对语言现象进行分析，做到学以致用。
根据现行公共英语自学考试大纲，英语（2）的教学目的是使学生掌握英语基础知识，初步具备阅读一般英语专业书籍和材料的能力。 自考英语二如何复习 1.语音：能拼写国际音标，朗读课文流利，语音语调基本准确。在考试中，虽然不考语音题，但有一定的语音基础知识是学好英语的基础。在实际学习过程中，学生不能要求准确的发音、英国或美国的发音差异、流畅的阅读或美国的发音，但能够阅读和说话是必不可少的。否则，整个学习将非常困难和无聊，学习成绩将大大降低。因此，自学考试的学生应该能够在语音学习中阅读单词和课文，并能够表达自己的想法（理想的结果和标准类似于中央电视台中的专家学者的英语：发音不准确，但能够顺利表达自己的想法）。然而，小编并不提倡学生在英语（2）学习中听录音或练习口语。相反，他们应该根据教学大纲从阅读课文开始，在课文学习中提高自己的发音。 2.词汇：英语（2）包括约3800个英语单词（其中中学习词汇1600个）、约750个短语和5万多个阅读单词。它需要流利地阅读和说出单词的语法特征（单词和形式的变化），并能够说出汉语的意思。对于更常用的单词，它们应该能够在英语和汉语之间翻译，拼写正确，并记住固定的匹配。此外，还要了解构词的基本规则，记住常用前缀、后缀的意义，并根据其猜测词性和词义。这项任务说起来并不难，但由于自考学生工作任务重、家庭责任大、学习时间少等原因，几乎很难完成这样的词汇。 3.语法：英语（2）的学习要求学生对英语语法的整个系统（词法和句法）有清晰的概念，掌握词形变化的规则，了解句子中单词和短语的作用、句子和句子的结构和功能，并在阅读和汉英翻译中实际应用。本质在于系统性。这对于自考生来说尤为重要。有了系统性，各种乱七八糟的知识点会变得简单易记。考生应有相应的配套练习。光靠书本练习是不够的，难度似乎离考试很远，学生很难接受。同时，语法和词汇应相互促进，不能偏废。学习语法应该是为了提高词汇的应用能力，而词汇的学习和记忆反过来又促进了语法的理解和应用。自考/成考有疑问、不知道如何总结自考/成考考点内容、不清楚自考/成考报名当地政策，点击底部咨询官网，免费领取复习资料：
自考本科英语二非常重要的考试科目，学习英语最重要的是背单词，背语法。下位小编为大家整理了50个自考英语二的高频知识点，考生可以参考。自考英语二语法知识点整理一、动词短语搭配1. be fond of “喜爱，爱好” 接名词、代词或动词的-ing形式[1] He's fond of swimming. 他喜欢游泳。[2] Are you fond of fresh vegetables. 你喜欢新鲜蔬菜吗？[3] He is fond of his research work. 他喜爱他的研究工作。2. hunt for = look for 寻找 hunt for a job 找工作3. in order to/so as to两个词组都可引导不定式作目的状语， in order to可放于句首， so as to则不能， 其否定形式为in order not to / so as not to.[1] He went to Beijing in order to/so as to attend an important meeting.[2] In order to be noticed, he shouted and waved to us.为了让我们注意他， 他朝我们又是叫喊又是挥手。4. care about[1] 喜欢，对……有兴趣 = care forShe doesn't care about money.她不喜欢钱。[2] 关心 = care forShe thinks only of herself. She doesn't care about other people. 她只考虑自己。不关心别人。[3] 在乎，在意（接从句或不接任何成分）These young people care nothing about what old people might say. 这些年轻人根本不在乎老人说的话。5. such as 意为“诸如……”，“像……”，是用来列举人或事物的。She teaches three subjects, such as physics and chemistry. 她教三门科目，像物理、化学。6. drop a line 留下便条， 写封短信7. make yourself at home 别客气；随便；无拘束If you get to my house before I do, help yourself to a drink and make yourself at home. 如果你在我之前到我家，自己喝点饮料，随便一点。8. stay up 不睡；熬夜[1] I'll be late home, don't stay up for me.我将回家很晚，不要等我了。[2] He stayed up reading until 2:00 in the morning.他熬夜看书直到凌晨两点。9. come about 引起；发生；产生[1] How did the accident come about?这场事故是怎么发生的？[2] They didn't know how the change had come about.他们不知道这个变化是怎样产生的。10. except for 除……之外[1] except 与 except for 的用法常有区别。except 多用于引起同类事物中被排除的一项。如：①He answered all the questions except the last one.除去最后一个，他回答了所有问题。②We go there everyday except Sunday.除了星期天，我们天天去那里。[2] except for 用于引述细节以修正句子的主要意思。如：①Except for oneold lady, the bus was empty.除去一个老太太，这辆公共汽车全空了。②Your picture isgood except for the colours.你的画儿很好，只是某些色彩有问题。[3] 但在现代英语中，except for也用于表示except的意思。如上述第一个例子可以是：He answered all the questions except for the last one.[4] 另外，在介词短语之前只能用except，不能用except for。We go to bed before ten, except in the summer.除了夏季，我们通常十点之前上床睡觉。11. end up with 以……告终；以……结束The party ended up with an English song.聚会以一首英文歌结束。12. more or less 几乎；差不多；大约；大概；大体上[1] I've more or less succeeded, but they haven't.我差不多成功了，而他们没有。[2] Our living condition has more or less improved.我们的生活水平或多或少提高了。13. bring in 引进；引来；吸收[1] We should bring in new technology.我们应该引进新技术。[2] He brings in 800 dollars a month.他一个月挣八百美元。14. get away（from） 逃离[1] The thieves got away from the shop with all our money.小偷带着我们所有的钱从商店逃跑了。[2] I caught a really big fish but it got away.我钓到了一条好大的鱼，可是它逃掉了。15. watch out （for）注意；留心[1] Watch out! There is a car coming.小心！汽车来了。[2] Watch out for the hole in the road.留神路上的那个坑。16. see sb. off 给某人送行Tomorrow I will see my friend off at the railway station.明天我到火车站给朋友送行。17. on the other hand 另一方面； 用以引出相互矛盾的观点、意见等，常说 on the one hand …… on the other hand 一方面……另一方面。I know this job of mine isn't well paid, but on the other hand I don't have to work long hours.我知道这份工作报酬不高，但从另一方面来说，我也不必工作太长时间。18. as well as 和/还 ， He is a talented musician as well as being a photographer.她不但是摄影师还是个天才的音乐家。19. take place 发生 take one's place 入座、站好位置、取得地位take sb's place 或 take the place of 代替、取代20. on fire 相当于burning, 意为“燃烧；着火；起火”，有静态的含意。catch fire有动态的含意。set…on fire/set fire to…用来表示“使……着火”、“放火烧……”。Look, the theatre is on fire! Let's go and help.瞧，剧院着火了，咱们去帮忙救火吧。21. on holiday 在度假，在休假中 When I was on holiday, I visited my uncle. 我在度假的时候去看望了叔叔。22. travel agency旅行社=travel bureau23. take off[1] 脱下（衣服等）， 解（除）掉 He took off his wet shoes.他脱下了湿鞋子。[2] （飞机）起飞 The plane took off on time. It was a smooth take-off.飞机准时起飞。起飞非常顺利。[3] 匆匆离开 The six men got into the car and took off for the park.这六个人上了车，匆匆离开去公园。24. go wrong v. 走错路， 误入岐途， （机器等）发生故障25. in all adv. 总共26. stay away v.外出27. look up 查询（如宾语为代词，则代词放中间） Look up the word in the dictionary. 在字典里查单词。相关词组：①look for 寻找；②look after照顾，照料；③look forward to期待；④look into调查；⑤look on旁观；⑥look out注意；⑦look out for注意，留心，提防；⑧look over翻阅，查看，检查；⑨look around环视；⑩look through翻阅，查看。28. run after 追逐，追求 If you run after two hares, you will catch neither.同时追两只兔子，你一只也抓不到。29. on the air 广播[1] We will be on the air in five minutes.我们五分钟以后开始广播。[2] This programme comes on the air at the same time every day.这个节目每天在同一时间播出。30. think highly/well/much of对……评价很高， 赞赏， 对……印象好；think badly/nothing/little/lowly of……认为不好， 对……不在意， 不赞成， 觉得……不怎么样[1] He was highly thought of by the manager.经理对他非常赞赏。[2] I think well of your suggestion.我觉得你的建议很好。[3] I don't think much of him as a teacher.我觉得他作为一个老师不怎么样。31. leave out[1] 漏掉 You made a mistake—You've left out a letter “t”。你出错了—你漏掉了一个字母t.[2] 删掉， 没用 I haven't changed or left out athing.我没有作出变动也没有删掉任何东西。32. stare at （由于好奇、激动等张着嘴巴，睁大眼睛地）[1] 凝视，盯着看 Don't stare at foreigners. It's impolite.不要盯着外国人看，这样不礼貌。[2] glare at （to stare angrily at）怒视着33. make jokes about 就……说笑 They make jokes about my old hat.他们就我的旧帽子说笑我。[1] have a joke with … about…跟某人开关于某事的玩笑He stopped to have a joke with me.他停下来跟我开玩笑。[2] play a joke on…开某人的玩笑 We played jokes on each other. 我们互相开玩笑。[3] v. joke about 取笑They joked about my broken English.他们取笑我蹩脚的英。34. take over 接管；接替；继承[1] What is good and still useful should be taken over.好的有用的东西应当继承。[2] Our chairman has left, so Jack will take over （his job）。我们的主席走了，因此杰克将接管（他的工作）。35. break down[1] 破坏；拆散 ①Chemicals in the body break our food down into useful substances. 人体中的化学元素把食物分解成有用的物质。 ②The peace talks are said to have broken down. （喻）据说和谈破裂了。[2]（机器）损坏 ①Our truck broke down outside town. 我们的卡车在城外抛锚了。 ②The car broke down halfway to the destination.汽车在到达目的地的中途抛锚了。[3] 失败；破裂 Their opposition broke down.他们的反对意见打消了。[4] 精神崩溃；失去控制 He broke down and wept. 他不禁失声痛哭。[5] 起化学变化 Food is broken down by chemicals. 化学物质引起食物转化。36. get on one's feet[1] 站起来；站起来发言[2] （=stand on one's feet）自立， 经济上独立[3] （人）病好了， 可以起床了； （使）恢复， 复苏（指企业）37. go through[1] 经历；经受；遭到 These countries have gone / been through too many wars.这些国家饱经战火。[2] 完成；做完I didn't want to go through college.我不想上完大学。[3] 通过；批准 ①The law has gone through Parliament. 议会已经通过了这项法案。②Their plans went through. 他们的计划得到了批准。[4] 全面检查；搜查 They went through our luggage at the customs.在海关他们检查了我们的行李。38.take over 接管；接替；继承①what is good and still useful should be taken over.好的有用的东西应当继承。②Our chairman has left, so Jack will take over （his job）。我们的主席走了，因此杰克将接管（他的工作）。二、常考句型39. “So + be/have/助动词/情态动词+主词”的结构。此结构中的语序是倒装的，“So”代替上句中的某个成分。如果上面一句是否定句，则使用“Neither/Nor+be/have/助动词/情态动词+主语”的结构。[1] He's tired, and so am I. （=I' m also tired.）[2] You can swim，and so can I.（=I can also swim.）She has had supper，and so can I.（=I've had lunch，too.）[3] Tom speaks English，and so does his sister.（=His sister speaks English，too.）A: I went to the park yesterday.B: So did I.（=I also went to the park yesterday.）40.“So +主语+be/have/助动词/情态动词”结构中的主谓是正常语序，so相当于indeed,certainly, 表示说话人对前面或对方所说情况的肯定、赞同或证实，语气较强，意思是“确实如此”。A：It was cold yesterday.昨天很冷。B：So it was.的确如此。（=Yes，it was.）A：You seem to like sports.B：So I do.（=Yes，I do.）A：It will be fine tomorrow.B：So it will.（=Yes ，it will.）41.“主语+do/does/did + so”结构指的是按上句的要求做了。此句型中do so代替上文中要求做的事，以免重复。My Chinese teacher told me to hand in my composition on time and I did so.（=I handed inmy composition on time.） 语文老师叫我按时交作文， 我照办了。42. So it is with…或 It is the same with…句型表示 “……（的情况）也是如此。”当前面的句子中有几种不同形式的谓语时，要表示相同情况，必须使用本句型，不能使用so 引起的倒装句。She doesn't play the piano, but she likes singing. So it is with my sister.43. There you are. 行了，好。 这是一句表示一种事情告一段落或有了最终结果的用语。[1] There you are! Then let's have some coffee.除此之外，还可以表示“瞧，对吧（果然如此）”的语气。[2] There you are! I knew we should find it at last.对吧！我就知道我们最终能找到的。44. have some difficulty （in） doing sth. 干某事有困难；接名词时，常用句型：have some difficulty with sth.[1] Do you have any difficulty （in） understanding English?你理解英语口语有困难吗？[2] She said she had some difficulty with pronunciation.她说她在发音方面有困难。45. have a good knowledge of sth. “掌握……”，“对……有某种程度的了解”[1] He has a good knowledge of London.他对伦敦有所了解。[2] A good knowledge of languages is always useful.三、长难句46. Wei Bin took out some peanuts and it was fun to see the monkey eat from his hand.魏彬拿出一些花生。看着猴子从他手上吃花生，很有趣。[1] fun “好玩，趣事”，不可数名词，前面不加不定冠词aYou're sure to have some fun at the party tonight. 今天晚上你肯定会玩得很开心。[2] make fun of“取笑”，“嘲弄”。People make fun of him only because he is wearing such a strange jacket.人们嘲笑他只是因为他穿了一件那么奇怪的衣服。funny adj. “可笑的，滑稽的”He looks very funny in his father's jacket.他穿着他父亲的衣服，看上去很滑稽。47. It is polite to finish eating everything on your plate.把你盘子里所有东西吃完是有礼貌的。这是一个动词不定式作主语的句型，其中to finish eating everything 是主语，it是形式主语。四、常考语法48. 直接引语和间接引语[1] 直接引语在改为间接引语时，时态需要做相应的调整。（一般过去时改成过去完成时）I broke your CD player.→He told me he had broken my CD player.（现在完成时改成过去完成时）Jenny said, “I have lost a book.”→Jenny said she had lost a book.（一般将来时改成过去将来时）Mum said, “I'll go to see a friend.”→Mum said she would go to see a friend.（过去完成时保留原有的时态）He said, “We hadn't finished our homework.”→He said they hadn't finished their homework.注意：直接引语是客观真理，过去进行时，时态不变。[2] 在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语时第一人称或被第一人称所修饰，从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化。如：Mary said, “My brother is an engineer.”→Mary said her brother was and engineer.[3] 直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句。如：He said, “Can you run, Mike?”→He asked Mike whether/if he could run.[4] 直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为“tell（ask, order, beg等） （not） to do sth.”句型。如：“Pass me the water, please.”said he.→He asked him to pass her the water.[5] 直接引语如果是以“Let's”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest+动名词或从句”的结构。如：She said, “Let's go to the cinema.”→She suggested going to the cinema.或She suggested that they should go to the cinema.49. 现在进行时表将来的动作现在进行时表将来的动作，谓语通常为瞬间动词。如：come, go, arrive, leave, start, return, stay, meet, get等。这些动词的进行时后不能再接具体的时间。[1] 用现在进行时表示将来，指的是近期的，按计划或安排要发生的动作。[2] 现在进行时表示将来与表示正在进行的动作的区别在于：前者通常用瞬间动词（有时一些常用动词也可以这样用如：do）如：go, come, start, return, get, arrive等。而后者通常是持续性动词。① The train is arriving soon. 火车就要进站了。② He is reading a novel. 他在看小说。[3] 用现在进行时表示将来的时间，在句中或上下文中通常有表示将来时间的状语。[4] 现在进行时与一般现在时表示将来动作的区别在于：前者表示的将来的动作往往是可以改变的，而后者则是根据规定或时间表预计要发生的动作或事情，因此往往是不可改变或不可随便改变的。① What are you doing next Friday?下星期五你们打算干什么？② The plane takes off at 7：30 tonight.飞机今晚七点半起飞。50. 主语是单数时，尽管后面跟有as well as, but ,except, besides, with ,along with, together with, like 等，谓语动词仍用单数。The teacher as well as his students is excited.报考考试有疑问、不知道如何考点内容、不清楚报考考试当地政策，点击底部咨询猎考网，免费获取个人学历提升方案：
英语专业自考本科科目：中国近代史纲要、马克思主义基本原理概论、高级英语、英语翻译、口译与听力、英语写作、英美文学选读、第二外语(日语)、第二外语(法语)、外语教学法、语言与文化、英语词汇学、英语经贸知识、现代语言学、英语语法、毕业论文(设计)。 自考报名条件 1、凡具有本省正式户籍的公民，不受年龄、职业、学历的限制，均可就近报名并参加考试。外省在我省工作学习的人员，也可就近报名参加考试。 2、经国家教育部正式批准或备案的各类高等学校的专科毕业生，可直接申请报考本科段(独立本科段)。 3、考生专科(基础科段)、本科段(独立本科段)可同时兼报，但在领取本科毕业证书前必须先获取专科毕业证书。 4、实践性学习环节考核、毕业论文、毕业设计、毕业考核等，须按规定在本专业涉及实践课程理论考试全部合格后才能报考。 5、提倡在职人员按照学用一致、理论与实践相结合的原则选择报考专业。对某些行业性较强的专业(如公安管理、医学类专业等)将根据专业考试计划的要求限制报考对象。 自考网上报名流程 1、登录各地自考网上报名网站(新生需注册并填写相关资料，老生根据自己之前的账号进行登陆)。 2、到自考办网站规定的指定银行办理一张缴费用银行卡。 3、办理银行卡后的新生，和有银行卡的老考生按照报名网站规定的报名流程完成网上报名。 4、网上报名成功后的新生需要在规定时间到自考办指定的地点进行摄像制作准考证。自考/成考有疑问、不知道如何总结自考/成考考点内容、不清楚自考/成考报名当地政策，点击底部咨询官网，免费领取复习资料：
这门课没有任何技巧而言，必须要死记硬背这门课本身就是大段理论相当多捷径的话就是考前去学校门口买题，十块一本，小本打小抄那种但不常有
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【免费定制学历提升方案和复习资料： 】高等教育自学考试英语二是必考科目，很多人报考英语二都觉得有难度，下面小编为大家整理自考《英语二》必考高频词汇及短语整理，供参考。自学考试必备词汇及短语1. blessing n. 祝福,祷告2. complain vi. 抱怨,悲叹,控诉3. remind v. 提醒 vt. 使想起,提醒4. victim n. 受害者,牺牲5. depression n. 沮丧,萧条6. unrest n. 不安的状态, 动荡的局面7. illegal adj. 不合法的,非法的 n. 非法移民8. immigrant n. 移民, 侨民 adj. 移民的9. trafficking n.（人或车等）交通流量,不正当生意（走私） v.做生意（多指违法的）, 游览10. contribute vt. 捐助,投稿 vi. 投稿,贡献,是原因之一11. quit v. 离开,辞职,停止12. bring in 介绍，带进，引入，赚取，判决13. look forward to vt. 展望(期待)14. prepare for 为...做准备15. believe in 相信, 信任16. reward n. 报酬,报答,赏金 vt. 给...报酬,奖赏17. tragic adj. 悲剧的, 悲惨的18. passion n. 激情,热情19. crucial adj. 关键的,决定性的20. privileged adj.有特权的, 特许的21. motivation n. 动机22. prioritize vt. 把 ... 区分优先次序23. pattern n. 图案, 式样, 典范 v. 以图案装饰; 仿造, 模仿24. strategy n. 战略, 策略25. routine n. 例行公事, 常规，无聊 adj. 常规的, 例行的，乏味的26. locally adv. 地方性地, 局部性地, 位置上27. unique adj. 独一无二的, 独特的, 稀罕的28. survive vt. 比…活得长,幸免于难,艰难度过 vi. 活着, 继续存在29. client n.顾客； 当事人； 诉讼委托人； [计算机]客户端30. finance n. 财政, 资金 vt. 给...提供资金, 负担经费31. obligation n. 义务, 责任32. landscape n. 风景,山水,风景画 v. 美化…的景观,进行造园工程33. exceed vt. 超过, 胜过, 超出界限 vi. 领先34. assume vt. 假定, 设想, 承担; (想当然的)认为35. alleviate vt. 减轻,使...缓和36. seasoned adj. 经验丰富的37. various adj. 各种各样的38. professional adj. 职业(上)的,专业的 n. 专业人员39. lie in 在于40. get up 起床，起立41. seek out vt. 寻出(挑出)42. in place 在适当的位置43. apply for 申请自考《英语二》高频词汇大全自学考试英语二作文复习资料Lesson five first principlesWhat do u learn about laura?Why were her parents so proud of her?Laura was a slim，dark-haired girl of fourteen. she was smart and a pupil at Green Valley Academy. Christmas Day was coming，laura wanted a ballerina dress as a gift from her parents to attend some parties. But when laura‘s mother told her about her father’s unemployment，she understood them and said she didn‘t care about presents or parties. During the time when the family spent Christmas Day at the farm，laura seemed to radiate happiness. It was laura’s obvious pleasure that had a wonderful Christmas Day. Therefore，laura‘s parents were proud of her.Lesson six The beauty of BritainBritain is a small but beautiful country .One of its charms lies in its variety with the territory of 240500 square kilometers，it has mountains，plains and lakes as other countries. Someone perhaps says that the mountains there are only mountains in miniature . Although those mountains are small，they all have the air of great mountains .Another characteristic of Britain is its happy surprise. A traveler will kept being pleasantly astonished by the landscape. On a rolling plain，you might suddenly noticed mountains with step slopes ahead. In a highly developed industrial district，he would see out of expectation a rough wilderness. But the most impressing would be the happy compromise between Nature and Man，country and city .This characteristic is obvious in suburbs where the inhabitants can not only enjoy the civilization of the city，but also live a comfortable country gentlemen‘s life .报考考试有疑问、不知道如何考点内容、不清楚报考考试当地政策，点击底部咨询猎考网，免费获取个人学历提升方案：
今天教务老师给大家收集整理了自考教材知识点梳理，英语二自考教材知识点的相关问题解答，还有免费的自考历年真题及自考复习重点资料下载哦，以下是全国我们为自考生们整理的一些回答，希望对你考试有帮助！2017年自考应用文写作论述知识点大全美学自考必考知识点美学自考必考知识点如下：1、审美趣味：个人在审美活动和审美评价中所体现出来个人爱好和倾向，它是主体社会显现，具有强烈社会。2、美感：主体在具体活动中与审美对象同时建立起来呈现出审美主体存在方式和存在状态，它体现出主体直观到超越利、伦理、认识人生境界，体验出人和世界意义而表现出来幸福感、自由感和愉悦感。3、美学的学科性质：美学是一门关于审美现象的综合性的人文学科。美学研究的核心方法是哲学方法。4、美学发展的三个阶段审美意识，审美意识是人类在生存实践中萌发出来的有某种不明晰审美追求的意识。特性：具体感性的审美活动体现出来，缺乏明确而系统的理论表述，不成熟，不自觉。分类：分为初级审美意识和高级审美意识。5、美学是研究美和美的规律这样一门学科；代表人物：柏拉图，代表作品：《大希庇阿斯篇》美学在古希腊没成为一门学科，但开始研究美本身、美的本质。6、美学研究的方法多种多样，从学科性质来看，美学核心方法应当是哲学方法。7、审美需要的特征生命需要：是人所独有的一种生命需要，它植根于人的生命活动本身的独特性质。高级的精神追求：审美需要属于人的一种高级的精神追求，而不仅仅是感官欲求的享受。8、审美理想的概念：是主体心目中关于完善的美的观念。所谓审美理想就是主体通过想象在头脑中构造出来的理想形态的美。审美理想在主体的审美心理结构中必然处于最高的位置。9、审美理想与人生理想的内在关联：审美理想反映着一定时代的民族性、时代性和阶级性，它与社会理想联系在一起。审美理想不仅仅是审美活动本身的产物，而是主体全部人生实践的结晶。10、审美趣味的两重性：存在着个体性与社会性、特殊性与普遍性的矛盾。九上英语知识点梳理txt九年级英语知识梳理看了很多学习方法的书籍，都说看完了一遍书后要，梳理一下知识点，不?最好把重点都写在一个专用的本上，不太重点的可以不太在意它。为了学习轻松 学习快就要快速掌握说有的知识点 那才是有用的自考/成考有疑问、不知道自考/成考考点内容、不清楚当地自考/成考政策，点击底部咨询官网老师，免费领取复习资料：