英语自考本科论文范文模板百度云

发布时间：2024-09-25 17:51:23

英语自考本科论文范文模板百度云

英语二是很多自考本科考生必考科目，作文在这门课程中占非常重要的作用，给大家分享一些英语作文模板和一些优秀范文，考生多记忆一些范文可以帮助考生在考场超常发挥。自考英语二模板汇总一、解决方法题型要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径1．问题现状 2．怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点)In recent days, we have to face I problem-----A, which is becoming more and more serious. First, (说明A的现状)．Second, (举例进一步说明现状)Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing, (解决方法一). For another （解决方法二). Finally, 解决方法三).Personally, I believe that (我的解决方法).Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because (带来的好处).二、对比选择型作文模板When it comes to ＿＿＿＿ ,different people hold different views . Some contend that＿＿＿＿. For one thing,＿＿＿＿ .For another,＿＿＿ .In spite of all these claims, others maintain that ＿＿＿＿，They point out that＿＿＿＿ .Another instance often cited is that＿＿＿＿ . It’s no easy task to find a satisfactory answer to the issue. As for me, there’s some truth to both arguments .It’s advisable to ＿＿＿＿＿＿.三、对比观点题型（1）要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。1．有一些人认为 2．另一些人认为 3．我的看法。。。The topic of （主题）is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions of it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of （支持A的理由一）What is more, 理由二). Moreover, (理由三).While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly,(支持B的理由一). Secondly (besides),（理由二）. Thirdly (finally),(理由三).From my point of view, I think （我的观点）. The reason is that (原因). As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice .四、现象解释型作文模板：Recently, ＿＿＿＿What amazes us most is＿＿＿＿＿．It is true that ＿＿＿＿＿. There are many reasons explaining ＿＿＿＿．The main reason is＿＿＿＿＿，What is more, ＿＿＿＿＿，Thirdly, ＿＿＿＿＿．As a result, ＿＿＿＿＿． Considering all these, ＿＿＿．For one thing, ＿＿＿For another, ＿＿＿．In conclusion, ＿＿＿＿自学考试英语优秀作文1、失败是常有的事。.2、人们对失败有各种不同的态度。3、我对失败的态度。 Is Failure a Bad Thing?Failure is a common thing in our daily life. For example, sometimes we fail to pass the examinations. On other occasions, we are defeated in sport games. And there are times when we fail to do more satisfactory work. So it is safe to say that every one of us must have encountered failure of one kind or another.However, different people have different attitudes towards failure. Some people lose heart when they come across failures. They seem to think that it is the end of the world. Others, on the contrary, dont take failure seriously. They seem to think that failure is first step to success. In my opinion, what really counts is not failure itself, but our attitude towards it. If we are afraid of failure and yield to it easily, we are bound to have one failure after another. But as long as we have confidence in ourselves and learn something from failure, we’ll certainly go from victory to victory. So I’m never afraid of failure, or I firmly believe that “failure is the mother of success.”2、竞争是当今社会的普遍想象。竞争和合作经常并存。在提倡竞争的同时我们不要忘了合作。Competition and CooperationCompetition is a very common phenomenon in our social life today. We compete when we play games, we try to do better than others in our study and there is constant competition for jobs, fame, wealth and so forth. We can say, to some extent, competition is one of the motive force of the development of society.We often find competition and cooperation occurring at the same time. Think of a basketball game. During the game, one team is competing against the other, but each member of the team must cooperate with his teammates. In most cases, we cant compete without cooperation. Thus they are equally important.While advocating competition, we can’t forget cooperation. In modern society, cooperation is especially important because most work is fulfilled with and through other people. So we must combine competition with cooperation to obtain our goals.3、城市无论大小都应该保持清洁。保持城市清洁不是一件容易的事。为了保持城市的清洁，我们的政府做了大量的工作。Keep Our City CleanA city, whether small or big, should be kept clean. A clean environment will do us much good. Without the clean environment, we can hardly keep fit, work efficiently or live a comfortable life, which will greatly hold back the development of the city. So its of great importance to keep our city clean.Moreover, keeping the city clean is not an easy job. We can clean up the city and keep it clean temporarily, but can we keep it clean for good? This arduous work is in close relation to the economy of the city, the government policy and citizens qualities. It demands permanent efforts and scientific measures and right attitudes. In order to keep the city clean, our government has taken a greatmany steps, which includes proper investment, making plans and regulations, the disposal of rubbish, the forestation, and the layout of gardens and flower beds and lawns. We can expect a clean and beautiful city as long s all of us do what we should under the leadership of the government.4、目前环保还存在着许多问题。为了保护环境，各国政府做了大量的工作。我的看法。Protection of EnvironmentThere are still many problems of environmental protection in recent years. One o the most serious problems is the serious pollution of air, water and soil. The polluted air does great harm to peoples health. The polluted water causes diseases and death. Whats more, vegetation has been greatly reduced with rapid growth of modern cities.To protect the environment, governments of many countries have done a lot. Legislative steps have been introduced to control air pollution, to protect the forest and sea resources and to stop any environmental pollution. Therefore, governments are playing the most important role in the environment protection today.In my opinion, to protect environment, the government must take even more concrete measures. First, it should let people fully realize the importance of environment protection through education. Second, much more efforts should be made to put the population. Finally those who destroy the environment intentionally should be severely punished. We should let them know that destroying environment means destroying mankind themselves.5、现代社会广告已经充斥了生活的每个角落；和任何其他事物一样，广告也有两面性；因此，面对广告我们得小心，以免上当受骗。The Effects of AdvertisementAs one of the products of modern society, advertisement has filled almost every corner of the world. We are exposed to them anywhere and anytime. When we listen to the radio or watch TV, the programs are broken up by advertisements that flash on every five or ten minutes. Walking in the street, we find we confronted with endless ad bulletins. Every evening, especially weekend evenings, we find out mailbox full of ad leaflets. With their tremendous power and attractive, advertisements have become a part of our life.Every coin has two sides, so does advertisement. Advertisement exerts both positive and negative effects upon our life. In order to promote trade, business people engage in making their products known to the public in the most attractive ways so that potential customers find it easier to choose what they are to purchase when faced with shelves of goods in the supermarkets. However, advertisements are not always reliable, as some dishonest businessmen exaggerate the functions and qualities of their products. Customers may bemisled and deceived. Such is often the case, and it does harm the interests of the customers.Thus, when confronted with an advertisement, we have to be very cautious so as not to be taken in by appealing words and pictures in it. We should remember that advertisements are good at playing with words. What customers should do is to ask about the product and try it, if possible, before purchasing it.6、How to Succeed in a Job Interview 1.面试在求职过程中的作用；2. 取得面试成功的因素：仪表、举止谈吐、能力、专业知识、自信、实事求是。A job interview is indispensable in the process of job hunting. If a job seeker can make the best use of the interview and leave a good impression on the interviewers mind, he may be lucky enough to get the job competed for by many applicants. If, on the other hand, the job hunter gives a poor performance during the interview, he is unlikely to stand a chance to succeed. To be successful in a job interview, the job hunter should demonstrate certain personal and professional qualities.First, the applicant ought to attach much importance to his appearance and manner of speaking. Second, he is supposed to display his ability, especially his grasp of professional knowledge required by the position for which he is applying. Finally, a really impressive job seeker must convey a sense of self-confidence in and a practical attitude toward the cause concerned. If the interviewee succeeds in displaying these characteristics and presents his most attractive qualities during an interview, the interviewer might make an on-the-spot decision to take him on.7、 Is It Good for College Students to Have Part-time Jobs（大学生做兼职好吗？） 1、The advantages of having part-time jobs fro college students. （利） 2、The disadvantages of having part-time jobs for college students.（弊） 3、The right attitudes.There are many advantages for college students to take part-time jobs while they are at college. Firstly, part-time jobs will offer us students a chance to demonstrate our ability and to apply what we have learned at college. Secondly, part-time jobs help us become more independent of our families. Thirdly, the experience we gain through part-time jobs may be of great help to our future career. Finally, part-time jobs can broaden our horizon and make our life more meaningful. However, a part-time job has some disadvantages. For example, we may lose time needed for sleep, rest, study, club activities and recreation. For another example, if we take part-time jobs, it is likely for us to be so interested in thework that we cant pay attention to our study. As a result, we may fail in our school study, which will affect our future career too. In my opinion, as a student we should hold the right attitude towards the part-time job, for acquiring knowledge, especially more book knowledge, is our first important task. Although part-time jobs can do us some good in some aspects, we should pay more attention to school study than on it.8、网络时代已经到来。网络影响我们的生活。充分利用网络资源,享受生活。 Internet and our life（网络和我们的生活）We are now living in an internet society. It seems that we are overwhelmed in the internet life. Newspapers are talking that the internet age has come.Everything in our daily life can have relationship with internet: in the morning, we may turn on the computer to check whether we have E-mails from friends of abroad; then we can read some latest news from any websites in the world. To the internet users, there is no borders between nations. People can contact their friends wherever they are, as long as they are connected to the internet. After a days work, you may connect to the internet and do some shopping. Internet makes our lives easy and convenient. So why don’t we turn on the computer and send a birthday card to our father? 作文九： Reading Selectively or Extensively9、有人认为读书要有选择. 有人认为应道博览群书，我的看法How should we read? Should we read selectively or extensively? Everyone has his own view. Some people think we should read selectively. They argue that with the development of modern science and technology, more and more books are published. It is impossible for us to read all the books. Whats more, there are many bad books that are poisonous to our mind, and we shouldnt read them. Since we cant read all the books, and we shouldnt read bad books, we must read selectively.But others may not agree. They emphasize that todays society is not what it was. If one man has many kinds of knowledge, hell have more chances to succeed. If a man knows in one field but knows nothing in other fields, he may be useless. Since we must have many kinds of knowledge, we must read extensively. Whos right? I think both of them have something right. But I think we should read extensively first. We should read books in many fields and read selectively in one field.10、关于财富与幸福/健康与财富的作文Wealth brings happinessDirections: In this part, you are to write an essay entitled “The Relationship between Wealth and Happiness”. You can agree or disagree, completely or partially to the above statement. But whatever position you take, you should give sound supporting reasons. At the end of your composition you are required to draw your own conclusion.Wealth has always been what some people long for. It is true that most of them try to acquire wealth by means of honest labor. Their efforts contribute to the welfare of the society and at the same time to the accumulation of their wealth, and hence to their happiness.报考考试有疑问、不知道如何考点内容、不清楚报考考试当地政策，点击底部咨询猎考网，免费获取个人学历提升方案：

本科生英语论文范文

范文一：英语本科毕业论文

The Spirit of Revolt of Tess --Study in Tess of the D'Urbervilles

Thesis statement:

Everyone knows that Tess’s life is a great tragedy, but she is still a courageous woman who dares to fight by all means. In order to defeat the unfortunate fate she always resists the decadent society, the traditional concept, and the hypocrisy religion.

Outline

Ⅰ.Brief Introduction to Tess of the d'Urbervilles

A. Women’s role in industrial movements during 19th century in England

B. A brief commentary of the novel

1. the writer --Thomas hardy

2. general introduction of the novel

Ⅱ.Tess’s spirit of revolt all through her life

A. Tess’s fight to the moribund society

1. the moribund society

2. Tess’s fight to the moribund society

B. Tess’s resistance to the traditional moral concept

1. the traditional moral concept

2. Tess’s resistance to the traditional moral concept

C. Tess’s resistance to the hypocritical religion

1.the hypocritical religion in that time

2. Tess’s resistance to the hypocritical religion

D. Tess’s resistance to the unfortunate marriage

1.Tess’s unfortunate marriage

2. Tess’s resistance to the unfortunate marriage

Ⅲ.Conclusion: In a word, Tess has shown a powerful woman's image to common people with her unyielding spirit of revolt. She, to the moribund society, traditional old morals, hypocritical religion, capitalist marriage system, has carried on the strongest revealing and criticism. Her kindhearted enlightenment, noble emotion, strong personality, and her resistance in imbuing all rooted in the hearts of the people forever, worth savoring.

Abstract

This paper mainly focuses on the spirit of revolt of Tess. First of all, this paper begins with a brief introduction to the novel. Then, this paper makes a brief commentary of the novel. Moreover, it concentrates on :(1) Tess’s fight to the moribund society. (2) Tess’s resistance to the traditional moral concept. (3) Tess’s resistance to the hypocritical religion. (4) Tess’s resistance to the unfortunate marriage. And at last the paper reveals that Tess is actually a character with the spirit of revolt all through her life.

key words:tragedy,Spirit of revolt,industrial movement,unfortunate fate

内容提要

本文研究的是小说主人公“苔丝”的“反抗精神”。首先，本文对小说的背景做了介绍。然后，对文本进行简要评论。再次，本文主要从以下四个方面对文本主人公“苔丝”的“反抗精神”进行集中讨论：(1) 苔丝对腐朽社会的抗争;(2) 苔丝对传统的道德观念的反抗;(3) 苔丝对伪善的宗教的反抗;(4) 苔丝对不幸婚姻的反抗。最后，揭示出苔丝整个人生经历中的反抗精神。

关键词：悲剧,反抗精神,工业运动,不幸命运

范文二：英语专业毕业论文格式要求

1、主要任务

毕业论文写作是完成本科教学计划、实现本科培养目标的重要阶段，是英语人才培养不可或缺的重要环节，是英语专业本科教学计划的重要组成部分，是培养学生综合应用所学的基本理论、基础知识和基本技能，并分析和解决实际问题的重要途径，是对学生进行科学研究的初步训练。毕业论文是学生大学毕业前的最后学习阶段，是英语教学深化和升华的重要过程;是对学生的英语实践技能、英语语文知识及其他相关学科知识、综合素质、研究与创新能力进行检验考核的重要手段;是学生学士学位资格认证的重要依据;是衡量、评估英语专业教学质量与水平的重要内容之一。

2、知识要求

英语专业的毕业论文按专业方向的不同可分为“文学”、“语言及语言学研究”、“语言教学”、“翻译研究”和“ 文化与跨文化”等不同类别。按论文性质的不同，又可分为理论型研究论文、应用型研究论文、综述型论文和研究报告型论文。每个专业方向都可以有这4种不同的类型。

(1)理论型研究论文指对已有的语言、文学、翻译、教学、文化等学科领域的理论性和应用性的研究成果，在翔实、可靠的事实材料的基础上进行有一定新意的探讨，这种新意可包括新的命题、新的视角、新的材料、新的方法、新的论证、新的结论。理论型研究应熟识与了解现有的科学观点、结论和评价，并进行消化、吸收，针对现有理论中的不足、不确切和未涉及之处进行局部的修正、改进、补充或完善。写理论型研究论文的学生要有较好的理论准备，能够熟练运用已学的理论知识，正确、科学地分析、解决论文撰写过程中出现的各种具体的理论性问题，在教师的指导下发现、提出理论性问题并对某一具体理论提出自己的看法和意见。

(2)应用型研究论文指以实际应用为目的，探讨已有的知识在实践中应用的可能性，或运用已有的研究成果探索应用的新途径。应用型研究必须与教学、研究或社会相结合，重点在于如何运用现有的知识，提出、分析、论证或解决在实践中出现的各种新问题，作出有参考或应用价值的结论。选择写应用型研究论文的学生要有一定的理论准备，能够熟练运用已学的理论知识，正确分析、解决论文撰写过程中出现的各种具体问题并在老师的指导下运用某一具体理论提出解决问题的看法和意见。

(3)综述型论文是对某一学科领域研究与发展状况作综合叙述介绍的一种论文类型。综述型论文是在大量阅读各种文献的基础上，对学科中某一具体的理论性或实际应用性问题的研究状况进行综合归纳，分析整理，去粗取精，做出判断，理出清晰而明确的研究发展脉络，从而展示研究现状和已取得的研究成果，分析问题的症结，并指出未来的研究走向和发展趋势的动态性研究成果。写综述型论文的学生应对所选课题的研究状况有比较全面的把握和正确的了解，对材料的归纳总结要较好地体现出综合性和概括性，要在分析、判断的基础上作出新的结论，而且要有一定的前沿性和前瞻性。

(4)研究报告型论文是就某一课题开展调查或测试并对调查或测试中获得的各种数据进行分析、综合、归纳、整理、讨论，从而作出结论的调研性论文。研究报告型论文可分为调查报告与测试报告两类。写研究报告型论文的学生需要具有正确采集、分析和处理信息和数据的方法，需要具有在理论上对调查过程进行分析和论证的能力，并能在老师的指导下独立 1

制定调查或测试方案。

3、能力培养要求

毕业论文写作是本科英语专业教学计划中规定的一项内容和组成部分，是学生毕业前提交的一份具有一定的理论或应用价值的学术论文。它是学生毕业前独立而系统地从事科学研究的初步尝试。毕业论文表明学生的英语水平和实际应用英语的能力，表明学生相关学科方面的学识水平，表明学生发现问题、提出问题和解决问题的能力以及独立从事科研工作的能力。毕业论文对能力的培养有以下几个方面的具体要求：

(1)锻炼学生运用连贯的、正确的、科学的英语语言的能力，全面提高学生综合运用英语的水平;

(2)培养学生发现问题、提出问题、分析问题的思维品质;

(3)培养学生运用所学的理论知识解决来理论性问题或英语实践技能方面的应用性问题的能力;

(4)培养学生严肃认真的科学态度和严谨踏实的工作作风;

(5)培养学生勇于实践、勇于探索、勇于创新的精神。

4、综合素质要求

毕业论文在英语人才培养中起着一般教学不可替代的作用，是对课堂教学和非课堂教学的重要补充。毕业论文跟课堂教学和非课堂教学二者的配合可有效地解决语言知识、言语技能和相关知识的活用问题，能以一种综合性的研究成果的方式把分散的知识、技能与能力要素有机地结合起来。这种结合是全方位的，即思想、观念、知识、技能、能力和文化素质等诸多方面的全面综合，这种结合同时也包括文献资料检索能力、资料筛选能力、计算机应用能力、动手能力、概括能力、归纳能力、分析问题的能力与解决问题的能力等等。总之，毕业论文教学以培养学生全方位的多方面综合素质为目的。

毕业论文检测系统软件，有免费试用优惠哦

随着人类社会的快速发展，英语在不同国家的地理环境里和社会政治、经济、文化影响下发展状况自然不尽相同甚至产生了很大的变化。下文是我为大家整理的关于本科英文论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考! 本科英文论文篇1 浅谈英汉文化差异和习语翻译摘要：一个民族的语言和文化相互依存、密不可分, 而习语作为语言精华更是承载了极其丰富的文化内涵，充满了人类文化活动痕迹，沉积了浓厚的民族文化。因为自然环境、历史渊源、宗教、文化、风俗民情等方面的差异,习语也就承载了不同的民族文化特色和文化信息,所以英汉习语的翻译常常会遇到许多困难。译者应遵循一定的翻译原则，找到适当的翻译方法，保留原有独特味道，又使读者明确其表达意义。关键词：文化习语差异翻译方法习语与本民族的社会风俗、历史和文化一脉相连。一个民族的价值观念、传统观念、思维方式都得以在其习语中反映出来。英汉两种语言历史悠长久远，其中更是包含了大量习语，它们活灵活现，典雅含蓄给人不同感受。然而不了解语言中的社会文化，就无法真正掌握语言，更不用说准确翻译。一、习语的含义及来源 1.1习语的含义习语是语言在使用过程中形成的独特而固定的表达方式。习语是固定的惯用短语，包括成语、俗语、谚语等。习语即是语言中重要修辞手段，同时他们本身也是各种修辞手段的集中体现。习语大多以比喻为衬托，具有鲜明的形象性和浓重的民族色彩，其寓意丰富，联想翩翩，经常用在文艺作品中，在政论文章中与常见到。 1.2习语的来历首先，自然环境影响着民族文化的形成和发展。我们的祖先居住在亚洲东北部北温带，平原辽阔，气候温和，逐渐形成自给自足的农业经济，并且相信人和自然能够和谐相处，因此与土地和农业有关的习语也就很多。如Every potter praises his pot. 指“王婆卖瓜，自卖自夸”、 “ 大雪兆丰年”、 “苗要好，虫除早”等。而英国因为是个岛国，其渔业和航海业有着举足轻重的地位，但常年受天气影响。大量自然有关的习语便形成了。如in deep water 比喻“陷入困境”; spend money like water 比喻“花钱如流水”; to miss the boat 比喻“错失良机”。其次，习语源自寓言、神话传说。古希腊传说和故事对英语有着深远影响，许多习语源于其中并得以广泛使用。如希腊寓言中kill the goose to get the eggs,讲述一个乡下人，急于发财杀死了一只能够下金蛋的鹅，认为这样就能一次获得想象中全部金子，最终一无所获;十七世纪英国因为没有排水口，一旦下起暴雨来街道就会水流成河，许多无家可归的流浪猫狗因为淹死而漂浮在水中，居民以为这些尸体是从天而降，从此to rain cats and dogs 就表示“下倾盆大雨”。再次，文学作品与历史典故也是产生习语重要来源之一。“刻舟求剑”出自《吕氏春秋?察今》。Talk of the devil and he comes. “说曹操，曹操就到”出自中国古典名著《三国演义》。再如be seized with imaginary fears表示“风声鹤唳”。Life is but an empty dream. “人生如梦”，源于美国诗人Longfellow的诗文。The Heel of Achilles直译是“阿基里斯的脚踵”，常用来表示“致命弱点”。最后，宗教亦是习语的重要来源之一。Don’t you see the writing on the wall? 难道你没有看出大难临头了吗?其中writing on the wall意为“不详之兆”，出自《旧约全书》。二、英汉习语文化差异 2.1风俗习惯差异在中国人传统观念中，狗是一种卑微的动物。常常用来比喻恶行，含有贬义。如“狗仗人势”、“狼心狗肺”、“狗嘴里吐不出象牙”等，如lead a dog’s life表示“过着猪狗不如的生活”。在西方英语国家中，则常常视狗为伴侣，认为狗是忠实、聪敏的象征，常用狗比喻人的行为。如love me, love my dog“爱屋及乌”;You are a lucky dog.“你是一个幸运儿”; Every dog has his day.“凡人皆有得意日”;as faithful as a dog用来表示“忠诚”。自古以来，龙在中国人心中就是象征着吉祥的一种瑞兽，古代多以龙代表天子以及权威。在汉语习语中龙一般表示褒义。如“望子成龙”、“龙腾虎跃”、“龙凤呈祥”、“乘龙快婿”等。但是在西方神话中的“dragon”，多是一种长着翅膀和利爪，拖着一根长长的蛇尾，带着满身鳞片并口吐烈火的猛兽。西方人认为龙凶残暴虐，让人感觉恐怖，多用来形容凶悍的人，含有贬义。由于习惯不同，不同颜色在中英文中便有了不同的文化内涵。比如红色，在中国人的传统观念中，红色象征着温暖、喜庆、吉利，过年的时候会贴红对联、送红包，而对别人表示祝福的习语有“红红火火”、“走红运”。但在英语国家中，红色多和灾难、激进、暴力、危险、流血等坏事联系在一起，如on red alert就表示“处于紧急戒备状态”;catch someone red-handed原意指抓到杀人凶手的时候罪犯手上还带有血迹，现比喻“做坏事被当场抓住”。 2.2宗教信仰差异宗教是人类思想文化组成的重要部分，宗教习语中往往带有浓厚的宗教文化特色。中国人信奉佛教和道教，而英语国家多数信奉____。这使得习语在汉英文化中有着各自的色彩。在汉语中与佛教有关的习语有很多，如“三生有幸”、“ 放下屠刀，立地成佛”、“一尘不染”、“临时抱佛脚”、“六根清净”等等。道教中的习语有：“一人得道鸡犬升天”、 “福兮祸所伏,祸兮福所倚”、“ 道高一尺,魔高一丈”、“灵丹妙药”等。《圣经》在基督____有重要地位，因此大量习语都与之有关。例如Judas kiss“犹大之吻”;eye for eye, tooth for tooth “牙还牙，以眼还眼”，出自《旧约?出埃及记》;make bricks without straw形容“根本做不到的事”;ask for bread and be given a stone直译为想要面包，反而给石头，比喻“得非所求”。God在西方人的心中无所不能，与其有关的习语也有很多。如God helps those who help themselves.“天助自助者”; God sends fortune to fools.“傻人有傻福”; God damn you.则表示诅咒一个人。死亡对于人类是个可怕又神秘的字眼，为了消除人类对死亡的焦虑和恐惧，各宗教都对死亡作出了解释，对死后的世界进行了描述。中国的佛教称其为“圆寂”、“归真”、“成佛”、“坐化”等等。道教追求得道成仙，对于死亡的描述有如“仙逝”、“羽化”、“得道”、“回光返照”等。____中认为人是上帝用泥照自己的样子捏出来的，有to return to dust/earth一说，意思是人最终会回归尘土，用以来表达死亡。to be called to God“应上帝之召”。再如to join the angelic choirs“与天使同在”都是以一种积极的态度来表示死亡。 2.3自然环境差异中西方地理环境迥异，中英文中便存在着大量与地理环境有关的习语。英国地处西半球，中国地处东半球，对于风的态度他们与中国人不同，我们所说的eastwind“东风”是温暖的春风，然而在英国eastwind是寒冷的风，让人感到不舒服，因此biting eastwind就指“刺骨东风”。对英国人来说west wind才是春天里温暖而又和煦的风，英国诗人雪莱就著有闻名世界的Ode to the West Wind《西风颂》。在中国热对于东风还有不同喻意。如All is ready except for the east wind.“万事俱备只欠东风”。英国是一个岛国，因此其渔业十分发达，英语中与航海有关的习语数不胜数。如：a drop in the ocean“沧海一粟”、keep one’s head above water“奋力图存” 、in deep water“陷入严重困境”、 as weak as water “弱不禁风”。中国土地广袤肥沃，多名山大川，与农业和山有关的习语有很多。如“开门见山”、 “留得青山在,不愁没柴烧”、“瑞雪兆丰年”、“捡了芝麻，丢了西瓜”等。因为地域不同，语言就会存在明显差异。汉语中有“不到长城非好汉”、“有眼不识泰山”、“不到黄河心不死”等。英语则有All roads lead to Rome.“条条大路通罗马”、Take a French leave.“不辞而别”、Carry Coals to Newcastle.直译为把煤送到纽卡斯尔，因为纽卡斯尔盛产煤，因此喻意为“多此一举”等等。 2.4历史典故差异中英两个国家都有着悠久历史和深厚文化积淀，两种语言中有着大量由历史典故而来的习语。如英文中swang song“绝唱”;castle in the air“空中楼阁”源于神话传说;a Pandora’s box“潘多拉之盒”; cat’s paw源自《伊索寓言》比喻“受人愚弄的人”; meet one’s waterloo源自拿破仑滑铁卢兵败，比喻“一败涂地”。汉语中有 “名落孙山”、“ 完璧归赵” 、“四面楚歌”、“拔苗助长”、 “卧薪尝胆”等等。三、英汉习语互译主要方法 3.1直译法英语中有些习语和汉语的表达方法完全或基本相同，这个时候照译即可。如as easy as turning one’s hand“易如反掌”; as busy as a bee“像蜜蜂一样忙”; Love money as one love one’s life.“爱财如命”; sharpen one’s spear only before going into battle“临阵磨枪”; New wine in old bottles.“旧瓶装新酒”; draw water in a bamboo basket“竹篮打水一场空”; The cat weeps over the mouse.“猫哭耗子”; a stone dropped into the sea“石沉大海”;golden age “黄金时代”; as clear as crystal直译为“清澈如水晶”; as proud as a peacock “像孔雀一样骄傲”。 3.2意译法由于文化差异有些习语不能够直译，读者对其原本形象不够了解，这个时候可保留原文意思而丢弃其原文形象和修辞，避开原有文化背景，采用意译法。例如，to volunteer one’s service“毛遂自荐”; A fish out of water.“很不自在”; You can’t achieve the goal without a risk.“不入虎穴，焉得虎子”; in a frantic rush“手忙脚乱”; run the source of supply “涸泽而渔”; trust to chance and stroke of luck“守株待兔”; keep one’s nose down to the grindstone“埋头苦干”; what is done cannot be undone“覆水难收”。 3.3增补法有时根据读者需要，翻译时为了使译文更加明确易懂，文字更加通达，会结合上下文需要和原文内涵，增添原文字面上本没有但是意思上包含的词汇。例如，a bull in a china shop“公牛闯进瓷器店──肆意捣乱/一动就闯祸”; to shed crocodile tears“流鳄鱼眼泪──假慈悲”; Judas kiss “犹大之吻，背叛行为”; 盲人瞎马“A blind man on a blind horse―rushing headlong to disaster.”; preparation may quicken the process “磨刀不误砍柴工”。 Pandora’s box“潘多拉的盒子，灾难根源”。四、结束语总而言之，习语被人们频繁地使用，它生动形象，是一个民族语言的精华。习语有着本民族的文化色彩，传达本族文化信息，不同民族文化有一定文化差异，因此习语的翻译比较困难。但是根据不同方法，灵活处理形式和内容的关系就可使译文再现原文之美，更好促进文化交流和传播文化知识，帮助人类沟通思想感情。参考文献： [1]方楚之.英汉翻译基础教程[J].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2005. [2]宋天锡.翻译新概念：英汉互译实用教程[J].北京：国防工业出版社，2005. [3]刘重德.英汉语比较与翻译[J].青岛出版社，1988. [4]王德军等.实用英汉翻译教程[J].北京：国防工业出版社，2007. 本科英文论文篇2 美国英语与英国英语差异浅析【摘要】 “英国英语”在美国特有的地理环境里受美国历史文化的影响，随着国家的兴盛发达和其在国际社会中政治地位的迅速提高渐渐产生地区性的变异，形成了“美国英语”。两者在不同国家的地理环境里和社会政治、经济、文化长期影响下，发展状况自然不尽相同、甚至产生了很大的差异。【关键词】美国英语英国英语差异美国独立300多年后的今天，很多美国人(包括那些根本没有英国人血统的)仍把英国英语当作自己的母语――事实上，英国英语确可称为一切英语的基础;但随着人类社会的快速发展，英语在不同国家的地理环境里和社会政治、经济、文化影响下发展状况自然不尽相同甚至产生了很大的变化。因此，英美国英语虽然同根但它们分别在一个历史较短而又较开放的多民族移民国家和一个有着1500多年的相对闭塞的岛国发展了约400年后自然会产生或多或少的不同。总的说来，美国英语简单适用，同时词意丰富具有幽默感和独创性;英国英语纯正、规范。两者具体差别体现在以下几个方面： (一)语法方面美国英语起源于17世纪已进入早期现代英语的英国英语，当代语法在那时已趋稳定。近400年来美国英语与英国英语虽因隔着大西洋而各自在水一方，但由于语法属于语言内在要素，基本上不受外在的自然地理、社会环境变化的影响，语音的语法体系也就不会在短时期内产生多大的差异;另一方面，现代化的交通工具和传播工具为英美两地人民之间的沟通交流创造了可能，使两者之间少许的语法差异逐渐淡化。因而准确地说，英美国英语在语法上并不存在本质差异，只是一些语法形式在两者的使用中频率有高低之分，并无明显规律。常见情况如下：1. 在动词使用上，英美两地人在使用动词have时会出现少许不同。美国人说：Do you have a pen ? 而英国人往往说：Have you got a pen? 还有一些动词，如burn，dream， learn， smell， spell， spill 和spoil的过去式、过去分词形式在美国英语中都是规则的，而在英国英语中这些动词更常被用作不规则动词;与此同时，也有些动词如fit，quit，wet，dive等在英国英语中都是规则的，而在美国英语中这些动词更常被用作不规则动词。此外，must 一词在美国英语中都可用于肯定的推测，但 must not 表否定推测只见于美国英语且不可缩写成must’t 而英国人一般用can’t或 can not;又如used to， dare， need 既可作实义动词也可用作情态动词，但美国人喜欢把它们用作实义动词，英国人却更愿意把它们用作助动词。2. 在代词使用上，英国人用one’s而美国人有时用his 指代不同性别。 (二)词汇方面提到英美国英语词汇差异，不同的人对此认识差别很大。其实，英美国英语既然属于同一语言，它们用于表示与人们生活密切相关的基本词汇当然是相同的，英美国英语并不存在各自独立的词汇系统。尽管如此，这两者由于所服务的对象不同而产生的差异自然而然地体现在了语言的基本组成单位――词汇上。其中差异主要表现在同词异义，同义异词和特有词三种形式上：如，表达同样的意思“人行道”美国人用sidewalk 而英国人却用pavement; 有时，同一单词或词组在英美国英语意义却大相径庭，如 wash up 美国人取“洗手”之义而英国人用它表达“洗碟子”的意思。独有词属一国特有词汇，它用于表现一个国家社会政治、生活、文化等鲜明特征。既然英美两国已各自独立发展了近400年，它们的语言自然会带上其政治、经济、文化、生活的烙印。如filibuster 一词只在美语中使用，用来指美国国会中的故意拖延议事现象。 (三)拼写方面美国人注重实效。在他们看来语言既然是为人类服务的交际工具就应该便于人们使用，因此在美国英语的发展过程中在拼写方面也出现过类似我国简化汉字的运动以求得拼写形式与发音相一致，从而使他们所使用的语言比原先更简单也更实用。这项运动取得一定程度的成功使得美语中一些单词中不发音的某些字母被删除，这也正是造成英美国英语拼写差异的最重要的原因之一。这个差异归纳起来主要有以下几种：1. 在美国英语中词尾为l但不是重读音节的动词分词形式不双写l，如travel， signal， dial， equal等，而在英国英语中却并非如此。2. 许多在美国英语中以ze结尾的动词如realize， organize， analyze， civilize， memorize， recognize等在英国英语却往往被拼作se. 3. 还有几组在美国英语中拼写形式被根据发音规则简化了的常见单词，如本以our结尾的单词labour， favour， honour， colour，在美国英语中都简化成了以or 结尾;原先拼作centre， theatre的单词在美国英语中也被变了形，成了音形一致的拼法er. 4. 更有简化得更彻底的一些单词如catalogue， dialogue， analogue， gramme， programme， kilogramme等在美国英语都被去掉了不发音的字母成了 catalog， dialog， analog， gram， program，kilogram. (四)发音方面英国语言学家P.strevens曾在其书中指出英美国英语上的发音差异要比两者之间的语法差异有规律得多。这就是等于告诉我们：英美国英语之间的最大的差别在于发音。美国英语发音具有不同于英国英语的两大特点：一是在vast， cast， last， laugh 一类词中英国英语发的/a：/音美国人却发成/ ?/;二是在英国英语中元音后的r不发音而在美国英语中只要拼写中出现字母r 就发音，这也正是卷舌音“ r ”能成为美音最为明显的特征的原因。这两个发音特点正好体现了美国英语守旧的一面，因为它们真实地再现了伊利莎白时代这两类词的发音。概括地说，美国英语发音的一个最基本的特点也是优点就是发音与拼写的高度一致性，也正因为这个原因，越来越多的英语学习者更愿意接受美国英语。参考文献 [1] 侯维瑞.英国英语和美国英语.1990年7月. [2] 英语的发展和英美语的比较.1995年1月. [3] R.穆斯曼.美国背景 (Background to the USA).世界图书出版社(北京);1995，2. [4] R.穆斯曼.英语国家背景(Background to English-speakingcountries ).世界图书出版社(北京);1995，2 .

自考英语二范文模板百度云

自考英语二考试作文主要有图表分析型、问题解决型、道理阐述型和情景应用型。下面是小编为大家整理的自考英语二作文万能模板，在字数要求、主题确立、布局谋篇和语言表达等四个方面都给出了具体的指导。下面我们就来看看吧!

1-5 CBABC 6-10 AAABA11-15 BCADC16-20 AECDB 21-25 FBACE26-30 EBCAD 31-35 IKDJC36-40 AEGBC41.were born 42.resulted 43.groon 44.manufactural 45.been moved 46.addition 47.fever 48.machines 49.unnecessary 50.unemployment作文 My hobbyEveryone has his own hobbies. as for me,my hobby is to do sport in my space time.I am fond of play sports ,there are the following ressons.to begin with, todo sports is heathy,such as walking,runing,swimning and playiing different kinds of balls,What" more,it can improve our abilities.For example,we can tabe part in the abilities held in our school,And maybe we can get good grades,which will make us happy and confident,All in all,doing sports will also makes our spiritual life more colorful,It can make us refresh and love life better after doing sports. 不知道这个可不可以

自考英语二是必考科目，而英语二最重要的拿分点之一就是作文。今天小编给大家分享英语作文万能模板及满分范文，以供参考。自考英语二模板汇总背句型1. as is known /as it is known to all…众所周知2. with the pace of modern life increasing…. 随着现代生活步伐的加快3. with the development of modern society…随着现代社会的4. personally I’m in favor of the former/latter view…我个人偏向于前/后一种观点5. there is no doubt that…勿容质疑6. however everything has two sides…任何事物都具有两方面7. as a Chinese saying goes…正如中国的一句谚语所说8. the same is the case with sth…也不例外9. in the appraisal of…在。。。的评价中11. according to…there are at least three good reasons…firstly secondly…thirdly…列举的用法12. In my opinion, in the appraisal of…it is one-sided to affirm everything or to negate everything.We should appreciate the great contribution made by them,and at the same time pay enough attention to the problems caused by them.我认为，在对….的评价中，完全的肯定任何事情和否认任何事情都是片面的。我们在欣赏到他们做出的巨大的贡献的同时也要更加注意他们带来的问题。英语作文速成模板1）要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。1. 有一些人认为…2. 另一些人认为……3. 我的看法……The topic of ①—————– （主题） is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions about it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of ②—————– （支持 A的理由一） What is more, ③ ————- 理由二 ). Moreover, ④—————( 理由三 ).While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons.Firstly,⑤—————–( 支持 B 的理由一 ). Secondly (besides), ⑥—————— （理由二） . Thirdly (finally), ⑦——————( 理由三 ).From my point of view, I think ⑧—————- （我的观点） . The reason is that ⑨——————–( 原因 ). As a matter of fact, there are someother reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice .2）给出一个观点，要求考生反对这一观点Some people believe that ①—————- （观点一） . For example, they think②—————– （举例说明）． And it will bring them ③—————( 为他们带来的好处 ).In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point. For one thing, ④————-( 我不同意该看法的）万能模板（一）It has been a hot topic for a long time whether______（某事物 / 问题）. Some people take it for granted that______ （一种观点）. However, other reckon that______（另一种观点）.Those people who hold the former opinion believe______（观点一的理由一）. In addition,_____（观点一的理由二）.However, there are still others who advocate the latter opinion because they hold______ （观点二的理由一）.And,_____ （观点二的理由二） .What ’ s more,______ （观点二的理由三）. So______ （总结观点二）.As for me, my favor goes to______ （两种观点选其一） .For one thing,______ （个人看法依据一） . For another,______ （个人看法的依据二） . But______ （提出某事物 /问题需要改进的地方） .And I hope （提出自己的希望） .（二）Nowadays/ At present _____（概述现象）. The Phenomenon has become a heated topic among the people around us / The phenomenon has brought into focus. /_____ （某现象）, which has arouse great concern______ （阐述现象表现）.There are many factors that many reasons accounting for this phenomenon. / The reasons（factors ） that contribute to______ （该现象） are varied. First of all/To startwith,_____ （原因一）. In addition/Furthermore/What is more/Moreover,______（原因二）.Finally,______（原因三） .On the whole,_____ （总结原因）.As far as I am concerned, I am inclined to_____ （我的做法 / 我的看法） ______（总结观点）.（三）Nowadays, there are more and more [ 某种现象 ] in [ 某种场合 ]. It is estimatedthat [相关数据 ]. Why have there been so many [ 某种现象 ]? Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows. The first one is [ 原因一 ]. Besides, [ 原因二 ]. The third one is[ 原因三 ]. To sum up, the main cause of [ 某种现象 ] is due to [ 最主要原因 ].It is high time that something were done upon it. For one thing, [解决办法一 ]. On the other hand, [解决办法二 ]. All these measures will certainly reduce the number of [ 某种现象 ].段首句1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为……There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____.2.俗话说 (常言道 )……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。There is an old saying______. It”s the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today.3. 现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……;其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____Second,____. What makes things worse is that______.4. 现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外 (而且 )……。Nowadays，it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because______. Besides， ______.5.任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages.6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为(说)……，在他们看来，……People ‘s opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______.To them,_____.7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious.8. ……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年轻人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。______ has become a hot topic among people， especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.9. ……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。______ has been playing an increasingly important role in ourday-to-day life.it has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.10. 根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出……。很显然……，但是为什么呢 ?According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph ，it can be seen that______ while.Obviously ， ______， but why?中间段落句1. 相反，有一些人赞成……，他们相信……，而且，他们认为……。On the contrary，there are some people in favor of ___.At the same time，they say____.2. 但是，我认为这不是解决……的好方法，比如……。最糟糕的是……。But I don”t think it is a very good way to solve ____.For example ，____.Worst of all ， ___.3. ……对我们国家的发展和建设是必不可少的， (也是 )非常重要的。首先，……。而且……，最重要的是……______is necessary and important to our country”s development and construction. First ，______.What”s more, _____.Most important of all,______.4. 有几个可供我们采纳的方法。首先，我们可以……。There are several measures for us to adopt. First, we can______5. 面临……，我们应该采取一系列行之有效的方法来……。一方面……，另一方面，Confronted with______ ， we should take a series of effective measures to______. For one thing ， ______For another ， ______6. 早就应该拿出行动了。比如说……，另外……。所有这些方法肯定会……。It is high time that something was done about it. For example._____.In addition. _____.All these measures will certainly______.7. 为什么……?第一个原因是…… ;第二个原因是…… ;第三个原因是……。总的来说，……的主要原因是由于……Why______? The first reason is that ______.The second reason is______.The third is ______.For all this, the main cause of ______due to ______.自学考试英语二作文大全作文一：To whom it may concern:I’ve learned that an art exhibition is to be held and that you’re collecting suggestions on its location. I’m writing this letter to share with you my opinions.In my opinion, it is more advisable to hold the art exhibition in Shanghai Museum than in community libraries. My reasons are as follows.On one hand, it is more convenient for people to get to Shanghai Museum which is located in the center of the city. And the museum is much more spacious than community libraries, which provides visitors with a more comfortable environment for appreciating art.On the other hand, as a well-known museum, Shanghai Museum is more professional and experienced in holding art exhibitions. Its professional security guards and advanced facilities can better protect those famous paintings from being damaged or stolen.Therefore, I suggest the exhibition be held in the museum.WangMin作文二：职业生涯的选择When it come to (the career choice),different people hold different views.Some contend that (you should be committed to a lifetime career).For one thing,(you must show you loyalty).For another( you can have more room to improve yourself in one protessional.)In spite of all these claims,others maintain that( you can change jobs fairly often),and they point out that(job-hop canbroaden your horizons). Another instance often cited is that (is that you can have better chance to earn more durin the process of job-hop).It’s no easy task to find a satisfactory answer to the issue.As for me,there’s some truth to both arguments. It’s a advisable to (make your choice depending on a ccording to your context).作文三：E-books or paper booksNowadays,there is a growing concern over the issue of e-books or paper books.Some people hold the view that e-books are better than paper books,because e-books are cheaper and more convenient than paper books.e-books can help us to get more knowledge at lower costs.While other people argue that paper books are better than e-books,because paper books are more real and more traditional than e-books,paper books can help us to feel and touth the texture of real papers.In conclusion,I agree that both aspects should be considered when talking about e-books or paper books.However I prefer e-books rather than paper books,because I like to get more kownledge at lower costs.作文四：Fight against HazeIn recent years,we have to face a problem of haze,which is becoming more and more serious.First of all,it can lead to environment risk,which may cause a series of problem.What’s more,it can lead to financial risk,which may cause employment issues.Last but not least,it can lead to health riskwhich may cause illness.In the face of haze,we should take a series of effective measuresto cope with the situation.For one thing ,in terms of governmental behaviors,government should make relative policesto control haze.For another thing,in terms of public behaviors,people should keep our behaviors in check to control haze.fanally,in terms of personal behaviors,we should start from the little things around us.As more and more focus is placed on haze,I am confident in a bright future if all of us take action from this moment.作文五：My hobbyI have a lot of hobbies,such as reading,running,playing basketball,watching movies and so on.But I prefer reading rather than others.When I was little,I couldn’t read or write,my mom taught me to read and write everday.After I grow up,I often buy myself a variety of books to read and learn.I am used to reading during my free time.Till now,it is one of my favorites.It help me to better understand the world and achieve better self.I hope that everyone can enjoy the fun of reading,which is really helpful for our lives.报考考试有疑问、不知道如何考点内容、不清楚报考考试当地政策，点击底部咨询猎考网，免费获取个人学历提升方案：

自考英语二作文模板两篇 1.说明利弊题型这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度（利或弊）出发，最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度。 Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily life.Generally,its advantages can be seen as follows.First----------------(A的优点之一).Besides-------------------（A的优点之二）. But every coin has two sides.The negative aspects are also apparent.One of the important disadvantages is that----------------(A的第一个缺点)．To make matters worse,------------------(A的第二个缺点)． 2.对比观点型要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。有一些人认为。另一些人认为。我的看法。 The topic of①-----------------（主题）is becoming more and more popular recently.There are two sides of opinions of it.Some people say A is their favorite.They hold their view for the reason of②-----------------（支持A的理由一）What is more,③-------------理由二).Moreover,④---------------(理由三). 自考英语作文优秀范文参考 1.有些人认为某些数字会带来好运。2.也有些人认为数字与运气无关。3.试说明你的看法。 ①When asked about lucky numbers,different people will offer different opinions.Some people think that②lucky numbers can bring good luck.They hold this view because③they believe lucky numbers will help them fulfill their wishes-to be rich or successful.④However,there are still many people who won't agree.They argue that⑤such kind of idea is only ignorant and superstitious belief.Besides,⑥they think numbers are just numbers and each number is equal in its importance. ⑦Personally,I am on the side of the latter argument.For one thing,⑧numbers,including lucky numbers,are just a tool for counting,They don't have magic power.For another,⑨whether we will have good luck or not depends on ourselves instead of lucky numbers,If we work hard and make good preparations,good luck will come to us. ⑩Therefore,lucky numbers don't bring good luck.It is our hard work and good preparations that bring us good luck. 面试在求职过程中的作用；取得面试成功的因素：仪表、举止谈吐、能力、专业知识、自信、实事求是。 A job interview is indispensable in the process of job hunting.If a job seeker can make the best use of the interview and leave a good impression on the interviewer’s mind,he may be lucky enough to get the job competed for by many applicants.If,on the other hand,the job hunter gives a poor performance during the interview,he is unlikely to stand a chance to succeed. To be successful in a job interview,the job hunter should demonstrate certain personal and professional qualities. First,the applicant ought to attach much importance to his appearance and manner of speaking.Second,he is supposed to display his ability,especially his grasp of professional knowledge required by the position for which he is applying.Finally,a really impressive job seeker must convey a sense of self-confidence in and a practical attitude toward the cause concerned. If the interviewee succeeds in displaying these characteristics and presents his most attractive qualities during an interview,the interviewer might make an on-the-spot decision to take him on.自考/成考有疑问、不知道如何总结自考/成考考点内容、不清楚自考/成考报名当地政策，点击底部咨询官网，免费领取复习资料：

自考英语二作文范文模板百度云

2016考研英语二小作文预测及范文作文预测应用文考察类型：书信预测书信种类：建议信、道歉信、邀请信、请求信、推荐信、祝贺信预测作文范文书信作文预测：建议信、道歉信、请求信、询问信、邀请信、申请信建议信、道歉信、邀请信、请求信、推荐信、祝贺信建议信Write a letter to your university canteen, making suggestions for improving its service. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET .Dear Sir or Madam,I am a student of our university, who often have meals in our canteen. Generally speaking, our canteen provides quite good food. However, I still have some suggestions for you to make our canteen more popular among students.To begin with, I wonder whether you could provide more varieties of food. We do not have many options when eating in our canteen now. To continue, some students have complained about the price of the food there, would you please lower it down?I do hope to have a better canteen. And I would be highly grateful if you could take my suggestions into consideration.Yours sincerely,Li Ming道歉信Suppose you have accepted Mr. Zhang’s invitation to dinner, but you have to change your plan for some reasons. Write a letter in about 100 words to make an apology to him.Dear Mr. Zhang,I sincerely thank you for inviting me to dinner in your house next Sunday.However, now, much to my regret that I may not be able to keep my promise because I have just been caught serious cold, which requires me to take a rest for a long time. And I apologize for any inconvenience this may cause you. If I get better during this time, I will be there on time.I am very sorry for that and really regret that I would miss such an excellent chance of enjoying the perfect dishes with friends. Besides, please give my regards to Mr. and Mrs. Rogers when they come to dinner.Yours sincerely,Li Ming邀请信Directions: You want to invite some friends to a party. Write an invitation letter to them individually:1) Invite them to the party,2) Elaborate on the reason why such a party should be held,3) What activities will be arranged for them.Dear friends,I will hold a dinner party at my house on April 2, 2015 to celebrate Mr. Old Fish's marriage with Miss Diana. As you are my closest friends of us, we would very much like you to participate in the celebration and share our joy.The occasion will start at seven o'clock in the evening, with the showing of their wedding ceremony. This will be followed by a dinner party. At around ten, we will hold a small musical soiree, at which a band will perform some works by Bach and Strauss.If you do not have any prior appointment on April 2, we look forward to the pleasure of your company.Yours sincerely,Li Ming推荐信DirectionsOne of your students, Liu Ming, wants to study for the master's degree under the supervision of Professor Smith in an oversea university, you are asked to write a letter of recommendation for him in about 100 words.Dear Prof. Smith,I am writing to you to recommend one of my best students, Liu Ming, who wants to pursue his graduate study for a master's degree under your supervision.Liu Ming was an excellent student in our university as can be seen from his straight A grades on all subjects. He has passed the TOTEL test, indicating a good command of his English. More importantly, during the time he worked as my research assistant from July, 2010 to September, 2012, he had displayed great enthusiasm and intelligence on academic research.I believe with his diligence, intelligence and great passion, Liu Ming has great potential in his future academic pursuits. Therefore, I recommend him to you without any reservation. I am ready to provide any further information upon your request.Yours sincerely,Li Ming祝贺信DirectionsYou heard that Lucy, one of your best friends has been admitted to his dreamed university. Write an e-mail to him to express you congratulations to him in about 100 words.Dear Lucy,I am very glad to hear that you have been admitted to Beijing University. Congratulations! Your long-cherished dream has finally come true.I really think that you deserve the success. You have been working so hard in preparing for the entrance exam in the past years. All your time and energy was devoted to the hard study. Now your diligence and devotion have been repaid.I do believe that you will achieve one success after another on this new stage. And I am looking forward to hearing more good news from you. Please accept my heartfelt congratulations again.Yours sincerely,Li Ming

【导读】参加自考英语二的考生都知道，作文的书写是考试中必然会考的题目，也是占分比例很高的题目，现在又是疫情发生的关键时期，所以疫情类作文就成为了考试的热点，今天给大家带来的是疫情发生源头——野生动物捕食的自考英语二优秀范文，下面就一起来背一背吧。

作文背景：

新型冠状病毒疫情在武汉早期确诊的病例，与武汉华南海鲜市场关系很密切。调查显示，此前在海鲜市场中有非法售卖野生动物现象。人类生存离不开野生动物，但现实生活中野生动物被捕食或作他用比比皆是。

请根据以下表格写篇Protecting Wild Animals的英语作文。

素材要点：

1.写作应包括表格及文字等各项内容。

2.为使写作流畅,在不影响主题表达完整准确的前提下,允许必要的增减与发挥。

3.词数100左右。

范文：

Since the pneumonia epidemic broke out in Wuhan in December, the number of people infected and patients who have died keep climbing. It is reported that the epidemic has something to do with the killing and selling of wild animals at South China Seafood Market. With the decrease of wild animals, many animals are endangered. Worse still,some of them may disappear forever.

There is no doubt that hunting and killing wild animals has a bad influence. For wild animals are killed for their fur, which causes the imbalance of nature. For another, due to the contact between humans and wild animals, epidemics like SARS and pneumonia may infect humans easily.

As far as I am concerned, something must be done to stop this illegal action. First, Nature Reserves are supposed to be built so as to offer more living space to wildlife. Second, be aware that never have wild animals for food, as they are part of environment. Third, it is high time that we raised people’s awareness to protect wildlife. In this way, we can build a harmonious society and ensure a sustainable development.

在进行自考英语作文写作的时候，作文的要求等等，都是要包含其中的，当然主旨一定要明确，要点一定要写完整，并且一般采用三段式，一定不要出现语法和词汇错误，在进行自考英语学习的时候，一些作文模板，高分句型，可以多整理一些，在考前一定要背起来，考试的时候才能更好的进行使用。

英语二自考作文范文模板百度云

一、英语书信的常见写作模板开头部分： How nice to hear from you again. Let me tell you something about the activity. I’m glad to have received your letter of Apr. 9th. I’m pleased to hear that you’re coming to China for a visit. I’m writing to thank you for your help during my stay in America. 结尾部分： With best wishes. I’m looking forward to your reply. I’d appreciate it if you could reply earlier. 二、口头通知常见写作模板呼语及开场白部分： Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make. 正文部分： All the teachers and students are required to attend it. Please take your notebooks and make notes. Please listen carefully and we’ll have a discussion in groups. Please come on time and don’t be late. 结束语部分： Please come and join in it. Everybody is welcome to attend it. I hope you’ll have a nice time here. That’s all. Thank you. 三、议论文模板 1.正反观点式议论文模板导入：第1段：Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... （导入话题） Our opinions are divided on this topic.（观点有分歧）正文：第2段：Most of the students are in favour of it.（正方观点） Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由) 第3段：However, the others are strongly against it. （反方观点） Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由) 结论：第4段：Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.（个人观点）オ 2.“A或者B”类议论文模板：导入：第1段： Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages. 正文：第2段：There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因) 第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势) 结论：第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论) オ 3.观点论述类议论文模板：导入：第1段：提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题 As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. （亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对） The reasons for this may be listed as follows. （过渡句，承上启下）正文：第2段：First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由) 结论：第3段：In conclusion, I believe that... （照应第1段，构成"总—分—总"结构） 4."How to"类议论文模板：导入：第1段：提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题正文：第2段： Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法) 结论：第3段：These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法) 四、图表作文写作模板 The chart gives us an overall picture of the 图表主题. The first thing we notice is that 图表最大特点 . This means that as (进一步说明). We can see from the statistics given that 图表细节一 . After 动词-ing 细节一中的第一个变化， the动词-ed+幅度+时间(紧跟着的变化) . The figures also tell us that图表细节二 . In the column, we can see that accounts for (进一步描述). Judging from these figures, we can draw the conclusion that (结论). The reason for this, as far as I am concerned is that (给出原因). / It is high time that we (发出倡议). 五、图画类写作模板：1.开头 Look at this picture./The picture shows that.../From this picture, we can see.../As is shown in the picture.../As is seen in the picture... 2.衔接句 As we all know, .../As is known to all,.../It is well known that.../In my opinion,.../As far as I am concerned,.../This sight reminds me of something in my daily life. 3.结尾句 In conclusion.../In brief.../On the whole.../In short.../In a word.../Generally speaking.../As has been stated...

1、利弊分析型作文模板：

思路：1、描述现象 2、介绍观点（第二段，利；第三段，弊）3、作者观点/结论？

2、图表型作文模版：

思路第一段，结合图表，将图表的信息描述清楚，点出主题。

第二段，围绕主题展开讨论，分析原因。

第三段，结合上段讨论，发表自己针对这种现象的评论，说明危害，重申自己观。

作文取高分难，但拿到个相对高的分数还是不太难的，特别是作文拿到20分以上应该说比较容易。参考以往考生经验（主要感谢一下论坛老人“金翅膀”），自己总结加工了几类模板，水平不高，主要为大家开阔思路、提供一个参考，表见笑。

大家用模板的时候总担心与别人雷同，如果单纯背诵抄袭模板那就太低级了。模板主要为我们提供框架和行文思路，首先，根据题目我们要能知道大概结构和一些标志性语句；其次，要给模板赋予自己的个性，这样作文既写得还不错，也不会雷同了。图画类作文图片类型有单图片（双图片）说明和双图片对比说明。我根据自己的想法，进行了以下简单分类，几种不同类型的作文模板，各有不同组织框架，根据框架行文风格可分为：

对比类：对同一事物的不同选择；面对困难、机遇、责任、失败、追求批判类：对社会不好现象的批评；污染、浪费、交通、抄袭、啃老、食品议论类：对社会热点问题的议论；网友、崇拜、就业、网络、中西文化正气类：弘扬社会正气，高尚品德等。

大作文第一段适用于柱状图和折线图：Anyone who takes a closer look at the data in the gragh can be surprised to find a interesting phenomenon. According to the gragh, the number of A increased by 某某数字（increased to 某某数字）in 某某年, and the figure of B decreased by 某某数字（decreased to 某某数字）in 某某年, with C staying at the same level. 大第一段百分比分析：适用于饼状图或者表格The XXX（图表类型）shows/depicts/illustrates +that XXX 主题词（关键词） in (年份). According to the data provided, it is clear that 关键词1 accounts for a significant of 百分比. It is followed by 事物2, which accounts for 百分比. 事物3 takes up 百分比. And others occupy merely 百分比.大作文第三段情况一：当图表展示的是好的方面：趋势分析+展望未来Taking into account what has been argued, we can come to the conclusion that this established trend is positive and therefore acceptable. Accordingly, let’s get prepared to embrace this irreversible tendency.大作文第三段情况二：当图表展示的是不好的方面——提建议+展望未来As has been mentioned above, countermeasures should be taken immediately so as to reverse the grim situation. First of all, relevant regulations should be established to severely punish those who violate ___ rules deliberately, be they ___ or ___. Furthermore， a widespread education campaign is bound to be launched to inform citizens that proper rules are of benefit to ____.Only by doing so can we exist in a harmonious and disciplined society.望采纳哦~

自考法学论文范文模板百度云

在法学领域中，比较法(Rechtsvergleichung)是不同国家或地区法律秩序的比较研究。下文是我为大家整理的关于法学论文比较法的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!

什么是比较法

一、比较法的研究对象

一般意义上说，比较法的研究对象是对不同国家的法律进行比较研究。如对中美、中德的法律进行比较研究。从特定意义上说，比较法的研究对象也包括同一国家不同地区的法律的比较研究，如对美国不同的州之间的法律进行的比较研究、中国大陆与两个特别行政区之间的法律制度进行的比较研究，又如对我国加入WTO后法律与国际接轨、相适应问题的研究等。

比较法的研究可以是双边的，即在两个国家或特定的地区之间进行比较研究;也可以是多边的，即对三个或三个以上国家的法律进行比较研究。

比较法的名称容易引起误解。一般的法律如民法、刑法等都有特定的研究对象、调整规则，而比较法谈不上特定的调整对象、调整规则。它是法学的一个学科，而不是一门具体的法，但法学界对“比较法”一词沿用已久，一般不会引起歧异。目前这么学科的名称还有如“比较法学”、“比较法研究”、“法律的比较研究”等。

对一国法律之间的比较，不属于比较法学的内容。如对一国的民法和刑法间的比较研究、一国的民法和行政法之间的比较研究，均不属于比较法学的范围。

比较法学课一般分一下几个层次：一是基础训练，如现在讲的比较法总论;二是部门法的研究;三是专题训练、

下面我想举一个案例来说明比较法这门学科的重要性。

甲是R国人并居住在R国，生前是美国纽约州一公司在R国的代理人。在其生前所立的遗嘱中声明，在5他死后，全部财产由其女儿继承。其女也是R国公民，已成年，居住在R国。根据R国的法律，这一遗嘱是有法律效力的。R国的法律属于西方国家的民法法系。甲死后，其女在纽约州法院向该公司起诉，要求后者支付其所欠甲的薪金和佣金。被告的律师提出，根据纽约州的法律，遗嘱的效力必须警告遗嘱检验法院的证明，而且，遗产应首先由遗嘱执行人管理并作为遗产的代理人，由遗产执行人提起诉讼。而本案中，遗嘱未经遗嘱检验法院的证明，甲的女儿也不是遗嘱执行人，因而，甲的女儿无权起诉，请求法院撤销其起诉。在这种情况下，如果甲的女儿按纽约州的条件重新提起诉讼，容易导致时间、金钱的浪费，还可能发生过期的问题。这时原告的律师以R国的法律进行抗辩，他提出，本案应适用R国法律。而按R国法律，遗嘱的效力无需经遗嘱检验法院的证明;甲死后，其财产所有权即行转移给其继承人而无需遗产执行人。因而，甲的女儿有权根据所有权起诉。最终，甲的女儿胜诉。

在这个案例中我们可以看到：对纽约州法院来说，遗嘱要由遗嘱检验法院证明，遗产的处分需要遗嘱执行人，这是本国法。原告方提出适用R国的法律，这是外国法。本国法与外国法发生冲突怎么办?这里又涉及到国际私法或者说冲突法。根据纽约州的冲突法，涉外遗产案件适用法院地法(即纽约州法)或死者住所地法(即R国法);动产继承案件，应适用死者住所地法。同时，如果我们假定甲的女儿委托其在纽约州的代理人起诉的话，就要涉及到国际公法的问题。我们看到，该案件涉及本国法、外国法、国际私法和国际公法，我们不可能熟悉所有外国的法律，但通过比较法的学习，大致了解两个法系间的冲突法，我们面对这些问题的时候就能游刃有余。这时比较法学的价值也就体现出来了。

二、几十年来比较法学的发展

比较法学十九世纪在欧洲大陆兴起。二战后获得了巨大的发展。研究的内容也从大陆法系扩展到英美法系，还包括了二战后大批新独立国家法律的研究。

九十年代以来比较法研究取得了更为巨大的发展，我认为其原因主要有以下一些因素：

1、美国法律思想在西方取得了主导地位。十九世纪上半期是法国占主导地位，十九世纪下半期是德国占主导地位，二战后，美国获得了主导地位。这主要表现为以下的美国法律思想、制度的盛行：(1)美国意义上的司法审查制度，即美国联邦最高法院有权审查联邦法律和各州宪法、法律是否违背联邦宪法。现在，法国有宪法委员会，德国和俄罗斯联邦有宪法法院，而日本直接仿效美国由普通法院行使司法审查权。(2)联邦管理商务的法律。(3)有关隐私权、反性骚扰的法律。(4)对抗制的庭审模式。(5)法律教育中的判例教学法。

2、欧盟法律的兴起、欧盟法律的特点是：(1)它不是独立的法律，其效力比成员国法律要高;(2)它不仅适用于成员国国家，还直接适用于成员国的公民。所以，有人称欧盟的法律不是联邦法，也不是国际法，而是超国家的法律。北大设有欧洲法研究中心。

3、两个法系融合的加强。现在，大陆法系也更多地使用判例。这与欧盟的发展有关。欧盟原来是以法国、德国为中心的，七十年代后英国的加入，加强了两个法系的融合。

4、前苏联法律的解体，俄罗斯联邦的兴起。

5、东德的法律由联邦德国的法律所替代。前苏联和东德解体的形式是不一样的。苏联解体以前的法律与俄罗斯联邦现在的宪法不抵触的，由俄罗斯联邦继承沿用。东德的法律则是完全由西德法律所代替。

6、伊斯兰法的改革。这有两个方向，一个是逐步向传统西方法律靠拢的方向，一个是更为宗教化的方向。

7、当代中国法律的巨大变化。

8、一国两制的实现。我认为这是具有世界意义的事件。

三、比较法研究的方法论

这是根据西方比较法译著加上我个人看法的一些总结。

(一)、宏观的比较和微观的比较

这里有不同的理解。法国比较法学家达维认为，宏观比较是研究具有很大差别的法律制度;微观比较是同一个法系的法律比较研究。莱茵斯坦认为，宏观比较是对整个法律制度的比较;微观比较是具体法律制度和规则的比较。瑞典的波格旦认为，宏观比较是形式的比较，如法律结构和渊源的比较;而微观比较是实体的比较，集中在法律规则、内容的比较。我个人倾向于第二种理解。对不同的社会制度，即不同法系或同一法系不同国家的比较，是宏观比较;具体法律规则的比较是微观比较。

我们看法学教育中经常提到的案例，西瓜皮案件。老太太在商场购物时滑倒，我们可以看到不同国家的不同处理办法。在法国，人们径直查法国民法典1382至1384条;在德国，人们认为还没有成立契约，属于缔约过失问题 ;而在英国，人们则认为这属于占有问题，或者说实际控制的问题。

(二)、功能比较和概念比较

功能比较强调各种不同的法律解决同样的对象即具有同样的功能，就是可以比较的。功能比较时比较法的基础和出发点。概念比较强调法律概念、法律的形式、结构、渊源的比较。我个人认为功能比较时重大的突破，是比较高层次的研究，但并不排斥概念、规则、形式的比较。

(三)、文化比较

这是美国法学家埃尔曼等提出来的。文化比较强调法律本身是一种文化，应比较不同民族的文化。我个人认为，文化和法律文化究竟指什么，模糊不清。文化对法律有积极影响也有消极影响，传统文化与法律紧密联系，但法律的决定因素毕竟不是文化。

(四)、静态比较和动态比较

静态比较是指法律法规条文的比较;动态比较除法律条文外，还包括法律的产生、发展、作用、形式以及制定和实行的比较。我个人认为这两种比较应该结合起来。

(五)、法律比较的步骤

1、找出两个或两个以上国家法律共同遇到的问题(共同的起点);2、比较各国的解决办法;3、研究各国所采取的办法的理由;4、研究这些异同及其产生原因的可能趋势;5、进行评价;6、预测未来的发展趋势。

四、比较法的作用

一是在立法方面。比较法从欧洲兴起，特别是从比较立法兴起，在立法方面作用巨大。我曾作文《当代中国借鉴外国法律的实例》对此进行论述。

二是在法律执行和司法行政方面。例如，《民法通则》中有一条关于涉外合同发生纠纷适用什么法律的条文。一般当事人可以自行选择适用的法律，当事人没选择的由与案件发生地具有最密切联系地法院管辖。这里就产生了“最密切联系”的解释问题。通过比较法研究我们会找到比较适当的答案。

三是当代世界呈现出经济全球化和政治多元化的趋势，法学界如何适应这一趋势的问题。个别西方法学家(主要是美国的法学家)提出“法律全球化”的口号。我个人认为，这是不切实际的幻想。经济全球化是客观事实，是必然，在经济贸易方面的法律我们应该积极与国际接轨。但法律不同于经济，法律是不会全球化的。其实，一些美国法学家也承认，他们提出的“全球化”是倾向于“美国化”的。

四是在法学教育和法学研究方面。这就不用多说了。

五、不同法系和不同社会制度的法律

不同法系是指大陆法系和英美法系。不同社会制度是指社会主义制度和资本主义制度。它们的概念是有区分的，是不可混同的。苏联解体前，有的法学家称有三个法系，即英美法系、大陆法系和社会主义法系，这就混淆了概念了。有一种理解是认为有一“远东法系”，还有人认为有一“中华法系”。苏联法学家也曾提出对内比较和对外比较的概念。对内比较是指同一法系的国家间法律的比较，对外比较比较是指社会主义法律与资本主义法律的比较。苏联解体后，比较法学界对此并没有定论。我个人是按大陆法系与英美法系划分的，“社会主义法系”我作为历史资料来讲解，其他的我作为专题讲。

法学理论中法的作用

[摘要]法是人类社会自我管理的最伟大创造。在漫长的人类文明发展过程中,法形成了自己独特的语言、概念、逻辑和体系。立法是一项严肃的政治活动,也是一门政治艺术。尊重法律,维护法律的权威应该是我国公民的基本道德。我国已经初步形成以宪法为核心的中国特色社会主义法律体系。结合建构我国社会主义法律体系的实践,探索法律科学,掌握法的原理,将有助于提高立法质量,为形成中国特色社会主义法律体系作出贡献。

[关键词] 法学理论法律政策管理

现在世界上关于法的定义五花八门,有几十种之多。对法律是什么的回答既体现不同的价值观,也体现不同的认识论。马克思主义法学把法定义为:法是由国家制定和认可的、体现国家意志的、以权利和义务为主要内容的、由国家以其强制力保证实施的社会行为规范。法律的生命在于实行。尊重法律,维护法律的权威应该是我国公民的基本道德。我国已经初步形成以宪法为核心的中国特色社会主义法律体系。

我国社会主义法学理论和其他各种各样的法学理论不同之处在于:一是坚持历史唯物主义的观点。作为上层建筑的法律是一定发展水平的经济基础的产物,法的发展必须同整个社会物质文明、精神文明和政治文明的发展相适应,法律永远不能超出社会经济条件所提供的范畴和结构。二是坚持统治阶级意志与人民意志相统一的观点。法律是一个社会中阶级力量对比关系的集中表现。超然的、抽象的法律是不存在的,法律是统治阶级调整社会关系的手段。我国是人民当家作主的社会主义国家,立法者由人民选举产生并对人民负责,最大限度地表达人民的意志是我国立法的宗旨。三是坚持发展的观点。法一定要随着社会的发展而发展。基于新的社会现实制定与之相适应的法律规范是法律生命力的源泉。

作为一种社会治理方式,法具有多种社会作用。我国古代思想家管仲把法的作用概括为“兴功惧暴、定分止争”。现代社会的法的作用显然不止于此。在政治领域,法的作用主要表现在:

第一,法确立掌握政权的阶级的统治地位,为国家政权的存在、结构和活动提供法律依据。

“要立国,先立法”,国家的产生和存在必须具备合法性。在国际法上,合法性表现为获得国际法上的主体资格,在国内法上,合法性表现为合宪性。在这里谈一谈宪政的问题。近年来,我们听到很多关于宪政的讨论。宪政的含义,有不同解释,有人认为宪政就是“限政”,就是“分权制约”,我国社会主义法律理论认为,宪政的核心是一部好宪法切实得到遵守。宪法具有最高法律效力,必须成为一切国家机关、社会团体和公民个人的行为准则。对执政党来说,宪政就是依宪执政。

法也是凝聚国民精神的政治符号。很多国家的学校要求学生向宪法致敬,公民进入法庭要对法律宣誓,掌握国家政权的政党和领袖表示对国家宪法和法律的忠诚最能够得到人民的支持。

第二,法确认和维护国家政权赖以存在的经济基础。

经济基础既包括物质财富的生产,也包括经济制度。任何社会的立法者都把维护国家政权的经济基础作为重要任务。法对经济基础的作用主要表现在:

(1)保障作用。通过设定权利和责任,鼓励、支持符合法定经济制度的行为,惩治违反和破坏法定经济制度的行为;

(2)规范作用。通过制定公司法、合同法、税法、企业法等规范经济活动,将其纳入健康发展的轨道;

(3)指导作用。通第三,确认和调整统治阶级内部关系和与同盟者之间的关系。统治阶级内部不同群体、不同阶层和不同成员的意志和利益是有差异的。把这些差异统一到统治阶级整体利益之下,规定他们的权利和责任,确定共同的行为准则,使个别利益服从整体利益,个别主张服从统一意志,以维护统治阶级整体的政治统治和经济利益。统治阶级与其同盟者的关系也需要以法律形式加以确定。

第四,通过立、改、废为社会变革提供法制保障。

改革通常被称为“变法”,其含义是对现有法律中阻碍改革和社会进步的规定及时修改或者废除,并且把改革的成功经验及时地用法律的形式固定下来。在社会变革的条件下,法的制定、修改、补充经常是先通过政策指导的方式进行探索试验,取得经验,在所调整的社会关系大体定型化之后再制定法律。在政党政治中,把执政党的政策通过立法程序转化为法律是实现执政目标的重要手段。实践表明,现代国家立法的绝大部分以执政党的主张为背景或者是由执政党自己动议的。

在我国,党的治国主张是集中了党和人民的智慧而形成的,通过立法程序,进一步吸收各方面的意见,将其转化为法律,实现党的领导、人民当家作主和依法治国的有机统一。我国宪法的四次修正分别是在党的十三大、十四大、十五大、十六大之后,为适应发展社会主义民主政治的要求,以宪法修正案的方式把党的代表大会的政治决策宪法化的。

在这里谈一下法和政策的区别。

(1)政策,顾名思义,是政治决策。政策可以是临时的,也可以是针对具体问题和特定人群的。法则是普遍的规则。只有那些成熟的、具有全局性和普遍性意义的政策才需要上升为法律。

(2)政策可以很具体,也可以比较原则,执行中具有较大的灵活性,导向性强,规范性弱,而法则具有明确的规范性。

(3)现实生活中政策和法律经常配套使用,但二者的实施方式不同。在实施遇到障碍的情况下,法具有相应的制裁手段,而政策的执行则主要靠行政措施和纪律手段。

(4)政策可以是探索性的,可以在一定时间、针对特定问题有效,法则调整稳定的、明确的社会关系。从我们改革开放以来的实践经验看,某些重大的改革总是先通过政策来实施,有了必要的实践经验后再以法律的形式确定为制度。

法的社会作用主要表现社会事务的管理。

任何社会的法律都必须承担社会管理功能,主要表现为管理社会生产、维护人类基本生活条件,如环境保护、管理自然资源、维护生产和交换秩序等规范。马克思、恩格斯在分析资本主义国家时指出,它既“执行由一切社会的性质产生的各种公共事务,又包括由政府同人民大众对立而产生的各种特殊职能”,法的社会作用的范围取决于政权的性质。我国是社会主义国家,代表最广大人民群众的根本利益,因此我国法的社会作用是非常广泛的。

法是人类社会自我管理的最伟大创造。

在漫长的人类文明发展过程中,法形成了自己独特的语言、概念、逻辑和体系。立法是一项严肃的政治活动,也是一门政治艺术。结合建构我国社会主义法律体系的实践,探索法律科学,掌握法的原理,将有助于提高立法质量,为形成中国特色社会主义法律体系作出贡献。

英语自考本科论文范文模板百度云

英语自考本科论文范文模板百度云