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英语自学考试笔记

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英语自学考试笔记

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自学考试英语笔记

3. Diamonds are made from carbon. 由……制成,可以用be made from和be made of两个词组来表达。但是be made from通常指制成品已看不出原材料是什么,而be made of可以看出该物品由什么材料制成的。如: 1) Paper is made from some plants. (纸是由某些植物制成的。) 2) This beer is made from grain. (这种啤酒是用粮食酿制的。) 3) The houses were made of brick. (这些房屋是砖造的。) 4) This toy is made of cotton. (这个玩具是布做的。) 4. Scientists know that the combination of extreme heat and pressure changes carbon into diamonds. extreme在句中做形容词用,意思是“极度的”,如: 1) Extreme cold can wake a hibernating animal. (极度的寒冷能使正在冬眠的动物苏醒。) 2) They will have to endure extreme discomfort in winter. (冬天时,他们将不得不忍受极度的不适。) change…into意思是“把…转变为…”,如: 1) Water changes into vapour when heated. (水加热后转变为蒸气。) 2) Go to the bank and you can easily change these dollars into RMB. (你去银行就能很容易地把这些美元换成人民币。) 5. Such heat and pressure exist only in the hot, liquid mass of molten rock deep inside the earth. 请注意such与so之间的不同用法。such后面接名词,而so后面接形容词或副词。如: 1) I don't believe he could make such a mistake. (我相信他不会犯这样的错误的。) 2) How can you go out on such a rainy day? (在这样的雨天里,你怎么能出门?) 3) He spoke so fast that I couldn't follow. (他说话太快,我听不懂。) 4) I'm so glad you could come. (你能来我真高兴。) mass在本句中的意思是“(聚成一体的)团、块”,比如: 1) a mass of hot air(一团热气) 2) a mass of sand(一堆沙) 3) Rain occurs when a mass of warm air is laden with water. (一团云聚集大量的水蒸气就形成了雨。) Mass也可以做形容词用,意思是“群众的”、“大量的”,如: 1) a mass meeting (群众大会) 2) mass education (大众教育) 3) mass media (大众传媒) 4) Mass production could very well cut the cost. (大规模生产可以降低成本。) 6. It is thought that millions of years ago this liquid mass pushed upward through cracks in the earth's crust. It is thought that…是一个很常用的句型,类似的句型在英语中很多,比如: 1) It is / was, has been…, reported that… 2) It is / was, has been…, stated that… 3) It is / was, has been…, pointed out that… 4) It is / was, has been…, mentioned that… 5) It is / was, has been…, believed that… 7. A. There are only four areas where very many diamonds have been formed. B. The first known area was in India, where diamonds were found thousands of years ago. 定语从句可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。A句是限定性定语从句,B句是非限定性定语从句。A、B两句中都是用关系副词where来引导定语从句,修饰表示地点的名词。请看下面的句子,注意限定性定语从句一般不用逗号隔开: 1) Is there a shop around where we can get some fruit? (附近有什么商店可以买到水果吗?) 2) This is the place where we met yesterday. (这是我们昨天碰头的地方。) 3) The small town, where he once worked, has turned to be a modern city. (他曾经工作过的那座小城,已经变成现代化的城市了。) 8. In the 1600's…(十七世纪) In the 1720's…(十八世纪二十年代) In the 1800's…(十九世纪) 请注意年代的表达方法,以上的年代也可以表达为in the 1600s; in the 1720s; in the 1800s.如果我们要表达“在十七世纪初(中、末)期”,则可以说in the early(mid, late) 1600's/1600s. 9. Diamonds became very popular with the kings and queens of Europe. become / be popular with / among是一个常用词组,意思是“受…欢迎”,请看下面的句子: 1) These Chinese handicrafts are very popular with foreign friends. (这些中国工艺品很受外国朋友的喜爱。) 2) His novels are popular among young people. (他的小说很受年轻人的喜爱。) 3) Classical music is popular among more and more people. (古典音乐受到越来越多的人的喜爱。) 10. India's supply of diamonds was finally running out after 2,500 yeas of mining the stones. Supply在句子中做名词用,意思是“供应”。Supply常常可以做动词用,意思是“供给,提供”。请看下面的句子: 1) Economic stability can be reached if demand and supply are in balance. (如果供求关系平衡的话,就能实现经济的稳定。) 2) Many materials are in short supply. (许多材料供应不足。) 3) The increasing world population will put a strain on food supply. (不断增长的世界人口将对粮食供应带来重负。) 4) You have to supply him with an answer. (你得给他提供一个答案。) 5) Most towns are supplied with tap-water and electricity. (大多数城镇都有自来水和电力供应。) run out是一个常用词组,意思是“用完,用尽”。请看例句: 1) Time is running out. We have to hurry. (时间快到了,我们得快点。) 2) My patience is running out. (我快要耐不住了。) 3) His luck seemed to have run out. (他的好运似乎结束了。) 我们也可以用run out来表达类似的意思,但run out of的主语应该是“某人”。如: 1) They have run out of money, so they have to find a job. (他们钱用完了,所以得找一份工作。) 2) I have run out of ink. (我的墨水用完了。) 11. People would pick up handfuls of gravel from the bottom of the streams and sort out the diamonds. -ful通常加在名词后面,构成形容词,如care-careful,help-helpful.而本句中的handful是一个名词,意思是“一把”,在单词部分,我们已经提到过,英语中有不少这样的词,如: 1) He gave me a basketful of beaches. (他给了我满满一篮子桃子。) 2) She put a spoonful of salt in the soup. (她往汤里撒了满满一勺盐。) 3) Tom is carrying an armful of books. (汤姆抱着一捆书。) sort out是一个常用词组,意思是“整理,分类”,如: 1) Sort out those of bigger size and put them in a box. (把大点的整理出来,放在盒子里。) 2) It took quite a while to sort out all our luggage. (把我们所有的行李整理好花了不少时间。) bottom在句子中做名词用,意思是“底部”。bottom还有“尽头、末端”的意思。请看例句: 1) There is some deposit in the bottom of the teapot. (茶壶底部有些沉淀物。) 2) At the bottom of the mountain, there is a beautiful village. (在山脚下有个美丽的村子。) 3) I felt grateful to you from the bottom of my heart. (我衷心地感谢你。) 4) Bottoms up. (干杯。) 12. These diamonds were probably carried from where they were formed to India by great sheets of moving ice that covered parts of the earth 20,000 years ago. where they were formed是where引出的名词性从句,作介词from的宾语。请看下面的句子: 1) He didn't say anything about where the accident took place. (他对事故在哪儿发生的只字未提。) 2) She hasn't made up her mind as to where she should go for the holiday. (她还没有决定到哪儿去度假。)

16.indifferent adj. 冷漠的,不关心的 indifference n. 冷漠 1)If parents are indifferent to their success, children will fail to make progress. (如果父母漠视孩子的成功,孩子就不会进步。) 2)He is absolutely indifferent to other people's miseries. (他对别人的痛苦漠不关心。) 3)He put on an air of indifference. (他摆出了一副满不在乎的神气。) 4)She was annoyed by her son's indifference to her. (她儿子对她的冷漠态度令她恼怒。) 17.discipline n. 纪律,训练;学科v. 训练;使有纪律;惩罚 1)The discipline of hard work would do you a lot of good. (艰苦工作的磨练会对你大有好处。) 2)The young teacher couldn't keep discipline in her classroom. (那个年轻的教师无法维持课堂秩序。) 3)Scientists of many disciplines would work together to solve the problem. (许多学科的科学家们将一道来解决这个问题。) 4)They must learn to discipline themselves. (他们必须学会锻炼自己。) 5)He was disciplined for being late. (他因迟到而受罚。) 18.individual n. 个人,个体adj. 个别的,单独的;独特的 1)The freedom of the individual was greatly emphasized in his talk. (他在讲话中十分强调个人的自由。) 2)Handwriting varies from individual to individual. (每个人的笔迹都不相同。) 3)Each individual leaf on the tree is different. (树上的每一片叶子都各不相同。) 4)There was nothing individual about him except a deep scar across his right cheek.(他除了右脸颊有条深疤外别无特征。) 本课简介 在人类共同生活的社会里有一些共认的社会准则,这些准则为大多数人所接受。如果你不能遵循这些准则,你则会被看作为一个缺少文明礼貌举止的人。善待他人,尊重他人能给我们带来一种优势,而这种优势会帮助我们成功。正因为如此,我们应该学会在看电影时保持安静;在点燃香烟前征得他人同意;注意选择接听移动电话的场合;与老师交谈时摘下随身听的耳机;满口含着食物时不随意开口讲话;该尊称他人时不随性而为乱称呼……。这些看似不重要的小节恰恰是最能反映一个人的社会公德的。 本课主要语言点 1. Unless you want to end a relationship, you don't tell another person what you think of her or him like this. unless在本句中的意思是“if not” (除非,如果不),如: 1)You will fail the exam unless you study harder. (你若不更加努力学习,考试会不及格。) 2)We will go on with the experiment unless something unforeseen happens. (如果不发生意外,我们将继续试验。) 3)I will not go to the party unless he invites me. (如果他不邀请我,我就不去参加聚会。) 4)Nothing, unless a miracle, can save him. (除非出现奇迹,他无法得救。) end在本句中用作动词,意思是“结束”。如: 1)The meeting did not end until midnight. (会议开到半夜才结束。) 2)The anti-Japanese War ended in 1945. (抗日战争于1945年结束。) 3)He refused to end his four-week tour in such a manner. (他不愿以这种方式结束为期四周的旅行。) 2. Failing to be impressed by a friend's collection of stamps, yawning when a golfer tells you about what great shot he made… are all things that educated people try not to do. 本句中三个并列的动名词短语做主语,整个句子是一个“主语+系动词+表语”的句型。如: 1)Smoking is not good for your health. (吸烟有害你的健康。) 2)Making experiment is one way of learning. (实验是学习的一条途径。) be impressed by 意思是“给…深刻印象”。如: 1)I was impressed by his talent. (他的才干给我留下了深刻的印象。) 2)He was impressed by the gorgeous sunset. (绚丽的夕阳给他留下了深刻的印象。) golfer意思为“高尔夫球运动员”,这个词是由golf加后缀-er构成的,英语中这一类词很多。如:baker (面包师傅),gardener (园丁),miller (磨坊主),singer (歌唱家),user (使用者。) 1)He tried not to let out the secret. (他试图不泄露秘密。) 2)We tried not to be misled by them. (我们努力不被他们误导。) 3. There are no laws enforcing respect. 本句是一个There be + noun + V-ing 结构,表示存在(有),there失去表示场所的意义。如: 1)There was a fire burning in the fireplace. (壁炉里火在燃烧。) 2)There were two bulldozers knocking the place flat. (两台推土机把那儿夷平。) 句中的enforce是一个及物动词,意思是“实施;强制”。如: 1)It is necessary to enforce discipline in the army. (在部队里执行纪律是必要的。) 2)He strongly objected to enforcing obedience on children. (他强烈反对强迫儿童服从。) 4. These guidelines represent what a majority of people consider acceptable and what they consider unacceptable. represent在本句中做及物动词用,意思是“代表;体现”。如: 1)The blue lines on the map represent rivers. (地图上的蓝线代表河流。) 2)These views don't represent the real thinking of the local residents. (那些观点并不反映当地居民的真实思想。) 句中what引导的是宾语从句,如: 1)I will always remember what my mother said to me before I went to college.(我将永远记住我上大学前妈妈对我说的话。) 2)I didn't see what they were doing there. (我没看见他们在那儿干什么。) 3)His idea couldn't represent what the ordinary people really liked.(他的想法不能代表普通百姓真正所喜欢的东西。) consider是一个常用动词,通常有以下几种用法: 1)consider + 宾语 He had no time to consider the matter. (他没有时间考虑这件事。) 2)consider + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 Some people considered the attack a mistake. (有人认为那次进攻是个错误。) 3)consider + that 从句 We consider that the young man is not guilty. (我们认为那个年轻人无罪。) 4)consider + V. + ing He considered changing his job. (他考虑换一份工作。) 5)consider to be/as They consider themselves to be very lucky. (他们认为自己很幸运。) He is considered to be an authority. (他被认为是权威。) They considered the house as beautiful. (他们认为那房子很美。) 在上面的三个例句中,to be和as都可以被省略,因此三例句可以改写为: They consider themselves lucky. He is considered an authority. They consider the house beautiful. 5. They are not even aware that this habit will bother the other members of the audience. aware这个形容词很常用,需好好掌握,在第十二单元中我们已经接触过这个词,在此再巩固一下。 1)be aware of If you were aware of all that, you would change your mind. (如果你知道了那一切,你会改变主意的。) 2)be aware that He was aware that he had drunk too much. (他知道他喝的太多了。) bother在本句中做动词用,意思是“打扰”。在bother后用不定式则表示“费心去做某事”。如: 1)Don't bother me, I have to finish the work in an hour. (别打扰我,我得在一小时内做完这个工作。) 2)Don't bother to talk to him. He has no interest in anything. (别费心跟他讲话,他对什么都没兴趣。) audience (观众,听众)当一个整体看待,用做单数;当各成员看待,用做复数。如: 1)The audience was (were) enjoying the performance. (观众在欣赏演出。) 2)That book has a large audience. (那本书有广大的读者。)

英语自学考试笔记

Unit4(第11讲—第13讲) 3. Meaningfulness affects memory at all levels. affect 是动词,意思是“影响”。常常会有一些英语学习者把动词affect和名词effect混淆,请注意下面的句子: 1) The drought would surely affect the harvest.(这场干旱肯定会影响到收成。) 2) Excessive smoking affected his health, bad coughs often made it difficult to breathe.(过度吸烟影响了他的健康,严重的咳嗽使他难以呼吸。) 3) Psychologists believe that colors have a definite effect on people.(心理学家认为颜色对人肯定有影响。) 4) We could all see the effects of the illness on him.(我们都能看出那场病在的身上的影响。) 5) 职务的变化使他的收入大受影响。(The change in position greatly affected his income.) 6) 他的话对听众没有任何影响作用。(What he said had little effect on the audience.) 4. Information that doesn't make any sense to you is difficult to remember. that引导的定语从句修饰information; 主句是Information is difficult to remember. 不定式to remember 用在做表语用的形容词后面作状语。请看下面的句子: 1) Einstein was easy to get along with.(爱因斯坦很容易相处。) 2) To many foreigners, Chinese is hard to learn.(对许多外国人来说汉语很难学。) 3) The water in this river is not fit to drink.(这条河里的水不适合饮用。) 4) This question is very difficult to answer.(这个问题很难回答。) make sense 的意思是“有意义;可理解”。请看下面的句子: 1) No matter how you read it, this sentence doesn't make any sense to me.(无论你怎么读,我都不理解这个句子。) 2) What the writer wanted to express in his book doesn't make any sense to the readers.(读者们无法理解作者在书中所要表达的意思。) 3) His explanation makes no sense to his students.(学生们不理解他的解释。) 5. Organization also makes a difference in our ability to remember. 动词不定式to remember在句中做定语,修饰名词ability.请看下面的句子: 1) You should have confidence in your ability to fulfill the task.(你们应对自己完成认务的能力有信心。) 2) He has kept the promise to come early in the morning.(他遵守了一大早来的诺言。) 3) They have the determination to overcome all the difficulties.(他们有克服所有困难的决心。) 4) We could see her anxiety to solve the problem.(我们能看出她急于解决这个问题。) make a difference 的意思是“有关系;有影响;起作用”。请看下面的句子: 1) What he said would not make any difference in my decision-making.(他说的话不会对我做决定产生任何影响。) 2) Your participation in the work will make a great difference.(你参与我们的工作,情况就不一样了。) 3) Money won't make much difference to him.(钱对他起不了多大作用。) 4) I didn't like the appearance of the house, but the location and price made all the difference.(我不喜欢那房子的外观,但它的位置和价格起了重要作用。) 6. Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information. 句中的better是副词well的比较级形式,意思是“更好地”。请看下面的句子: 1) This story is better written than that one.(这个故事写得比那个好。) 2) This room is better furnished than that one.(这间屋子装饰得比那间好。) 3) This team is better trained than that one.(这个队训练得比那个队好。) 4) This job is better paid than that one.(这份工作的报酬比那份高。) information是一个不可数名词,不能在其后加“-s”。请看例句: 1) There are many ways of obtaining information.(获得信息的途径很多。) 2) So far I haven't got any information about the game.(我至今还没有得到有关比赛的任何消息。) 3) I am sure this piece of information will be of great value to them.(我肯定这一消息对他们会很有价值。) 7. Chunking consists of grouping separate bits of information. 在第一单元的Text B中我们已经对consist of有所了解。这一词组的意思是“由…组成”,它与be made up of;be composed of 的意思相近,但consist of 不用被动语态。请看例句: 1) The United States consists of 50 states.(美国由50个州组成。) 2) The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.(英国由大不立颠和北爱尔兰组成。) 3) Their team is made up of 6 team members.(他们队由6名队员组成。) 4) Our class is made up of 45 students.(我们班由45名同学组成。) a bit在句中的意思是“一点,一些”,它可以用在形容词的前面, 但是不能用在名词的前面。在名词前面必须用a bit of.请看下面的例句: 1) I am a bit tired today.(我今天有点累。) 2) He said he was bit hungry.(他说他有点饿。) 3) Your article is a bit long for our paper. (你的文章对我们的报纸来说有点长了。) 4) He gave the bird a bit of water. (他给了鸟儿一点水。) 5) I would appreciate it if you could give me a bit of good advice.(如果你能给我一点宝贵建议我会很感激的。) 6) I only know a bit of Spanish. (我只懂一点点西班牙语。) 8. Categorizing is another means of organization. 句中的means是一个名词,意思是“方式;手段”,它不是动词mean的第三人称单数。请看下面的例句: 1) The quickest means of travel is by plane. (最快的旅行方式是乘飞机。) 2) Bicycle is the most convenient means of transport. (自行车是最方便的交通工具。) 3) Email is a modern means of communication. (电子邮件是一种现代通讯方式。) 4) He means what he says. (他说话算数。) 5) Forgetting the past means betrayal. (忘记过去就意味着背叛。) 9. Many people will group them into similar categories and remember them as follows: group into在句中的意思是“把…分组;把…归类”。请看例句: 1) We can group the animals into several types. (我们可以把这些动物归成几类。) 2) Group the words into similar categories and they will be more easily to remember.(把类型相似的单词归类,记起来就更容易了。) as follows 的意思是“如下”,请看例句: 1) The full text reads as follows: (全文如下:) 2) The results are as follows: (结果如下:) 10. Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it tosomething we remember accurately. refer to这一词组的意思很多,我们在单词部分已做过讲解。该词组在本句中的意思是“涉及;指”。请看下面的句子: 1) In the second chapter I will refer to this point again.(在第二章中,我还会提到这一点的。) 2) The numbers in my article refer to the footnotes.(我文章中的数目字指的是注脚。) 3) The author referred to his grandfather several times in his story.(作者在他的故事中几次提到他的祖父。) we want to remember 和we remember accurately都是省略了that的定语从句,前者修饰material,后者修饰something.请看例句: 1) The book you gave me is very interesting.(你给我的那本书很有趣。) 2) The news he told me disturbed all of us greatly.(他告诉我的那个消息使我们大家深感不安。) 3) The information you gathered is of great help to me.(你收集的那些信息对我很有帮助。) 句子中的it指的是the material.relate…to 在句子中的意思是“与…有关系”,请看例句: 1) His talk mainly related to environmental protection.(他的讲话主要是关于环境保护的。) 2) This regulation relates only to children under 12.(这一规则仅适用于12岁以下儿童。) 11. Research has shown striking improvements in many types of memory tasks when people are asked to visualize the items to be remembered. striking在句子中做形容词用,意思是“显著的,引人注目的”,请看例句: 1) They made a striking commercial success within 5 years.(在5年的时间里,他们在商业上取得了惊人的成功。) 2) Helen's facial features bore a striking resemblance to her mother's.(海伦的面部特征与她的母亲十分相像。) 3) I am not sure whether he can make it this time. I just feel he has a striking lack of confidence.(我不能确定他这次能否成功,其只是觉得他明显信心不足。) to be remembered不定式的被动形式做定语,修饰the items.请看例句: 1) There are a lot of things to be done.(有很多事要做。) 2) Are you going to the press conference to be held this weekend?(你准备参加本周末举行的记者招待会吗?) 3) This was the first project to be designed John's brother. (这是约翰的哥哥设计的第一个工程。) 12. In one study, subjects in one group were asked to learn some words using imagery, while the second group used repetition to learn the words. subject在本句中做名词用,意思是“受试者,实验对象”。Subject这个词的词义很多,请看例句,注意subject的词义: 1) The subject of today's discussion is “Population and Education”。(今天讨论的题目是“人口与教育”。) 2) The teacher explained in details the subject of the story to the whole class.(老师把故事的主题详细讲给全班同学听。) 3) How many subjects are you taking this semester?(这学期你选几门课?) 4) He became the subject for ridicule.(他成了人们取笑的对象。) 5) Rabbits and mice are often subjects for medical experiments.(兔和鼠常被用作医学实验的对象。) 6) He is a Chinese subject.(他是中国国民。) 7) This sentence doesn't have a subject.(这个句子没有主语。) subject还常常做动词或形容词用,请看例句: 1) The country was once subjected to foreign rule.(这个国家曾一度受外国统治。) 2) Taipei was subjected to serious earthquakes last year.(台北去年遭受了严重的地震灾害。) 3) We are all subject to the laws of nature.(我们都要受自然规律的支配。) 4) The child is very subject to coughs.(这孩子动不动就咳嗽。) 5) All men are subject to death.(人总有一死。) while 在句子中做连词用,意思是“而,然而”。while也是一个多义词,请注意下面例句中while 的意思: 1) Strike while the iron is hot.(趁热打铁。) 2) He listened to the radio while he was doing his homework.(他一边听收音机,一边做作业。) 3) He is talkative while his twin brother is of few words.(他很健谈,而他的孪生兄弟则少言寡语。) 4) While the old man is respected, he is not well liked.(这个老人很受尊敬,但不太受喜欢。) 5) You will succeed sooner or later while you don't lose heart.(只要你不失去信心,你迟早会成功。) using imagery分词做状语,表示方式,请看例句: 1) They stood there waiting for the bus. 2) She had to work standing up. 13. Thus forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental picture can help us to preserve a memory. 划线部分是该句的主要成分,forming an integrated image动名词短语做主语,can help做谓语,us to preserve a memory做复合宾语。 斜体部分是一个“with + 名词 + 过去分词”的独立结构,做方式状语,修饰动名词短语forming an integrated image. 不定式与名词或代词构成复合结构,做动词宾语的现象在英语中很常见,在前几讲中我们也遇到过。再请看几个例句: 1) Would you like Tom to go with you?(你愿意汤姆和你一起去吗?) 2) He wants you to see him in the afternoon.(他想让你下午去见他。) 3) Father encouraged him to study harder.(父亲鼓励他更加努力学习。) 4) I will get someone to help you.(我去找个人来帮你。) “with + 名词 + 过去分词”的独立结构在英语中也很常见,请看例句: 1) With the problem solved, the plan is going on smoothly.(随着这个问题的解决,计划正顺利进行。) 2) Standing there is a torture to her, with so many eyes fixed on her.(这么多人注视着她,于她而言,站在那儿是一种折磨。) 本课主要词组及句型 词组: 1. focus on 2. a number of 3. at all levels 4. make sense 5. make a difference 6. in random order 7. consist of 8. group into 9. as follows 10. needless to say 11. refer to 12. relate…to 13. associate with 14. compare with 句型: A.定语从句 1) Psychological research has focused on a number of basic principles that helps memory. 2) Information that does not make any sense to you is difficult to remember 3) There are several ways in which we can make material more meaningful. 4) Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information. 5) Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately. B. 动名词做主语 1) Chunking consists of grouping separate bits of information. 2) Categorizing is another means of organization. 3) Forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental picture can help us to preserve a memory. Text B Short-term Memory 短语表达 1. at a later time Go ahead with your work, I will give you a call at a later time. I am not sure if I can remember all this at a later time. 2. in contrast (with / to) Helen is very talkative. In contrast, her elder sister is silent. His rudeness was in striking contrast with Jack's thoughtfulness. 3. look up I don't remember Tom's telephone number, will you please look it up in the telephone book for me? Look up the dictionary for the meaning of this new word. 4. be unable to I am really sorry that I was unable to give you a call beforehand. He was unable to provide us with more information. 5. be released from He was released from prison after he had been kept there for 5 years. He was released from a hospital last week after treatment for a disease. 6. be rewarded with The winner was rewarded with gift of fruit and flowers. If the rat could find the right door, it would be rewarded with food.

Unit14(第41讲—第43讲) Text A The importance of being kind and polite 本课主要单词 1.frankly adv. 坦白地,直率地;坦率地说 1)He frankly admitted that he had made a mistake. (他坦率地承认自己犯了个错误。) 2)She asked me to tell her frankly what I wished to do. (她让我坦率地告诉她我希望做什么。) 3)Frankly, he is not easy to get along with. (坦率地说,他这个人不好打交道。) 4)Quite frankly, I don't care about what they may say. (坦率地说,我不在乎他们会说什么。) frank adj. 坦诚的v. 盖免费邮戳于(邮件);准许…自由通过 1)They gave us a frank reply. (他们给了我们一个坦率的回答。) 2)They have franked these letters. (他们已经给这些信件盖了邮资已付的邮戳。) 3)We are trying to frank him through customs. (我们正努力使他免检通过海关。) 2.boring adj. 令人厌烦的;乏味的 bored adj. 感到厌烦的 bore v. 使厌烦,使厌倦n. 令人讨厌的人或事 boredom n. 厌烦,厌倦;乏味 1)It was such a boring journey that he didn't want to say anything about it.(这次旅行很乏味,他什么也不想提及。) 2)I am bored. I don't have anything to do. (我无事可做,感到乏味。) 3)Most of the book had bored him, with the exception of one chapter.(除了其中的一章,这本书的大部分内容使他感到乏味。) 4)Sam is such a bore that no one wants to have anything to do with him.(山姆是个很令人讨厌的人,谁都不想与他打交道。) 5)She seems so depressed by the boredom of her city life. (城市生活的乏味似乎令她沮丧。) 3.honestly adv. 诚实地;的确 honest adj. 诚实的 honesty n. 诚实 dishonest adj. 不诚实的;不正直的 1) Honestly, I don't know what you're talking about. (说实在的,我不知道你在讲些什么。) 2) You have to answer the following questions honestly. (你得诚实地回答下列问题。) 3) He is honest, he doesn't tell lies. (他是老实人,不说谎。) 4) First of all, you should be honest about why you want the money. (首先,你应该坦率地说为什么要这些钱。) 5) We have no doubt as to his honesty. (对他的诚实我们毫不怀疑。) 6) How can you believe such a dishonest person. (你怎么能相信这样一个不诚实的人?) 7) He got his money in dishonest ways. (他以不正当的方式搞钱。) 4.impress v. 给…深刻的印象 impression n. 印象;效果,影响 impressive adj. 给人以深刻印象的 1)What I saw and heard there impressed me deeply. (那儿的所见所闻给我留下了深刻的印象。) 2)I was impressed by his high efficiency. (他的高效率给我留下了深刻的印象。) 3)My advice seemed to make no impression on him. (我的劝告似乎对他不起作用。) 4)She made a very good impression on her employer. (她给雇主留下了极好的印象。) 5)The impressive scene will be always in his mind. (那个难忘的场面将永远留在他的脑海中。) 5.collection n. 收集;收藏品 collect v. (去)取;接;聚集 1) He has a large collection of books. (他有大量的藏书。) 2) The collection of butterfly specimens takes up all his spare time. (他所有的业余时间都用于采集蝴蝶标本了。) 3) He likes collecting stamps. (他爱好集邮。) 4) I have to go and collect my daughter. (我得去接女儿了。) 5) A large crowd collected in front of the building. (那座楼前聚集了一大群人。) collect 也可以做副词用,意思是“由受话人付费”,如: I will call London collect. (我将给伦敦打一个对方付费的电话。) 6.misunderstand v. 误解,误会 misunderstanding n. 误会;争执 1)Don't misunderstand us, we are here to help, not to make trouble.(别误解我们的意思,我们是来帮忙的,不是惹麻烦的。) 2)She misunderstood what her friend said, and went away in a fury. (她误解了她朋友所说的话,怒气冲冲地走了。) 3)They had a misunderstanding, but they have become friendly again. (他们曾有过争执,不过又言归于好了。) 4)I don't hope the minor misunderstanding will affect our friendship. (我不希望这点小误会会影响我们的友谊。) 7.friction n. 摩擦;不和,争执 1)Constant friction caused the rope to break. (不断的摩擦使绳子断了。) 2)The efficiency of the machine is higher because there is less friction.(由于摩擦力较小,这台机器的效率更高了。) 3)Family frictions can interfere with a child's schoolwork. (家庭中的争吵会影响孩子的学业。) 4)The friction between the two countries is getting more and more serious. (两国之间的摩擦在加剧。) 8.conflict n. 冲突,抵触v. 冲突,抵触 1)The conflict between the two villages lasted for years. (两个村子之间的冲突持续了数年。) 2)They came into conflict over the ownership of the house. (他们就房屋的所有权问题产生了激烈的争执。) 3)His statement conflicted with what his friend said. (他的说法与他的朋友所言截然不同。) 4)My idea might conflict with his. (我的观点,可能会与他的观点相冲突。) 9.enforce v. 实施,执行;强制;强调 1)The president of our university said time and again that it was necessary to enforce the school regulations.(我们大学的校长一再说执行校规很有必要。) 2)People were dissatisfied with the government's inability to enforce its law.(人们对政府无力执行法律十分不满。) 3)Very often parents enforce their own will on children. (父母常常把自己的意愿强加给孩子们。) 4)Illness enforced him to lie in bed. (疾病迫使他卧床。) 5)You need to enforce you arguments by producing facts and figures. (你需要提出事实与数据来加强你的论点。) 10.interact v. 相互影响,相互作用,相互交流 interaction n. 相互影响,相互作用 1)Mothers and babies internet in a complex way. (母婴以一种复杂的方式相互交流。) 2)Students are encouraged to interact in class in English by the teacher. (老师鼓励学生在课堂上用英语互动。) 3)There is a need for more interaction between parents and children. (父母和孩子之间需要更多的相互交流。) 4)They are doing some research on the interaction between seawater and lava.(他们正对海水与溶岩的相互作用进行研究。) inter-是一个前缀,表示“相互”;“在…中间”。如:interchange (互换);intercommunicate (互相联系;互相通信);interdependent (相互依赖,互相依存);international (国际的);interstate (州际的);interuniversity (大学间的) 11.consensus n. 合意;(意见等的)一致;舆论 1)There was a kind of unspoken consensus between them. (他们之间有一种默契。) 2)The consensus was to abandon the project. (大多数人的意见是放弃该项计划。) 3)It is very difficult for them to reach a consensus on what they are going to do.(要就他们将要进行的事情达成大致意见是很困难。) 4)You have to build a consensus with them if you really want to get their help.(如果你真想得到他们的帮助,你得与他们达成一致意见。) 12.guideline n. 指导方针,准则,标准 1)They are going to adopt new guidelines for national economy. (他们将采取新的国民经济指导方针。) 2)Today the moral guidelines are not as obvious as they were. (现在的道德准则不再以前一样明确了。) 3)The chemical additives still exceed guidelines set to protect public health.(化学添加剂仍然超过了为保护公众健康而确定的标准。) 13.unacceptable adj. 不能接受的,不受欢迎的 acceptable adj. 可接受的 accept v. 接受 1) It is entirely unacceptable to break the law for the sake of money. (为了钱而犯法是完全不可接受的。) 2) The proposal was unacceptable. (这个建议是不能接受的。) 3) This is a proposal that is acceptable to all sides. (这是一个各方面都能接受的建议。) 4) They didn't accept the invitation to attend the evening party. (他们没有接受出席晚会的邀请。) 14.adolescent adj. 青春期的;青少年的n. (16岁以下的)青少年 adolescence n. 青春期(13-16岁的发育期) 1) He was afraid that his son had anything to do with the adolescent gang.(他担心他儿子与青少年犯罪集团有牵连。) 2) This film aimed at adolescents. (这部电影专为青少年拍摄。) 3) His adolescence was not a happy time for him. (他的青春期过的不快乐。) 4) Before his parents could realize it Tom had already reached the age of adolescence.(父母还没意识到这个问题,汤姆已到了青春期年龄。) 15.swear v. 诅咒;发誓n. 誓言 1)Don't swear in front of the children. (别在孩子们面前骂人。) 2)Will you swear that you were not on the scene? (你愿意起誓说你当时不在现场吗?) 3)I swear that I will never trust him any more. (我保证再也不相信他了。) 4)He swore by his honor that he would return the money in two weeks.(他以自己的名誉发誓保证在两周内还钱。) 5)They refused to swear on a Bible. (他们拒绝手按圣经发誓。) 6)Don't take his swear seriously. (别拿他的誓言当真。) 16.indifferent adj. 冷漠的,不关心的 indifference n. 冷漠 1)If parents are indifferent to their success, children will fail to make progress.(如果父母漠视孩子的成功,孩子就不会进步。) 2)He is absolutely indifferent to other people's miseries. (他对别人的痛苦漠不关心。) 3)He put on an air of indifference. (他摆出了一副满不在乎的神气。) 4)She was annoyed by her son's indifference to her. (她儿子对她的冷漠态度令她恼怒。) 17.discipline n. 纪律,训练;学科v. 训练;使有纪律;惩罚 1)The discipline of hard work would do you a lot of good. (艰苦工作的磨练会对你大有好处。) 2)The young teacher couldn't keep discipline in her classroom. (那个年轻的教师无法维持课堂秩序。) 3)Scientists of many disciplines would work together to solve the problem.(许多学科的科学家们将一道来解决这个问题。) 4)They must learn to discipline themselves. (他们必须学会锻炼自己。) 5)He was disciplined for being late. (他因迟到而受罚。) 18.individual n. 个人,个体adj. 个别的,单独的;独特的 1)The freedom of the individual was greatly emphasized in his talk. (他在讲话中十分强调个人的自由。) 2)Handwriting varies from individual to individual. (每个人的笔迹都不相同。) 3)Each individual leaf on the tree is different. (树上的每一片叶子都各不相同。) 4)There was nothing individual about him except a deep scar across his right cheek. (他除了右脸颊有条深疤外别无特征。) 本课简介 在人类共同生活的社会里有一些共认的社会准则,这些准则为大多数人所接受。如果你不能遵循这些准则,你则会被看作为一个缺少文明礼貌举止的人。善待他人,尊重他人能给我们带来一种优势,而这种优势会帮助我们成功。正因为如此,我们应该学会在看电影时保持安静;在点燃香烟前征得他人同意;注意选择接听移动电话的场合;与老师交谈时摘下随身听的耳机;满口含着食物时不随意开口讲话;该尊称他人时不随性而为乱称呼……。这些看似不重要的小节恰恰是最能反映一个人的社会公德的。 本课主要语言点 1. Unless you want to end a relationship, you don't tell another person what you think of her or him like this. unless在本句中的意思是“if not” (除非,如果不),如: 1) You will fail the exam unless you study harder. (你若不更加努力学习,考试会不及格。) 2) We will go on with the experiment unless something unforeseen happens. (如果不发生意外,我们将继续试验。) 3) I will not go to the party unless he invites me. (如果他不邀请我,我就不去参加聚会。) 4) Nothing, unless a miracle, can save him. (除非出现奇迹,他无法得救。) end在本句中用作动词,意思是“结束”。如: 1) The meeting did not end until midnight. (会议开到半夜才结束。) 2) The anti-Japanese War ended in 1945. (抗日战争于1945年结束。) 3) He refused to end his four-week tour in such a manner. (他不愿以这种方式结束为期四周的旅行。)

英文自学考试英语笔记

Unit9(第26讲—第28讲) 本课简介 在learned words and popular words这篇课文中,作者对学术词汇和普通词汇进行了定义。讲述了两类词汇之间的差异,并且指出把词分为学术的和普通的方便而且有道理。但是人们必须注意,把普通词汇理解为属于大众所有的词,而不是某个特定阶层的人们所拥有的东西。学术词汇也并非有学问之人专用,只是它的存在是由于书籍和文学的培养而不是日常会话的实际需要。 本课主要语言点 1. In every cultivated language there are two great classes of words which, taken together, make up the whole vocabulary. class在本句中的意思是“种类”,相当于type, category.如: 1)It is very difficult to meet the needs of various classes of readers.(要满足各种读者的需要十分困难) 2)How many classes are you going to divide these books? (你打算把这些书分成几类?) class 还常用来表示“等级”,如:a second-class hotel (二等旅馆); an economy-class ticket (经济舱票);fly first class (乘头等舱航空旅行)。 class 也可以用动词用,意思是“把 …分类;把…看作”,如: 1)At 19 you are still classed as a teenager.(到了十九岁,你仍旧是青少年。) 2)He was classed as a genius (他被看作为天才) make up 在本句中的意思是“组成、构成”,请看例句: 1)Twenty-six boys and twenty-four girls make up the class (二十六名男生和二十四名女生组成了这个班) 2)Twelve doctors made up the medical team (十二名医生组成医疗队) 用被动语态时则应用be made up of,如: This engine is made up of 490 parts (这台发动机是由四百九十个部件装配而成的) taken together 过去分词短语做后置定语,对中心词做一些附加说明,相当于一个非限定性定语从句,要用逗号和中心词隔开,如: All the letters in the drawer, written in pencil, are from my brother.(抽屉里的这些用铅笔写的信都是我弟弟写的。) 2. First, there are those words with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation, which we learn, that is to say, from the members of our own family and from our friends, and which we should know and use even if we could not read or write. 句子中which引导的都是定语从句,修饰中心词words.第一个which的前面有介词with,这儿的with是familiar with中的介词前置了。Familiar with 意为“熟悉”。如:Are you familiar with the man standing over there?(站在那边的那个人你熟悉吗?) 请注意familiar with 与familiar to 的区别,familiar with 的主语通常是人,而familiar to的主语通常是物。如: 1)I am not familiar with this place. 2) This place is mot familiar to me. that is to say 是插入语,其作用是对整个一句话进行解释,类似的插入语还有so to speak, if I may say so, if you don't mind等等,如: 1)I'd really rather not go, if you don't mind 我确实不想去,你如果不介意的话。 2) The new emperor was, so to speak, a puppet.新皇帝可以说是个傀儡。 3.They concern the common things of life, and are the stock in trade of who speak the language concern 在句中的意思是“涉及,有关于”,如: 1)Don't interfere in things that don't concern you (别干预跟你无关的事)。 2)The energy problem concerns us all (能源问题关系到我们每个人) stock的意思很多,如“存货”,“股票”,“公债券”,“牲畜”等。 1)They hold a rich stock of information (他们掌握着丰富的材料) 2)You cannot buy it because it's out of stock (你买不成了,货品已经脱销) 3)He used to have a stock farm (他曾经拥有一个畜牧场) 4)The fridge was carefully stocked up with food.(冰箱里周到地放满了食品) stock in trade 也可以写成stock in trade,意思是“例行工作”,“常规”,如: 1)Complaints were a stock in trade of an airport manager's job (机场经理的工作就是常常面对投诉) 2)He was the master of black humor, it was his stock in trade (他是黑色幽默大师,黑色幽默是他的专长) 4.Such words may be called “popular”, since they belong to the people at large and are not the possession of a limited class only. since 在句中引导的是一个原因状语从句,请看例句: 1)Since it was Saturday, he got up very late (因为是周六,他起床很晚。) 2)You can take the place of him since he is not interested (你可以取代他,因为他对这事不感兴趣) at large 在本句中的意思是“整个”,这个词组的意思还有很多,请看下面的句子: 1)The people at large love peace (大多数人热爱和平) 2)The virus is still at large (这种病毒还在蔓延) 3)The murderer is still at large (杀人犯仍逍遥法外) 4)He talked at large about his plans (他详尽地谈了自己的计划) 5)They made the arrangements at large (他们随意地做了安排 ) 5. 请注意区别与possession 有关的两个词组:in possession of sth……和 in the possession of sb. 1)He is in possession of this house (他拥有这所房子) 2)The house is in the possession of him 3)On the other hand, our language includes large number of words which are relatively seldom used in ordinary conversation. 英语中有许多表示启承转合的词语,阅语中注意这些词有助于我们提高理解力,写作中注意用这些词,有助于我们把文章写得连贯、有条理。On the other hand 在本句中用来表示不同或相反的语气,在前一段中讲了popular word 这一段中作者则要讲讲learned words. 表示不同或相反语气的词还有很多,比如:Conversely, however, on the contrary, unlike, whereas, yet等等。 前面我们提到过number可以与可数名词连用,而amount可与不可数名词连用,如: 1)A large number of students have passed the exam (许多学生已经通过了考试) 2)They paid a large amount of money for the house (他们付了一大笔钱买了这座房子) 6.Their meanings are known to every educated person, but there is little occasion to use them at home occasion 通常可以做可数名词用,意思是“时刻、场合”;也可以做不可数名词用,意思是:“必要性、需要;机会”。如: 1)They're met on several occasions (他们已相遇过好几次) 2)They are occasions when you find it difficult to say “Good-bye”。(有时候你会觉得说“再见”很难。) 3)I don't remember I had occasion to blame him (我不记得我有责备他的必要) 7.In the latter, we are using a Latin Derivation which has exactly the same meaning 在前一句中用了“in the first case,” 本句中的“in the latter ”是指in the latter case .对两件事分别进行表述时,可以用in the first case, in the latter case 这一类词,条理非常清楚,也可以用the former,the latter 来表述。derivation 是derive 的名词形式。Latin derivation 意思是“拉丁语词源的词”,请看例句: 1)These words are derived from Latin (这些词由拉丁语派生而来) 2)The derivation of words is interesting (词的派生很有意思) 8. The terms “popular” and “learned”, as applied to words, are not absolute definitions.本句中的term意思是“术语、名称”,如: 1) I don't know how to put this term into Chinese (我不知道如何把这一术语译成中文) 2) Writer is hardly the term to apply to him (“作家”这一名称很难用在他身上) term 还有“期限;任期;学期”的意思,如: 1)During his 4-year term of office, he did a lot of things for the common people.(在他四年的任职期间,他为普通百姓做了不少事。) 2) He decided to rum for a second term (他决定竞选连任。) 3) The autumn term is coming to an end (秋学期快要结束了。) apply to 在句中的意思是“用于”,如: 1)This rule applies to upper class students only (这条规则只适用于高年级学生。) 2)I don't think what he says applies to you (我想他的话对你不适用) 3)They are eager to apply the theory to practice (他们急切地想把这一理论用于实践) apply for 则是“申请”的意思,如: 1)How many people have applied for the job?(有多少人申请了这个工作?) 2)They applied for permission to use the tennis court (他们申请使用网球场。) 9. Still the classification into “learned” and “popular” is convenient and sound .本句中的sound是形容词,意思是“正确的;明智的”,如: 1)He felt so happy that he had made a sound decision.(做了正确的决定,他感到很高兴。) 2)He was so carried away by power that he could not make any sound judgement(他被权力冲昏了头脑,无法做出任何明智的判断) 请看下面几个句子,注意sound 在句中的意思: 1)He is sound in body and mind (他身心健康) 2)The house is sound .Don't hesitate to buy it (这所房了完好无损,别犹豫,买下它) 3)The baby is having a sound sleep.(宝宝在酣睡) 4)Father gave him a sound beating.(父亲给他一顿痛打) 10.When we call a word “learned” we don't mean that it is used by learned persons alone, but simply that its presence in the English vocabulary is due to books and the cultivation of literature rather than to the actual needs of ordinary people not (that)…。but (that)。意思“不是…。而是。”如: 1)I came here again not because I enjoy the scenery so much but because I like the people .(我又来这儿,不是因为我多喜欢这儿的景色,而是我爱这儿的人们。) 2)By calling him Shylock, I don't mean that he is named Shylock,but that he is as miserly as Shylock.(叫他夏洛克,我不是说他的名字叫夏洛克,而是说他像夏洛克一样吝啬。) due to 在句中的意思是“由于”,如: 1)His failure was due to carelessness (他的失败是由于粗心。) 2)Due to lack of funds,they had to postpone the project.(由于缺少资金,他们不得不推迟计划) rather than 在本句的意思是“不是…而是……”,“与其……不如…” 1) He is a writer than a teacher (与其说他是教师,不如说他是作家。) 2)He lay rather than sit in the armchair (与其说他是坐在扶手椅上不如说是躺在里面。) 本课主要词组 1.make up 2.be familiar with 3.learn from 4.belong to 5.at large 6.on the other hand 7.be knows to 8.acquaintance with 9.in a style 10. be of importance 11. in the first case 12. in the latter (case) 13. in print 14. apply to 15. come up 16. as to 17. as a whole 18. due to 19. rather than Text B how should you build up your vocabulary? 短语表达 1. build up (建立;增强;增加) They worked hard to build up the friendship between the people in two countries. Get plenty of exercise every to build up your health. 2. come across (穿过,出现;遇到) They came across the street to meet me. A good idea came across my mind We are bound to come across difficulties, but we are determined to overcome them. 3. look up (查阅) If there are words you don't understand, look them up in the dictionary . For further information about this matter, look up this book. 4. at top speed (以速度) He drove his car at top speed It's dangerous to corner at top speed 5. depend on (依靠;取决于) We'll depend mainly on ourselves to solve the problem. The accomplishment of the task depends on the solution of this major problem. 6. make sense (有意义、讲得通) What he said just now didn't make any sense to me. This sentence doesn't make any sense. 7. try doing sth(尝试做某事) You can try using another method to go it He tried climbing the mountain without any help. 8. come up with (提出,想出;提供) He is expected to come up with some ideas after he thinks about the problem. The TV network will come up with better shows in the future. 9. lead to(导致) Our discussions led to confusion. The earthquake led to heavy loss of life. 10. after all (毕竟) Don't expect too much of him, he is, after all, a child of 10. We didn't finish all the work. After all, we didn't have enough hands 11. provide with (提供) It is necessary that you provide them with all the equipment We are satisfied to be provided with these kitchen utensils 12. begin with (以……开始) The first word of a sentence should begin with a capital letter . To begin with, we ought to know what we are here for.

3. Diamonds are made from carbon. 由……制成,可以用be made from和be made of两个词组来表达。但是be made from通常指制成品已看不出原材料是什么,而be made of可以看出该物品由什么材料制成的。如: 1) Paper is made from some plants. (纸是由某些植物制成的。) 2) This beer is made from grain. (这种啤酒是用粮食酿制的。) 3) The houses were made of brick. (这些房屋是砖造的。) 4) This toy is made of cotton. (这个玩具是布做的。) 4. Scientists know that the combination of extreme heat and pressure changes carbon into diamonds. extreme在句中做形容词用,意思是“极度的”,如: 1) Extreme cold can wake a hibernating animal. (极度的寒冷能使正在冬眠的动物苏醒。) 2) They will have to endure extreme discomfort in winter. (冬天时,他们将不得不忍受极度的不适。) change…into意思是“把…转变为…”,如: 1) Water changes into vapour when heated. (水加热后转变为蒸气。) 2) Go to the bank and you can easily change these dollars into RMB. (你去银行就能很容易地把这些美元换成人民币。) 5. Such heat and pressure exist only in the hot, liquid mass of molten rock deep inside the earth. 请注意such与so之间的不同用法。such后面接名词,而so后面接形容词或副词。如: 1) I don't believe he could make such a mistake. (我相信他不会犯这样的错误的。) 2) How can you go out on such a rainy day? (在这样的雨天里,你怎么能出门?) 3) He spoke so fast that I couldn't follow. (他说话太快,我听不懂。) 4) I'm so glad you could come. (你能来我真高兴。) mass在本句中的意思是“(聚成一体的)团、块”,比如: 1) a mass of hot air(一团热气) 2) a mass of sand(一堆沙) 3) Rain occurs when a mass of warm air is laden with water. (一团云聚集大量的水蒸气就形成了雨。) Mass也可以做形容词用,意思是“群众的”、“大量的”,如: 1) a mass meeting (群众大会) 2) mass education (大众教育) 3) mass media (大众传媒) 4) Mass production could very well cut the cost. (大规模生产可以降低成本。) 6. It is thought that millions of years ago this liquid mass pushed upward through cracks in the earth's crust. It is thought that…是一个很常用的句型,类似的句型在英语中很多,比如: 1) It is / was, has been…, reported that… 2) It is / was, has been…, stated that… 3) It is / was, has been…, pointed out that… 4) It is / was, has been…, mentioned that… 5) It is / was, has been…, believed that… 7. A. There are only four areas where very many diamonds have been formed. B. The first known area was in India, where diamonds were found thousands of years ago. 定语从句可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。A句是限定性定语从句,B句是非限定性定语从句。A、B两句中都是用关系副词where来引导定语从句,修饰表示地点的名词。请看下面的句子,注意限定性定语从句一般不用逗号隔开: 1) Is there a shop around where we can get some fruit? (附近有什么商店可以买到水果吗?) 2) This is the place where we met yesterday. (这是我们昨天碰头的地方。) 3) The small town, where he once worked, has turned to be a modern city. (他曾经工作过的那座小城,已经变成现代化的城市了。) 8. In the 1600's…(十七世纪) In the 1720's…(十八世纪二十年代) In the 1800's…(十九世纪) 请注意年代的表达方法,以上的年代也可以表达为in the 1600s; in the 1720s; in the 1800s.如果我们要表达“在十七世纪初(中、末)期”,则可以说in the early(mid, late) 1600's/1600s. 9. Diamonds became very popular with the kings and queens of Europe. become / be popular with / among是一个常用词组,意思是“受…欢迎”,请看下面的句子: 1) These Chinese handicrafts are very popular with foreign friends. (这些中国工艺品很受外国朋友的喜爱。) 2) His novels are popular among young people. (他的小说很受年轻人的喜爱。) 3) Classical music is popular among more and more people. (古典音乐受到越来越多的人的喜爱。) 10. India's supply of diamonds was finally running out after 2,500 yeas of mining the stones. Supply在句子中做名词用,意思是“供应”。Supply常常可以做动词用,意思是“供给,提供”。请看下面的句子: 1) Economic stability can be reached if demand and supply are in balance. (如果供求关系平衡的话,就能实现经济的稳定。) 2) Many materials are in short supply. (许多材料供应不足。) 3) The increasing world population will put a strain on food supply. (不断增长的世界人口将对粮食供应带来重负。) 4) You have to supply him with an answer. (你得给他提供一个答案。) 5) Most towns are supplied with tap-water and electricity. (大多数城镇都有自来水和电力供应。) run out是一个常用词组,意思是“用完,用尽”。请看例句: 1) Time is running out. We have to hurry. (时间快到了,我们得快点。) 2) My patience is running out. (我快要耐不住了。) 3) His luck seemed to have run out. (他的好运似乎结束了。) 我们也可以用run out来表达类似的意思,但run out of的主语应该是“某人”。如: 1) They have run out of money, so they have to find a job. (他们钱用完了,所以得找一份工作。) 2) I have run out of ink. (我的墨水用完了。) 11. People would pick up handfuls of gravel from the bottom of the streams and sort out the diamonds. -ful通常加在名词后面,构成形容词,如care-careful,help-helpful.而本句中的handful是一个名词,意思是“一把”,在单词部分,我们已经提到过,英语中有不少这样的词,如: 1) He gave me a basketful of beaches. (他给了我满满一篮子桃子。) 2) She put a spoonful of salt in the soup. (她往汤里撒了满满一勺盐。) 3) Tom is carrying an armful of books. (汤姆抱着一捆书。) sort out是一个常用词组,意思是“整理,分类”,如: 1) Sort out those of bigger size and put them in a box. (把大点的整理出来,放在盒子里。) 2) It took quite a while to sort out all our luggage. (把我们所有的行李整理好花了不少时间。) bottom在句子中做名词用,意思是“底部”。bottom还有“尽头、末端”的意思。请看例句: 1) There is some deposit in the bottom of the teapot. (茶壶底部有些沉淀物。) 2) At the bottom of the mountain, there is a beautiful village. (在山脚下有个美丽的村子。) 3) I felt grateful to you from the bottom of my heart. (我衷心地感谢你。) 4) Bottoms up. (干杯。) 12. These diamonds were probably carried from where they were formed to India by great sheets of moving ice that covered parts of the earth 20,000 years ago. where they were formed是where引出的名词性从句,作介词from的宾语。请看下面的句子: 1) He didn't say anything about where the accident took place. (他对事故在哪儿发生的只字未提。) 2) She hasn't made up her mind as to where she should go for the holiday. (她还没有决定到哪儿去度假。)

德语自学考试英语笔记

德语专业学生不请自来~

可能有些人会说,德语也属于欧洲语系,有一定英语基础的我学起来肯定很轻松。

如果你这么想,同学,你真是太天真了……

一个you在德语里就有如此多复杂的表达,更别提其他单词和语法了。

上次自习的时候听到一个小哥哥在走廊里像背英语单词那样拼背德语单词,从专业学生的角度来看,如果你用背英语的办法背诵德语,可能你背了十个,而掌握德语内在规律的同学已经背了一百个了。

大一开学前的那个暑假,自己漫无目的找了一些书看,结果开学时却发现没有用处。后来咨询学姐才知道,德语学习是有规律可循的。如果无视德语自身的规律进行学习,往往只会事倍功半。

从如何系统的自学德语角度出发,结合自己的学习经验总结了一套学习方法,供参考~

一、了解德语的特有的发音规则

友好提醒:刚开始接触德语时建议把英语放一下。我现在都还清楚的记得,四级考试作文里德语英语穿插的"德式英语"。如果你打算自学德语,那最好给自己大脑一个信号,并让其空出相应的位置,让大脑得以记忆一个新的东西。

再来说一下德语的发音规则,建议不要盲目的去听教学视频,因为有些人的德语会参杂一些口音。比如奥地利德语、瑞士德语和标准德语的发音又是有差别的。

这里提一款提供系统的,辅以标准德语发音的德语入门类App:鹿老师说外语。 这款App的基础部分可以随时点读,能够快速补充遗漏的知识。软件内置人声也是标准德语发音,对于初学者启蒙来说再合适不过了。

发音规则也有具体介绍

其他入门类App,如全球说就存在非标准德语发音现象,作为初学者最好还是以标准德语的发音学习为主。

二、循序渐进的学习语法

都说语法是语言的框架,德语也不例外。比如无论一句德语有多长,其动词总是位于第二位,这些都是德语语法的特殊性。而德语语法也是需要循序渐进的进行学习的。

举个例子,德语动词变位有第二虚拟式,过去时,第一虚拟式……这么多种类的动词变位,是不是不知道从何处开始学起?其实第二虚拟式的学习,在掌握了过去式后会变得轻而易举。但自学时往往会出现先学自己感兴趣的部分,从而耗费更多时间,而正确的学习顺序对学习效率是有提高作用的。

我们仍以鹿老师说外语这个App为例,其基础课程中的语法总结部分会根据难易度循序渐进地推进,并在总结中告诉你什么阶段该学习什么内容,在你不知道从何下手学习语法时,鹿老师说外语会是一个好的领路人。

冠词的学习里会提出先学定冠词再学不定冠词

如果你更喜欢纸质版,你也可以购买《当代大学德语》。这份教材是大多数专业学生常用的学习教材,不过全书以德语为主,对入门而言可能会有些吃力,但按照专业学生的步调进行学习也不会出错。

三、多开口说

开口说真的很重要!无论是德语英语还是其他语言,哪怕前期根本说不出完整一句话,也要鼓起勇气多开口,这会对你的语感培养起到关键作用。

当你掌握了发音规则后,就可以开始读一些简单的句子。哪怕是Mein Name ist Joachim.这种简单的句子也可以来回多读几遍。对于自学的同学,跟读录音和回听自己的朗读都是训练口语的好方法。听一遍例句,录音自己的跟读,再听自己的跟读与例句进行对比并纠正自己的不足。市面上许多学习类App如鹿老师说外语、全球说等都内置了录音和回放功能,学习时可以灵活使用这些方便的功能。

以鹿老师说外语为例,训练三步可以在一页完成,十分方便

如果你想拓展一些课外阅读,可以下载一个每日德语听力作为培养语感的辅助学习产品。软件不定期更新各类难度的德语文章,可以睡前戴着耳机听一听。(听不懂也没关系,重要的是一个语言氛围的熏陶。)

不过基础仍然是放在第一位。有了基础才有能力学习拓展内容,作为初学者,打好基础仍是你的第一要务。

以上就是我对于入门学习德语的一些建议~

学习方法都列出来了,只差你一颗持之以恒的心了。也许入门德语会让你感到有些吃力,但只要踏踏实实迈出每一步,掌握它也是早晚的事~

Viel Spaß beim Lernen!

也欢迎咨询我关于德语学习的其他问题!

做笔记是当然,不过更重要是记,是理解。。。

1. 抓住一切机会说说说!不少同学已经吃了“哑巴英语”的亏了,如果你想学好德语,就不能再不好意思开口了哟!网上认识的德国网友、地铁里偶遇的德国帅哥、学校里的德语交流生.... 别害羞,抓住一切机会,大胆说出口就是!如果实在没有可以说话的对象,那自言自语也是可以的,一人分饰两角是吧。很多同学觉得“说出口”很难,是因为之前所学的内容未必都用的上,就算可以套用,也没有那么多的思考时间,因此无法做到脱口而出。所以,经常练习是一定要的。根据小编的经验,最好过一段时间就准备几个Thema,因为你会发现,如果不去更新你的“货”,最后熟练的还是那几句。每次对话中“想说却没说出”的句子,都是要回去查词造句、牢牢铭记的,亲测有效,推荐下。2. 行走的单词卡片,贴满你的视线“桌子”德语怎么说?“笔记”德语怎么说?“圆珠笔”德语怎么说?各种生活中常见的小物件,都可以是行走的“单词卡片”!所以,拿几张小便签,写上对应的德语单词,然后贴在各种物件上。注意,写的时候要包括词性和复数,不然以后还得再背一遍,多不划算是吧。这种方法的好处就是,可以让你一整天都在学德语!更妙的方法是。是把对应的搭配动词和例句也写上,毕竟咱们是要学以致用的,这可都是长远投资啊各位!3. 德语儿童读物,给你继续学下去的勇气除了考试之外,如何检测自己的德语学习成果呢?毕竟那些德语新闻、德语阅读、德语歌曲、德语电影、德国电视剧对初学者来说都是难到想撞墙!这个时候嘛,来点德语儿童读物还是不错的,毕竟在大德语的进阶之路上,咱们还是个宝宝啊!希望我的回答能够帮助到你~望采纳!

报网校或者课外辅导班吧自学很难坚持下来发音虽然不难 但语法结构需要学习指导才能搭建起来

日语自学考试英语笔记

这里写的基本可以说是新版教材而已,没有什么特别新的东西,只能说是一个课堂笔记吧,我也只是日语的初学者,这些都是自己写的,难免有错误的地方,还请大家多指正,希望能和大家共同进步。五十音图就略过了,直接进入第一课的学习。单词第一个是假名,然后是日文汉字,然后是中国语的意思(有的单词省略了)。很遗憾的是现在没有Mp3,以后争取添加上来。谢谢大家①名词:ちゅうごくじん 中国人 にほんじん 日本人 かんこくじん 韩国人 アメリカじん 美国人 フランスじん 法国人 がくせい 学生 せんせい 先生 りゅうがくせい 留学生 きょうじゅ 教授 けんしゅうせい 研修生 しゃいん 社员 かいしゃいん 会社员 きぎょう 企业 だいがく 大学 かちょう 课长 しゃちょう 社长 ちち 父 はは 母 あのひと あの人 でむかえ 出迎え ②代词:わたし 私 我 あなた あなた 你 ③副词:どうも 很,非常 おはようございます 早上好こんにちは 你好こんばんは 晚上好おやすみなさい 晚安はじめまして 初めまして 初次见面よろしくおねがいします宜しくお愿いします 请多关照ありがとうございます 非常感谢いいえ、どういたしまして 不用谢いただきます 我开始吃了(饭前说)ごちそうさまでした 吃得很好(饭后说)すみません 对不起,请问どうぞ 请そうです 是这样啊ちがいます 违います 不是这样的わかりません 分かりません 不知道どうもすみません 实在对不起~さん/~ちゃん/~君 基本课文1.李(り)さんは中国人(ちゅうごくじん)です。2.森(もり)さんは学生(がくせい)ではありません。3.林(はやし)さんは日本人(にほんじん)ですか。4.李(り)さんはJC(ジェーシー)企画(きかく)の社员(しゃいん)です。 对话甲:わたしは李です。小野さんですか。乙:はい、そうです。小野です。甲:森さんは学生ですか。乙:いいえ、学生ではありません。会社员です。甲:吉田さんですか。乙:いいえ、ちがいます。森です。甲:李さんはJC企画の社员ですか。乙:はい、そうです。 应用课文出迎(でむか)え李:JC企画(きかく)の小野(おの)さんですか。小野:はい、小野です。李秀丽(りしゅうれい)さんですか。李:はい、李秀丽です。はじめまして。どうぞよろしくおれがいします。小野:はじめまして、小野(おの)绿(みどり)です。 森:李さん、こんにちは。李:吉田(よしだ)さんですか。森:いいえ、わたしは吉田じゃありません。森(もり)です。李:あっ、もりさんですか。どうもすみません。森:いいえ。どうぞよろしく。李:李秀丽です。こちらこそ、よろしくお愿(ねが)いします。 语法Ⅰ.肯定句~は~です。 わたしは中国人です。 Ⅱ.否定句~は~ではありません。 わたしは日本人ではありません。 Ⅲ.疑问句 ~は~ですか。 李さんは日本人ですか。 Ⅳ.回答はい、そうです。 いいえ、ちがいます。 Ⅴ.名词修饰名词 助词『の』连接名词和名词,表示前面的名词是后面名词从属的机构,国家或属性。 大学の先生 JC企画の社员 中国の企业 Ⅵ.人称 第一人称『わたし』 第二人称『あなた』 第三人称『あの人』但是日语很少使用『あなた』(除了不知道对方姓名的时候),『あなた』显得不礼貌,一般叫『~さん』、称呼小孩子是『~ちゃん』、称呼和自己年龄差不多的男子是『~君』(只是男子哦)、有时直接称呼职业或是职务,如『课长』小野さん 太郎ちゃん 森君 Ⅶ.どうぞよろしくお愿いします 自我介绍时使用,相当于汉语的“请多关照”。一般说完自己的姓名和公司之后说这句话, 省略说法:どうぞよろしく/よろしくお愿いします 一般说法:どうぞよろしくお愿いします 更敬的说法:どうぞよろしくお愿いいたします 一般回答时说:こちらこそ はじめまして、李です。どうぞよろしくお愿いいたします。 こちらこそ、どうぞよろしくお愿いします。 Ⅷ.『会社员』と『社员』 『会社员』表示一种职业,而『社员』是说属于某一个公司的人。 わたしは会社员です。 我是公司职员。(陈述我的职业)わたしはJC企画の社员です。 我是JC企画公司的员工。(陈述我是这个公司的一员)

语法:“想~也不(能)~~~”[想做却不行或想做却不能做。] 「~(よ)うにも~ない」 动词意志形+にも+动词未然形+ない 1)给料が安くて、家を买おうにも买えない。 因为工资低,想买房也不能买。 2)転职しようにも、自分に向いている仕事が见つからない。 想换工作也找不到适合自己的工作。 3)眠くて起きようにも起きられなかった。 困得想起床也起不来。 4)忙得想去公园玩也玩不了。 忙しくて公园へ游びに行こうにも行けない。 5)那时的情景(样子)现在想看也看不了。 あの时の様子、今见ようにも见られない。 6)何しろ言叶が通じないのだから、自分の意志を伝えようにも伝えられなくて困った。 总之,由于语言不通,想要表达自己的意愿也不能表达因而苦恼。 7)ヤンさんに早くこのニュースを知らせたいが、今何処にいるか分からないから知らせようにも知らせられない。 想早些把这个消息告诉小杨,可不知他现在在哪里,想通知也不能通知了。

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