【免费定制个人学历提升方案和复习资料： 】自考学位英语考试主要包括5个部分：1.阅读理解。2.翻译。3.词语与语法。4.完形填空。5.写作。1.阅读理解。要考核学生通过阅读获取信息的能力，既要求准确，也要求有一定的速度。2.翻译。翻译试题由两部分组成，第一部分为英译汉，第二部分为汉译英。评分标准要求译文达意，无重大语言错误。翻译部分主要考核学生词汇、语法、句型等方面综合运用语言的能力。3.词语与语法。词语用法和语法结构部分主要考核学生运用词汇、短语及语法结构的能力。4.完形填空。填空的选项包括结构词和实义词，有些选项会涉及到一些重要的语法内容。完形填空部分主要考核学生综合运用语言的能力。5.写作。在测试学生初步使用英语表达思想的能力，要求能正确表达思想，意思连贯，无重大语法错误，内容会涉及日常生活和一般科技常识。自考学位英语自考学位英语考试题型下方免费学历提升方案介绍： 2020年08月自考00721基本乐理真题试卷 格式：PDF大小：559.64KB 2019年10月自考00830现代语言学真题试卷 格式：PDF大小：252.75KB自考/成考考试有疑问、不知道自考/成考考点内容、不清楚自考/成考考试当地政策，点击底部咨询猎考网，免费获取个人学历提升方案：
全国2014年4月高等教育自学考试 现代语言学试题 课程代码：00830 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。 选择题部分 注意事项： 1．答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。 2．每小题选出答案后，用2 B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。不能答在试题卷上。 Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (2% × 10=20%) 1. The fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages well illustrates the ________ nature of language. A. cultural B. dual C. productive D. arbitrary 2. In English the two sounds [p] and [ph] are ________. A. a minimal pair B. allophones C. two phonemes D. in phonemic contrast 3. The word “decentralize” contains ________ morphemes. A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6 4. A ________ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “and,” “but,” “or.” A. simple B. complicated C. coordinate D. complex 5. The sentence “Colorless green ideas sleep furiously” is a typical example of violation of ________. A. speech act theory B. principles of conversation C. selectional restrictions D. grammatical rules 6. The illocutionary point of the ________ is to commit the speaker to something’s being the case, to the truth of what has been said. A. expressives B. commissives C. declaratives D. representatives 7. ________ separated the period of Middle English from that of Modern English. A. The revival of Latin as a literary language B. Shakespeare’s plays and Milton’s poems C. European military invasion D. European renaissance movement 8. The following are the syntactic features of Black English EXCEPT ________. A. systematic use of “it is” instead of “there is” B. frequent absence of various forms of “be” C. use of double negation constructions D. absence of subject 9. ________ has a strikingly different view from the other three on language and thought. A. Plato B. Aristotle C. Watson D. Bloomfield 10. ________ motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language as a primary means of communication in his or her own community. A. Instrumental B. Functional C. Integrative D. Social 非选择题部分 注意事项： 用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上，不能答在试题卷上。 Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word on the ANSWER SHEET, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10% ) 11. Linguistics studies not any particular language, e.g., English, Chinese, Arabic, and Latin, but it studies l in general. 12. Speech sounds can be initially classified into two broad categories: vowels and c . 13. The suffix -er in the word “taller” is an i morpheme. 14. Apart from sentences and clauses, a syntactic category usually refers to a word or a phrase that performs a particular g________ function. 15. In terms of componential analysis, the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called s ________ features. 16. The u meaning of a sentence varies with the context in which it is said. 17. In general, linguistic change in the sound system and the v of a language is more noticeable than that in other systems of the grammar 18. The non-prestige variety in diglossia is called the l variety. 19. Language functions are believed to be lateralized primarily in the l hemisphere of the brain. 20. In children’s prelinguistic stage, the first recognizable sounds are described as c , with velar consonants such as /k/ and high vowels such as /u/ usually present. Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false on the ANSWER SHEET for each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. (2%×10=20%) 21. Human language is not only genetically transmitted, but also culturally transmitted while animal call systems are genetically transmitted. 22. In broad transcription, the word “build” is transcribed as [bild]. 23. Different words have to use the same affix in order to create the same meaning change. 24. Language is a highly structured system of communication. Sentences are both linearly and hierarchically structured. 25. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components. 26. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle in the late 50’s of the 20th century. 27. Syntactically, the verb of a sentence in Old English precedes, rather than follows, the subject. 28. The term pidgin originated from the pronunciation of the English word “business” in Chinese Pidgin English. 29. The language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period and consequently, most linguistic skills cannot develop. 30. The rate and ultimate success in SLA only depend on learners’ experience with optimal input and instruction. Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%×10=30%) 31. competence 32. phone 33. stem 34. simple sentence 35. synonymy 36. conversational implicature 37. back-formation 38. language planning 39. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis 40. Krashen’s acquisition V. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10% ×2=20%) 41. Please illustrate with example(s) the difference between compounding and derivation. 42. Please explain dichotic listening tests with example(s).
全国2014年4月高等教育自学考试 现代语言学试题 课程代码：00830 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。 选择题部分 注意事项： 1．答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。 2．每小题选出答案后，用2 B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。不能答在试题卷上。 Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (2% × 10=20%) 1. The fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages well illustrates the ________ nature of language. A. cultural B. dual C. productive D. arbitrary 2. In English the two sounds [p] and [ph] are ________. A. a minimal pair B. allophones C. two phonemes D. in phonemic contrast 3. The word “decentralize” contains ________ morphemes. A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6 4. A ________ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “and,” “but,” “or.” A. simple B. complicated C. coordinate D. complex 5. The sentence “Colorless green ideas sleep furiously” is a typical example of violation of ________. A. speech act theory B. principles of conversation C. selectional restrictions D. grammatical rules 6. The illocutionary point of the ________ is to commit the speaker to something’s being the case, to the truth of what has been said. A. expressives B. commissives C. declaratives D. representatives 7. ________ separated the period of Middle English from that of Modern English. A. The revival of Latin as a literary language B. Shakespeare’s plays and Milton’s poems C. European military invasion D. European renaissance movement 8. The following are the syntactic features of Black English EXCEPT ________. A. systematic use of “it is” instead of “there is” B. frequent absence of various forms of “be” C. use of double negation constructions D. absence of subject 9. ________ has a strikingly different view from the other three on language and thought. A. Plato B. Aristotle C. Watson D. Bloomfield 10. ________ motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language as a primary means of communication in his or her own community. A. Instrumental B. Functional C. Integrative D. Social 非选择题部分 注意事项： 用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上，不能答在试题卷上。 Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word on the ANSWER SHEET, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10% ) 11. Linguistics studies not any particular language, e.g., English, Chinese, Arabic, and Latin, but it studies l in general. 12. Speech sounds can be initially classified into two broad categories: vowels and c . 13. The suffix -er in the word “taller” is an i morpheme. 14. Apart from sentences and clauses, a syntactic category usually refers to a word or a phrase that performs a particular g________ function. 15. In terms of componential analysis, the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called s ________ features. 16. The u meaning of a sentence varies with the context in which it is said. 17. In general, linguistic change in the sound system and the v of a language is more noticeable than that in other systems of the grammar 18. The non-prestige variety in diglossia is called the l variety. 19. Language functions are believed to be lateralized primarily in the l hemisphere of the brain. 20. In children’s prelinguistic stage, the first recognizable sounds are described as c , with velar consonants such as /k/ and high vowels such as /u/ usually present. Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false on the ANSWER SHEET for each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. (2%×10=20%) 21. Human language is not only genetically transmitted, but also culturally transmitted while animal call systems are genetically transmitted. 22. In broad transcription, the word “build” is transcribed as [bild]. 23. Different words have to use the same affix in order to create the same meaning change. 24. Language is a highly structured system of communication. Sentences are both linearly and hierarchically structured. 25. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components. 26. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle in the late 50’s of the 20th century. 27. Syntactically, the verb of a sentence in Old English precedes, rather than follows, the subject. 28. The term pidgin originated from the pronunciation of the English word “business” in Chinese Pidgin English. 29. The language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period and consequently, most linguistic skills cannot develop. 30. The rate and ultimate success in SLA only depend on learners’ experience with optimal input and instruction. Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%×10=30%) 31. competence 32. phone 33. stem 34. simple sentence 35. synonymy 36. conversational implicature 37. back-formation 38. language planning 39. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis 40. Krashen’s acquisition V. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10% ×2=20%) 41. Please illustrate with example(s) the difference between compounding and derivation. 42. Please explain dichotic listening tests with example(s).
英语易 YingYuYi.com - 让英语学习更容易！ 看下导航吧.现代语言学历年真题下载01-06年 ：现代语言学之翻译版：现代语言学学习笔记：的<现代语言学>整理,历年常考知识点 ：现代语言学名词解释：现代语言学笔记整理 ：现代语言学词汇表 ：现代语言学之我见 ：祝你好运！
第一部分 选择题 一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。 1.The famous quotation from Shakespeare‘s play “Romeo and Juliet” ’A rose by any other name would smell as sweet‘ well illustrates _______.（ ） A.the conventional nature of language B.the creative nature of language C.the universality of language D.the big difference between human language and animal communication 2.Of the following sound combinations， only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.（ ） A.kibl B.bkil C.ilkb D.ilbk 3.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula “S→NP VP”。（ ） A.hierarchical B.linear C.tree diagram D.vertical 4.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.（ ） A.Case Condition B.parameter C.Adjacent Condition D.Adjacent Parameter 5.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning. A.phoneme B.word C.phrase D.sentence 6.According to Searle，those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.（ ） A.commisives B.directives C.expressives D.declaratives 7.The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages. A.synchronic B.diachronic C.comparative D.historical comparative 8.The way in which people address each other depends on their age， sex， social group， and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name， last name， title+last name， _______，and kin term. A.title+first name B.title+title C.title alone D.first name+last name+title 9.Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other， we may regard thought as “subvocal speech，” and speech as “_______”。（ ） A.vocal thought B.subvocal thought C.covert thought D.overt thought 10.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition _______.（ ） A.Language acquisition is a process of habit formation B.Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings C.Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language D.Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use 第二部分 非选择题 二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分。） 11.In the course of time， the study of language has come to establish close links with other branches of s________ studies， such as sociology and psychology. 12.Clear ［1］ and dark［ ］are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations， thus they are said to be in c________ distribution. 13.A r________ is often seen as part of a word， but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear， definite meaning. 14.A c________ sentence contains two or more clauses， one of which is incorporated in the other. 15.That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of c________ antonyms. 16.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized， that of an u________ is concrete and context-dependent. 17.Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another. For example， Modern English verb ask was Old English askian， with the /k/preceding the/s/.Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as m________. 18.In many societies of the world， we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies， b________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages. 19.The brain‘s neurological specialization for language is called linguistic I ________， which is specific to human beings. 20.In order to acquire a second language， learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language. This is know as language t________. 三、判断说明题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分。）判断下列各题正误，正者在括号内写“T”，误者在括号内写“F”，并说明理由。 （ ）21.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form. （ ）22.In English， long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as/i：/，the larynx is in a state of tension. （ ）23.A compound is the combination of only two words. （ ）24.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture.”，and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.”belong to the same syntactic category. （ ）25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense. （ ）26.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition， unlike entailment， is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say， if a sentence is negated， the original presupposition is still true. （ ）27.The division of English into Old English， Middle English， and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary. （ ）28.Language reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist， just as it is not obscene； but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism. （ ）29.If a child is deprived of linguistic environment， he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on. （ ）30.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language， they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them. 四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分。） 31.cultural transmission （as a defining feature of human language） 32.phonic medium of language 33.voicing 34.inflectional morphemes 35.reference 36.locutionary act 37.protolanguage 38.ethnic dialect 39.registers 40.acculturation 五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分。） 41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements Support your statement with examples. 42.Describe the process of language perception， comprehension and production. 全国2001年10月高等教育自学考试 现代语言学试题参考答案 课程代码：00830 一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分） 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.D 10.A 二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分） 11.social 12.complementary 13.root 14.complex 15.complementary 16.utterance 17.metathesis 18.bilingualism 19.lateralization 20.transfer 三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分） 21.F The contrary is true. The writing system is always a later invention. 22.T 23.F Some compounds contain more than two words. 24.T 25.F It is false because linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense. A case in point is the two expressions “morning star” and “ evening star.” They refer to the same star but differ in sense. 26.T 27.F The division of English into Old English， Middle English， and Modern English is conventional and somewhat arbitrary. 28.T 29.T 30.F Children first acquire the sounds found in all languages of the world， no matter what language they are exposed to ，and in later stages acquire the “ more difficult” sounds. 四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分） 31.One of the major defining features of human language.Humans are born with the ability to acquire a language， but different from animals， the actual use of human language is not genetically transmitted， rather it is culturally transmitted， i.e.it has to be taught and learnt. 32.The limited range of sounds that are used in human language communication， i.e.the speech sounds. 33.Voicing is a phonetic feature of some sounds.It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords. 34.Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatrcal relations and categories，such as-ed，-（e）s，-est in English. 35.Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world； it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.For example ，if we say， “The dog is barking，” we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the situation.The actual dog the word “dog” refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word “dog”。 36.Locutionary act refers to the act of uttering words， phrases， and clauses.It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax， lexicon and phonology. For example， by saying “You have left the door wide open”，the locutionary act performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words and expressed what the words literally mean. 37.A protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.The proto form can be reconstructed by identifying and comparing similar linguistic forms with similar meanings across related languages. 38.An ethnic dialect is a social dialect of a language，often cutting across regional differences. It is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation， such as racial discrimination or segregation. 39.Registers are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations，in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. For this reason， registers are also known as situational dialects. 40.Acculturation refers to a process of adapting to the culture and value system of the second language community. 五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分） 41.In addition to revealing a linear order， a constituent structure tree has a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent， and consequently is believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements. For example， the phrase “ the old men and women” may have two interpretations， i.e.the adjective “old”may modify the noun “men”， or the following two nouns “men and women”。Linear order analysis cannot tell this difference， so it is ambiguous.Whereas，the constituent or tree diagrams analysis can make this difference clear.So，we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure analysis. NP NP NP NP NP NP The old men and the women the old men and the old women 42.From the perspective of psycholinguistic analysis，language use in terms of perception，comprehension and production follows a certain pattern which involves the coordination of various language centers. When we speak，words are drawn from Wernicke‘s area and transferred to Broca’s area， which determines the details of their form and pronunciation.The appropriate instructions are then sent to the motor area which controls the vocal tract to physically articulate the words. When we hear something and try to comprehend it，t he stimulus from the auditory cortex is transmitted to Wernicke‘s area，where it is then interpreted. When we perceive a visual image，a message is sent to the angular gyrus，where it is converted into a visual pattern.
英语易 YingYuYi.com - 让英语学习更容易！ 看下导航吧.现代语言学历年真题下载01-06年 ：现代语言学之翻译版：现代语言学学习笔记：的<现代语言学>整理,历年常考知识点 ：现代语言学名词解释：现代语言学笔记整理 ：现代语言学词汇表 ：现代语言学之我见 ：祝你好运！
今天教务老师给大家收集整理了现代汉语自考教材答案的相关问题解答，还有免费的自考历年真题及自考复习重点资料下载哦，以下是全国我们为自考生们整理的一些回答，希望对你考试有帮助！寻找2013年版，齐沪扬主编的《现代汉语》课后思考题答案《对外汉语教育学引论》刘珣，北京语言大学出版社；《现代汉语》黄伯荣、廖序东，高等教育出版社；《语言学纲要》叶蜚声、徐通锵，北京大学出版社；《对外汉语教学语法》齐沪扬，复旦大学出版社；《古代汉语》，郭锡良，商务印书馆；《中国文化要略》程裕祯，外语教学与研究出版社；《当代中国》，张海林，南京大学出版社；《中国文学史》，袁行霈，高等教育出版社；《外国文化史》孟昭毅、曾艳兵，北京大学出版社。现代汉语语法研究的自考试题及答案一、填空题1．语素可以定义为的语言成分。2．一个词的语法功能指的是这个词在句法结构里所能占据的。3．任何句法结构都可以从两个方面观察：既可以作为一个复杂的结构看它的内部结构，也可以当作一个整体看它的。4．从句子的功能来看，可以把它分成陈述句、疑问句、称呼句、感叹句和。5．词是反映词的的类，尽管同一词类在意义上也有一定的共同点。6．谓词性成分转化为体词性成分的主要手段是。7．谓词性主语可以分成和陈述性的两类。8．主语和谓语的关系可以从结构、语义和三个不同的方面来观察。9．“站”、“世纪”这样的词直接放在数词后头的时候，叫做。10．形容词或动词前边加上“个”变成体词性结构以后充任的宾语叫。二、单项选择题在下列每小题的四个备选答案中选出一个正确答案，并将其字母标号填入题干的括号内。11．在分析一种语言的语音结构时，最小的单位是A音位B音节C语素D元音12．汉语的语素绝大部分都是A两个音节的B三音节的C单音节的D多音节的13．在多音节单纯词里，一个汉字代表的是A无意义的音位B有意义的音节C无意义的音节D有意义的音位14．下列不是偏正结构的是A精品书B九个孩子C打扫房间D旧报纸15．“写文章”和“写清楚”分别是A述宾结构、述补结构B偏正结构、联合结构C述补结构、偏正结构D述补结构、主谓结构16．有关合成词“好好儿的”，以下分析不正确的是A它是附加式的合成词B它的词根部分是重叠式C“好好”是音节“好”的重迭式。D“的”附加在“好好儿”上，“儿”附加在“好好”上17．属于区别词的是A酸性B高级C初级D低级18．下面说法正确的是A实词是封闭类，虚词是开放类B实词表示事物、动作、行为等等，虚词起语法作用，但也有具体的意义C实词都是自由的，虚词绝大部分是粘着的D实词能充当主语、宾语或谓语，虚词不能19．不属于准宾语的是A醒了两次B扫扫地C去超市D来了客人20．属于连谓结构的是A唱歌跳舞B跟你开玩笑C笑得肚子疼D喜欢读书21．“很危险”、“有危险”中的“危险”是A名词B形容词C名动词D名形词22．下面的说法正确的是A代词可以是体词性的，也可以是谓词性的B代词本身的语法功能和它所替代的词的语法功能一致C代词可以分为人称代词和指示代词两种D“这么”所替代的词是体词性的23．下面的“想”属于助动词的是A很想妈妈B她想去跳舞C她想了很多D她想自己也许来晚了24．“看不见”是A趋向补语B粘合式述补结构C结果补语D组合式述补结构25．与有定宾语不同的是，无定宾语可以出现在A述语之后B复合趋向补语中间C整个述补结构之后D主语与谓语之间26．下面句子中属于复句的是A小明下了地铁，上了112路公交车。B肖玲听说，公司换了个会计。C这些花儿的特点是，颜色淡雅，香味浓郁。D为了孩子弹好钢琴，父母没少费劲。27．下列不是准定语的是A我的书丢了B张三的原告，李四的被告C他的篮球打得好D我来帮你的忙28．下面说法不正确的是A分句和分句之间有意义上的联系B分句有时用连词连接。C连词是作为结构成分来看待的。D有的分句是定位的。29．以下宾语不是虚指的是A笑什么？别笑了。B唱它一段C她说她的D看了回京戏30．“提起这个人啊，可是大大有名。”中“啊”的作用是A进行对比B引起注意C表示列举D举个例子三、分析题31．按要求将下列语素归类。来日失呢金民好我自由语素粘着语素定位语素不定位语素自由语素粘着语素定位语素不定位语素32．“手表”、“白菜”、“铁路”、“牛肉”“火车”是词还是词组，请具体分析。几个结构的组成成分都是自由的。“手表”、“火车”不能扩展，是词。“白菜”、“铁路”“牛肉”虽能够扩展，但扩展后的意义有变化，因此也是词。33．“爬过山没有？”和“爬过山就到了”中的“过”有什么区别？前一句中的“过”是动词后缀，后面不能再加后缀“了”；后一句中的“过”则是动词做补语，“爬过”是述补结构，后面还能加后缀“了”。两句话因此意思也不同。34．分析“满满儿的”、“他们的”、和“慢慢的”中的“的”有什么不同。“满满儿的”中的“的”是状态形容词后缀，“他们的”中的“的”是助词。“慢慢的”中的“的”是副词后缀。35．“有人”的否定形式是“没有人”，“没有来”的肯定形式不是“有来”，而是“来了”，为什么?两个格式的宾语不同，意思也不一样。“没有人”的“没有”加在体词性成分前边，表示不存在，文言文说“无”，“没有来”的“没有”加在谓词性成分前，表示动作没有完成或是事情没有发生，文言文说“未”。36．“他自己开车”和“他自己知道”在句法结构上一样吗？不一样。前一句主语是“他”，谓语是主谓结构“自己开车”，“他”和“自己”没有直接的结构关系。后一句是同位结构“他自己”做主语。37．将以下句子的主语按要求归类①你的话解不开他的心结。②那支枪不知什么时候丢了。③所有的道理都讲过了。④那位新同事领导还没见过他。⑤这种纸质的杯子用不了多久。⑥每个小朋友都发一个。受事主语与事主语工具主语受事主语与事主语工具主语38．举例分析语气词在句中停顿处的作用。①作为停顿的标记。②表示某种语气。39．请用层次分析法分析下列语法结构的层次和结构关系。①热切盼望他到来②培养阅读的兴趣和养成好学的习惯①热切盼望他到来└偏正┘└主谓┘②养成读书的习惯和提高理解的能力└述宾┘└述宾┘└偏正┘└偏正┘40．用划线加注法分析下面多重复句的层次关系。简洁并不是简单，它是以充实为前提的，因此，只有对要表达的事物非常熟悉，能抓住其要点，才能做到简洁。简洁并不是简单，‖它是以充实为前提的，｜因此，只有对要表达的事物非常熟悉，｜‖能抓住其要点，‖才能做到简洁。四、简答题41．联合结构与并立式复合词有什么不同？联合结构的项数是没有限制的，是可扩展的，并立式复合词限于两项，不能扩展。联合结构的语法功能跟它的组成部分语法功能基本上一致，并立式复合词则不一定。从意义上说，联合结构每一项都是实指，而且各有独立的意义，并立式复合词的每一项意义是比况性的。42．举例分析形容词做状态补语的两种情况。形容词做状态补语的两种情况是A“飞得高”B“飞得很高”、“飞得高高的”。A的状态补语是单个的形容词，B的状态补语是“程度副词＋形容词”或状态形容词。两类格式表示的意义不同，A是断言，B是描写；A是静态的，B是动态的；A不包含量的概念，B包含量的概念。从语法功能上来看，B可以受“早就、已经、连忙”等时间副词的修饰，A则不可。B可以跟“把、被、给”等介词连用，A不行。B可以做状语，A不行。43．述宾结构的述语往往表示动作或行为，宾语表示跟这种动作或行为有联系的事物。宾语与述语的联系具体表现为什么？请举例说明。①宾语表示动作或行为的对象。②宾语所指的事物是动作或行为产生的。③宾语表示处所。④宾语表示动作或行为的主动者。五、论述题。44．如何分辨词和词组？现代汉语中有哪些确定词的界限的方式？有什么缺陷？请举例说明。①根据能不能单独成句来确定汉语的词是有困难的。②单纯根据语言成分活动能力的强弱来确定词的界限也是不足的。③扩展法是根据语言成分结合的紧密程度来确定词和非词的界限的。④单纯从意义方面判定词的界限也是行不通的。判定词的界限要综合运用以上几种方法。(例略）自考/成考有疑问、不知道自考/成考考点内容、不清楚当地自考/成考政策，点击底部咨询官网老师，免费领取复习资料：
It is the___on Case assignment that states that a case assighor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other. A,case condition B,parameter C,Adjacent condition D,Adjacent Parameter 2001年10月全国自考现代语言学试题答案是CA,格条件B,参数C,毗邻条件D,毗邻参数<<现代语言学>>句法学中的原话是:Another condition is what is known as the Adjacency condition[毗邻条件] on case assignment, which states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other. 17．Theory of universal grammar 普遍语法理论Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky developed a theory of universal grammar (UG) know as the principle-an-parameters theory. UG is a system of linguistic knowledge and a human species-specific gift which exists in the mind or brain of a normal human being. UG consists of a set of general conditions, or general principles and also contains a set of parameters. 从八十年代初期开始，乔姆斯基发展了一种普遍语法理论，称为原则与参数理论。普遍语法是一个语言知识体系，是人类特有的天赋，它存在于正常人的头脑中。普遍语法包含一组广义条件，或广义原则，还包含一种参数。第四章、句法学 Syntax 16、Toward a theory of universal grammar[普遍语法理论] Since early 1980s, Noam Chomsky and other generative linguists proposed and developed a theory of universal grammar(UG)[普遍语法] known as the Principles-and-parameters theory.[原则及参数理论] General principles of Universal Grammar。One such principle, or conditon, is the case condition[格条件]. As is required by the case conditon principle, a noun phrase must have case and case is assigned by V(verb) or P(preposition) to the object position, or by AUX(auxiliary) to the subject position. Another condition is what is known as the Adjacency condition[毗邻条件] on case assignment, which states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other. The parameters of Universal Grammar。Adjacency parameter[毗邻参数]: UG is believed to contain a parameter with the values [+strict adjacency] and [- strict adjacency] set on the Adjacency Condition. Another parameter, the one that involves word order, concerns the directionality of Case assignment, known as the Directionality parameter.[方位参数] Two directionality values [rightward directionality]左向位 and [leftward directionality] 右向位。 第四章、句法学 Syntax 1、linguistic competence: Comsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language,and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 2、sentence : A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement question or command. 3、transformation rules: Syntactic movement is governed by transformational rules. The operation of the transformational rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. 4、D-structure : A sentence may have two levels of syntactic representation. One exists before movement take place, the other occurs after movement take place. In formal linguistic exploration, these two syntactic representation are commonly termed as D-structure. 5、Move а : Just as there is a general rule for all phrase structure rules,i,e. the X-bar schema, there is a general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement. This movement rule is called Move а 6、什么是X-标杆理论? X-bar theory is a general and highly abstract schema that collapses all phrasal structure rules into a single format: X〃→ (Spec) X (Compl). In this format, Spec stands for specifier while Compl stands for complement. This theory is capable of reducing the redundancies of individual phrasal structure rules and may well capture certain basic properties shared by all phrasal categories, i.e. NP, VP, AP, PP, across the languages of the world. 7、英语的句子中的三种基本类型是什么？ Traditionally, three major types of sentences are distinguished. They are simple sentence, coordinate or compound sentence and complex sentence. (1) A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence. For example, ① John reads extensively. ② Mary decided to take a linguistic class the next semester. Each of the two sentences contains a single clause and can stand structurally independent. (2) A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction, such as “and”, “but”, “or”. The two clauses in a coordinate sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence; neither is subordinate to the other. For example, ③ John is reading a linguistic book, and Mary is preparing for her history exam. ④ John likes linguistics, but Mary is interested in history. (3) A complex sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. The two clauses in a complex sentence have unequal status, one subordinating the other. The incorporated, or subordinate, clause is normally called an embedded clause, and the clause into which it is embedded is called a matrix sentence. For example, ⑤ Mary told Jane [that John liked linguistics]. ⑥ [That John likes linguistics] puzzles everyone. ⑦ Mary showed interest in linguistics [after John gave her a lecture]. In the above three examples, the clauses in the square brackets are embedded clauses. They are subordinate to the clauses outside the brackets which are called matrix clauses. 8、Sentence structure The basic components of a sentence.Nomarly a sentence consists of at least a subject and its predicate which contains a finite verb or verb phrase. The referring expression is grammatically called subject.The part of a sentence which comprise a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called predicate. Types of sentences：simple sentence, coordinate(compound) sentence[复合句]， complex sentence 1、The simple sentence。A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone is known as a finite clause[定式从句]. 2、The coordinate sentence.A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction[并列连词]. The two clauses in a coordinate sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence. 3、The complex sentence.The incorporated, or subordinate, clause is normally called an embedded clause[从句], and the clause into which it is embedded is called a matrix clause[主句]. 1）An embedded clause functions as a grammatical unit in its matrix clause. 2）Most embedded clauses require an introductory word called a subordinator[从属连词]. 3）An embedded clause may not function as a grammatically well-formed sentence if it stands imdependently as a simple sentence unless its form changes. 9、The hierarchical structure of a sentence.Sentences are organized with words of the same syntacitc catigory, such as noun phrase(NP) or verb phrase(VP), grouped together. 10、Syntactic categories Words and phrases are organized according to the syntactic categories they belong to. Lexical category[词类]and phrasal category[词组类]. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntatic category.[可以相互替换而又不改变语法属性的成分属于同一句法类型。] Lexical categories.Major lexical categories are open categories in the sense that new words are constantly added. Minor lexical categories are closed categories because the number of the lexical items in these categories is fixed and no new members are allowed for.English has four major lexical categories and six minor lexical categories. Major: noun, verb, adjective, adverb Minor: determiner[限定词], auxiliary[助动词]，preposition, pronoun, conjunction, and interjection[感叹词] Phrasal categories.In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase(NP), verb phrase(VB), prepositional phrase(PP), and adjecive phrase(AP). Grammatical relations.Grammatical relations: Awareness of a distinction between the structural and logical functional relations of constituents. We usually refer to the grammatical relations as subject of and direct object of. structural subject[结构主语] and structural object[结构宾语] Only in terms of structural concepts,the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.logical subject[逻辑主语] means the doer of the action.logical object[逻辑宾语] means the rcipient of the action. 11、 Combinational rules Phrase structure rules The combinational pattern in a linear formula may be called a phrase structural rule, or rewrite rule[重写规则]. 1) S -> NP VP .The arrow is read as "consist of ", or "is rewritter as". The rule in 1) is read as "A sentence consist of, or is rewritten as, a noun phrase and a verb phrase." 2) NP -> (Det)(Adj)N(PP)(S) "A noun phrase consist of, or is rewritten as an optional determiner, an optional adjective, an obligatory[必用的] noun, an optional prepositional phrase, and /or optional sentence. 3) VP -> V(NP)(PP)(S) 4) AP -> A(PP)(S) 5) PP -> P NP The recursiveness of phrase structure rules [短语结构规则的循环性] .Recursive properties: An S contains a VP that may contain another S; a VP may inclued an S that contains another VP; a PP consists of an NP that may be followed by another PP; and an NP may take a PP that includes an NP and/or a S! 12、 X-bar theory XP -> (Spec[指示词]) X (Compl[补语]) A format using the symbol" (read as double bar) and '(read as single bar) can then be abstracted, given both in a tree diagram (见课本81页) and in a formula (7) 7) X" -> Spec X' X' -> X Compl 13、Synatactic movement and movement rules[句法位移和移位规则] Synatactic movement occurs when a constituent in a sentence moves out of its original place to a new positon. Synatactic movement is dictated by rules traditonall called transformational rules[转换规则]. NP-movement and WH-movement NP-movement occur when a sentence changes from the active voice to the passive voice. WH-movement is obligatory[强制性的] in English which changes a sentencd from affirmative to interrogative. 14、D-structure and S-structure A sentencd may have two levels of syntactic representation. One exists before movement takes place, named D-structure (or the deep structure[深层结构])，the other occurs after movement takes place named S-structure (roughly meaning the surface sturcture[表层结构]) Transformational-generative line of analysis: it is believed that phrase structure rules with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure, while the application of synatctic movement rules transforms a sentence from the level of D-structure to that of S-sturcture. phrase structure rules + the lexicon ----> D-structure ----> movement rules ----> S-structure 15、 Move α -- a general movement rule 。Move α(or move Alpha) is move certain constituent to certain place. 16、Toward a theory of universal grammar[普遍语法理论] Since early 1980s, Noam Chomsky and other generative linguists proposed and developed a theory of universal grammar(UG)[普遍语法] known as the Principles-and-parameters theory.[原则及参数理论] General principles of Universal Grammar。One such principle, or conditon, is the case condition[格条件]. As is required by the case conditon principle, a noun phrase must have case and case is assigned by V(verb) or P(preposition) to the object position, or by AUX(auxiliary) to the subject position. Another condition is what is known as the Adjacency condition[毗邻条件] on case assignment, which states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other. The parameters of Universal Grammar。Adjacency parameter[毗邻参数]: UG is believed to contain a parameter with the values [+strict adjacency] and [- strict adjacency] set on the Adjacency Condition. Another parameter, the one that involves word order, concerns the directionality of Case assignment, known as the Directionality parameter.[方位参数] Two directionality values [rightward directionality]左向位 and [leftward directionality] 右向位。 17、 linguistic competence: Comsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language,and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 18、 sentence : A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement question or command. 19、transformation rules: Syntactic movement is governed by transformational rules. The operation of the transformational rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. 20、D-structure : A sentence may have two levels of syntactic representation. One exists before movement take place, the other occurs after movement take place. In formal linguistic exploration, these two syntactic representation are commonly termed as D-structure. 21、 Move а : Just as there is a general rule for all phrase structure rules,i,e. the X-bar schema, there is a general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement. This movement rule is called Move а 22、 syntax studies the sentence structure of language. 23、Types of sentences simple sentence, coordinate(compound) sentence[复合句]， complex sentence
c直接给他们分吧，太厉害啦
今天教务老师给大家收集整理了自考英语教材答案详细，自考英语二教材答案的相关问题解答，还有免费的自考历年真题及自考复习重点资料下载哦，以下是全国我们为自考生们整理的一些回答，希望对你考试有帮助！各位谁有2010.10全国自考英语试卷及答案啊？谢谢！3．读书与做练习的关系。每章节后都配有思考题和练习，并附有答案，以便复习和巩固所学的内容。为了帮助自学人员学习，全国高等自学考试委员会还组织由笔者主持编写了《英语词汇学辅导》，2000年由外语教学与研究出版社出版。《辅导》以汉语形式把教材译写出来，每章补充了练习，并给思考题提供了参考答案。此外，社会上也出现了一些所谓的“配套”读本。这里要提醒大家的是，读书指的是学教材，语言基础差一点的同学可以把《辅导》结合起来看。对教材一定要反复读，读懂弄清楚。对每章所配的练习要认真独立地去做，只有在做完后再查看参考答案，因为做练习最能检测学习结果。思考题是供学习思考的，提供的参考答案只是答案的一种表达形式，绝对不能逐字逐词地去死背。尤其要注意的是千万不要本末倒置，把大量的精力放在能弄到手的各种参考书上，更不要去搞题海战术，走入歧途。4．词汇学与语言学的关系。词汇学是语言学的一个分支，属于语言学的范畴。英语词汇学所介绍和涉及的一些内容与语言学上的某些章节交叉和重叠。如自考科目《现代语言学》上的第三章“形态学”和第五章“语义学”中的“词的意义”部分都是词汇学讨论的内容，因此可以联系起来学习。应该说学了语言学有助于学习词汇学，反之亦然。四、应考问题自考是以自学的形式通过国家规定的相关考试，最后取得国家承认的学历或学位。所以通过考试是自学人员的现实目标。把教材读懂搞清楚了不一定就能考出最理想的成绩，还有一个应考的问题。只有熟悉考试的形式、内容和方式方法才能取得最佳效果。1．题型与能力层次。题型在《考纲》中有明确规定。《考纲》列了12种题型，但在全国英语词汇学题库设计时做了一定的改动。现在的全国英语词汇学的标准试卷由七大题组成，每题一种题型。它们分别是：I单项选择，II教材内容填空，III匹配题，IV判断填空，V术语解释，VI简答题，VII分析题。减去了《考纲》中的第二、七、十二题；把第三、八题统称为判断填空题。题型与能力层次非一一对等，同一题型可涉及不同能力层次，如单项选择、匹配题、判断填空三种题型。2．试卷设计与分值配置。按题库设计标准，根据各章节的内容和知识点，每份试卷对各章都有一定的分值要求。其分值配置为：第一、二章占15%；第三、四章占20%；第五、六章占25%；第七、八章各占10%；第九章占15%；第十章占5%.分值的配置基本上能显示各章节的分量。前面已说过，每章都重要。这一点从分值的分配可以看出。当然，这种分值配置只是理想化的设计，具体操作上很难做到如此准确。一套试卷由7大题50小题组成。匹配题和判断题各10小题，每题1分；简答题3小题，每题4分；综合运用题2小题，每小题9分；其它每小题均为2分。3．读书与做题。如前所述，要想学好词汇学，必须要有恒心和拼劲，下大气力学习教材，无捷径可走。但要提高考试成绩还是有方法的。譬如匹配题和判断题，如果不熟悉其形式和思路，尽管对考题所涉及的内容很熟悉，也不一定能做好题。现以2002年上半年全国自学英语词汇学试卷其中的两题为例：MatchthewordsinColumnAwiththoseinColumnBaccordingto①rhetoricalfeaturesofidioms;②senserelations;③assimilationdegree;④characteristicsofthebasicwordstock;⑤motivationABreiterationAhighandlowrepetitionBpickandchoosejuxtapositionCfacetofaceperfecthomonymDFailureisthemotherofsuccesspersonificationEhissStudythefollowingwordsandexpressionsandidentify①typesofcontext;②typesofwordformation;③typesofsenserelationsandmeaningchange④rhetoricalfeaturesofidioms1makingarestatementofanewwordorconceptinfamiliarwords2sitcom3theusualamenitiessuchasapub,apostofficeandaschool4fromcradletograve5mightandmain这两道题看似简单，做起来却不容易。两道题有一个共同的特点，即涉及到不同章节的内容。前一题包括第九章、第六章、第一章、第五章的内容和知识。要做好题，必须知道英语习语的各种修辞特色；六种语义关系；两种同化程度；基本词汇的五大特征和四种理据。然后将两栏提供的语词进行比较，逐一分析，对号入座。答案是reiteration,repetition,juxtaposition,perfecthomonym,personification。其实，真正与题目有关的只是习语的修辞特色和词义的理据，其它都是干扰项。比较而言，后一道题更难一些。该题要求考生根据所提供的例词和定义写出它们各自属于哪一类中的何种名称。如例1是第一类中的definition，例2是第二类中的blending，例3是第三类中的hyponymy，例4是第四类中的synecdoche，例5是第四类中的alliteration，等等。如果熟悉这些题型，并能模拟做一做，在阅读中能根据题型的要求去思考问题，做到有的放矢，效果肯定会更佳。这就是所谓的“巧干”。4．术语英汉对照表的利用。教材后附有术语英汉对照表，主要目的是为了帮助阅读和理解。知道英语专业名称的汉语意思既可以加深记忆，也可以帮助理解。还有一个更重要的用途，往往不被大家注意。术语英汉对照表基本上囊括了教材中主要知识点。尤其是名词或名词词组，每一个都是一个知识点。学完教材后，不妨把这些专业术语作为一种自测手段。如按照字母顺序逐一复习。对每一个术语都想一想其概念、定义，试着用英语表述，并能回忆一两个例子。如果忘了，再翻书复习。假如能按这种要求把所有的名词术语记住，基本上可以说把教材弄懂搞清楚了。总而言之，英语词汇学是一门理论知识课程，涉及的内容丰富，知识点较多，学起来有一定难度。但只要同学们有决心，有恒心，敢于下工夫，在苦干的同时，加一些巧干，定能收到事半功倍的效果。求06年4月自考英语二试卷及答案全国06年4月自学考试：英语试卷及答案2006年09月21日14:18自考/成考有疑问、不知道自考/成考考点内容、不清楚当地自考/成考政策，点击底部咨询官网老师，免费领取复习资料：
第二个assighor疑是assigner,前半句为强调句，后半句为同谓语解释要选的选项，可以给出是什么范畴吗？法律？计算机？
Mandarin nam
绪论现代汉民族共同语：是全体汉族人民之间用来交际的语言，在北方方言的基础上形成。民族共同语包括口语（口耳进行交际的口头形式）和书面语（用文字记载下来的书面形式）白话：产生于晚唐五代的与口语直接联系的新的书面语言，是现代汉民族共同语书面语的源头。现代汉民族共同语的口语形式最晚在14世纪已经开始形成。汉语的方言：北方方言（官话）、吴方言（江浙话）、湘方言、赣方言、客家方言、闽方言、粤方言。七大方言最大的特征是共用一套汉字符号系统。新时期语言文字工作：1、大力推广普通话，促进汉语规范化。2、加强社会用字管理，促进汉字规范化。①整理异体字。②简化笔画。③统一字形。第一章 语音语音：是人类说话时发出的代表一定意义的声音，是语言的物质形式。语音的性质：①生理属性：语音是一种生理现象，是人类发音器官活动的产物。②物理属性：语音产生于物体的振动。③社会属性：是语音的本质属性。体现在音义结合的社会性和语音系统性上。人的发音器官：①肺和气管②喉头和声带③口腔和鼻腔语音的四个物理要素：①音高：决定于声波的频率。②音强：决定于声波的振幅。③音长：决定于发音体振动的时间。④音色：决定于声波振动的形式。是语言用以区别不同意义的基本要素。音色的差别的三种因素：①发音体不同。②发音方法不同。③共鸣器的形状不同。乐音：是波形有规律的听起来和谐悦耳的声音（元音）。噪音：是波形杂乱无章的，听起来不响亮的声音（辅音）。音节：是语音的基本结构单位，是人们在听觉上自然感受到的最小的语音片断。音素：是从音色角度划分出来的最小的语音单位。辅音：发音时气流不一定振动声带，在口腔或咽头受阻碍而形成的音素叫辅音（又称子音）。元音：发音时气流振动声带，在口腔或咽头不受阻碍而形成的音素叫元音（又称母音）。音位：是某种语言（或方言）里能够区别意义的最小语音单位，是根据语音的辩义作用归纳出来的。汉语拼音方案：是记录现代汉语语音系统的法定拼音方案。国际音标：是国际上最最的一套语音记音符合，一音一符。辅音的发音过程：①成阻②持阻③除阻辅音的发音方法：1、阻碍的方式：①塞音：b、p、d、t、g、k。②擦音：f、s、sh、r、x、h。③塞擦音：z、c、zh、ch、j、q。④边音：l。⑤鼻音：m、n、ng。2、声带是否振动：①清音：发音时声带不振动的辅音叫清辅音，b、p、d、t、g、k、z、c、zh、ch、j、q、f、s、sh、x、h。②浊音：m、n、ng、l、r。3、气流的强弱：①送气音：p、t、k、c、ch、q。②不送气音：b、d、g、z、zh、j。单元音：发音时舌位和唇形始终不变的元音。①舌面元音、②舌尖元音。③卷舌元音。复合元音：发音时舌位和唇形都有变化的元音。前响二合元音：ai、ei、ao、ou后响二合元音：ia、ie、ua、uo、ue中响三合元音：iao、iou、uai、uei、iao韵母：单元音韵母、复合元音韵母、鼻音韵母（舌尖中鼻音韵母、舌根鼻音韵母）声调由音高决定。声带放松音高就低，声带拉紧音高就高。调值：即声调的实际读法，是相对音高。调类：是通过归纳一种语言或方言的全部调值而得出的类别。普通话的声调：①阴平[55]：高平调。②阳平[35]：中升调。③上声[214]：降升调。④去声[51]：高降调。普通话的音节：声母+韵母（韵头+韵腹+韵尾）+声调普通话的声母同方言相比较主要有三个特点：①能区分舌尖前音z、c、s和舌尖后音zh、ch、sh、r；②能区分舌尖鼻中音n和边音l；③能区分唇齿音f和舌根音h。普通话的韵母同方言相比较主要有三个特点：①能区分前鼻音—n尾韵母和后鼻音—ng尾韵母；②能区分齐齿呼韵母和撮口呼韵母；③能区分后、半高、圆唇元音o和后、半高、不圆唇元音e。轻声：一个词或一句话里有的音节失去原有的声调，而成为一种又短又弱的声调，这种声调就是轻声。上声之后的轻声调值最高，去声之后的调值最低。轻声的规律：①“的、地得、了、着、过、吧、吗、啊”等助词。②“子、儿、头、巴、么、们”等虚语素。③“上、下、里、边、面”等表示方位的万分④“来、去、出来、进去、下来”等用在动词后表示趋向的词。⑤叠音名词及动词叠用后的第二个音节。⑥做宾至如归语的人称代词。儿化：普通话的卷舌韵母“er”附加在别的音节的后面，和前面的韵母融为一体，使前面的韵母变成卷舌韵母。变调：音节和音节连在一起念时，由于互相影响，本调会发生变化，这种变化就叫变调。上声的变调：①上声+上声—阳平+上声 友好（友=油）②上声+非上声—半上+非上声 体操③上声+轻声（非上声）——半上+轻声 母•亲一的变调：①在阴平、阳平、上声前读去声 一天、一团②在去声前读阳平：一定、一样、一日行里、一路平安③在重叠的单音动词中音读轻声：看一看，想一想不的变调：①在去声前读阳平：不论、不要、不怕、不记名②在正反并列提问式中和可能补语否定式中读轻声：管不管、忙不忙、吃不下、修不成停顿：指句子内部、句子之间的声音间歇。语法停顿：标点是语法关系的书面标志，按时间长短分六级：①顿号②逗号③分号④冒号和破折号⑤句号、问号、感叹号⑥省略号逻辑停顿：为了表达感情和强调声东击西 一语义的需要而采用的停顿叫逻辑停顿。节奏停顿：为了显示韵文的节奏而采用的停顿。重音：指的是玉器句当中某些词语的重整旗鼓，它不涉及词的意义，只和全句的意义有关，又叫语句重音。语法重音：谓语、谓语部分的中心词、形容词等在名词前作定语、形容词、副词作补语、疑问代词和指示代词重读。逻辑重音：根据语义或感情表达的需要而采取的重读。对比、特指或运用比喻、夸张等修辞手法时要重读。语调升降：①升调：表疑问、惊异、号召，名中暂停或意思没完。②降调：表肯定、感叹、请示，一般用于话已说完。③平调：表庄重、冷谈、踌躇等语气。④曲折调：多用表示讽刺、含蓄、意在意外等语气。朗读：就是把书面的文字经过朗读者的理解变为有声语言。第二章 汉字原始文字：又称文字画，用画图画和作图解的方法来提示事件或提示语句，有文字的记录和交际功能。汉字的形体演变：①甲骨文：通行于殷商。②金文：又叫钟鼎文，源于商，西周和春秋时期的代表字体，趋向定型化。③籀文与六国古文：战国时秦用籀文，称作大篆，代表字体是石鼓文。六国用古文。④小篆：秦始皇统一中国之后实行的，偏旁部位和写法固定了。⑤隶书：秦隶又叫古隶，汉隶又叫今隶。用点、横、竖、撇捺等笔画转写小篆所发生的变化叫隶变，使汉字的象形意味全部丧失了，使汉字由繁趋简，进一步变成纯粹符号性质的文字，是古文字与今文字的分水岭。⑥楷书：本称正书，真书，兴于汉末，魏晋后通行。⑦草书：魏晋时出现楷书的快写体称为今草，以前的草书为章草。⑧行书：“行”取生动活泼之意。汉字的字符构成分三类：①意符：跟文字所代表的词在意义上有联系的字符，是独体的表意字。②音符：在语音上有联系。③记号：语音和意义上都没联系。汉字的性质：意符音符记号文字，简称意音文字。表意文字汉字的特点：①汉字符号繁多，以语素定型，孤离性强。②汉字是音义二维的语素文字，与语义的联系具有特定性，与语音的联系不具有特定性。③汉字构形具有理性，可以进行结构分析。偏旁：是构成合体字的表意或表音的单位。部首：是具有字形归类作用的偏旁。意符：指的是和文字所代表的词不达意在意义上有联系的字符。音符：指的是和文字所代表的词在声音上有联系的字符。记号：是和文字所代表的词在意义上和声音上都没有联系的字符。现行汉字的四种基本类型：①记号字：独体记号字、合体记号字。②半记号字：半意半记号字、半音半记号字。③表意字：独体表意字、合体表意字。④意音字（58%）。汉字的简化：①减少笔画。②精减字数。汉字的标准化：①定量②定形③定音④定序汉字编码：①音码②形码③音形码④形音码第三章 词汇语素：是最小的语音语义结合体，是最小的语法单位。五级语法单位：语素、词、词组、句子、句群语素的分类：1、按音节分：①单音节语素：山、水；②双音节语素：葫芦、参差；③多音节语素：歇斯底里。2、按构词能力分：①自由语素：单音节语素能够独立成词，火、圆；②半自由语素：不能独立成词，但能和其他语素或比语素大的语法单位自由组合成词，基，基础。③不自由语素：不能独立成词，且和别的语素或比语素大的语法单位组成成词时位置是固定的，家，作家，艺术家。3、按意义分：①实语素：山、水；②虚语素：最、才；③单义语素：买，币；④多义语素：茶、快。词：是由语素构成的能够独立运用的最小的造句单位。单纯词：由一个语素组成的词。单音节的单纯词：雨、鸟、吃双音节的单纯词：联绵词：两个音节连缀成义不能拆开的词，芙蓉、玛瑙双声：声母相同，蜘蛛、忐忑、尴尬叠韵：韵母或主要元音及韵尾相同。蜻蜓、蹉跎、叠音：猩猩、依信、区区 译音词：沙发、夹克、蒙太奇 取声命名的词、拟声词合成词：由两个或两个以上语素构成的词。在构词中体现基本意义的语素叫词根，粘附在词根的前后表示附加意义的语素叫词缀。1、复合式：①联合式：离别、国家、取舍。②偏正式：火车、龟缩、鲜红。③动宾式：打架、失望、理发。④后补式：打倒、改善、花朵。⑤主谓式：年轻、国营、地震。2、附加式：以词根为主体，粘附词缀。①前附加：老师、老虎老婆。②后附加：嘴巴、泥巴、尾巴。3、重叠式：①AA式：娃娃、星星。②AABB式：形形色色词义的性质：①客观性和主观性。②发展性。③概括性。④社会性。词义与概念：一致性：它们都具有概括性，都反映客观事物或现象的本质特征。区别：①词义是词的内容，概念是思维的方式，二者分属于不同的范围。②词义和概念没有严格的对应关系。同一个概念可以用不同的词来表达，也可以用词组来表达。③词义比概念内容宽泛。词的理性意义：又称基础意义，指词义当中与概念相应的部分，它包括所表示的对象的特征和所表示的适用对象的范围两个方面。词的色彩意义：又称附加意义，指词不达意义中的感情色彩（褒义、贬义、中性）、语体色彩（书面、口头）、形象色彩（形态、动态、颜色、声音。语素义有两种存在形式：一是存在于单纯词中，这时语素义即词义；二是存在于合成词中，这时词素义和词不达意义之间存在着复杂关系。①语素义按照一定的语法关系直接表示词义——胆识。②用语素义的借代、比哈用法构成词义——羽化。③语素义表示了词义的某些内容。——糖衣。④语素义部分失落或模糊——打尖。义位：一个能够独立运用的意义所形成的语义单位叫义位。单义词：是只有一个义位的词。多义词：是具有多个义位的词。本义：就是某个词有文献记载的最早的意义。基本义：指词在现代最常用最主要的意义。引申义：是在词的本义或基本义的基础上引申发展出来的。比喻义：是词或词组的比喻用法逐渐固定下来所形成的意义。义素：是构成义位的最小的语义单位，是通过比较了解义位是得到的词义的区别特征。语义场：是通过不同词之间的对比，根据词义的共同特点或关系划分出来的语义范围。构成语义场的是含有共同的核心义素的一组义位。语义场的类型：分类义场、顺序义场、关系义场、同义义场、反义义场。绝对同义词：绝对同义义场内各义位的理性意义及色彩意义完全相同，在任何语境中都能替换。构成绝对同义义场的义位相同的一组词叫绝对同义词，也叫等义词。相对同义词：相对同义义场内各义位的理性意义及色彩意义不完全相同，在同样的语境中未必都能互相替换，但是构成义位的抽象的、主要的义素必须相同。构成相对同义义场的义位相近的一组词叫相对同义词，也叫近义词。同义词的辨析：1、从词的理性意义上进行辨析：①词义的侧重点不同。②词义的轻重不同。③词义的范围大小不
【导读】10月自学考试在万众瞩目中已然结束了，考试结束后，很多考生喜欢进行分数预估，这就需要找到专业的机构，参考具体的真题答案进行分数预估，今天给大家带来的是10月自学考试《现代汉语》部分真题(网友回忆版)。
术语解释：
21.元音
【答案】发音时口腔、咽头不受阻碍而形成的音叫做元音。
【考点】语音概说
22. 外来词
【答案】外来词又称借词，是指从其他民族语言中吸收的词。包括纯粹音译、音译兼意译、半音译半意译、音译加注、直接借形。
【考点】词汇
23. 同音词
【答案】同音词指的是语音形式完全相同，但是意义完全不同的一组词。
【考点】同音词
简答题：
39.简述词汇的特点
【答案】
(1)现代汉语的词汇双音节词占优势。汉语词形简短，古汉语单音词更多发展到现代汉语，逐渐趋向双音节化，如“目—眼睛”、“石—石头”，有些多音节词也被缩减为双音节词“外交部长——外长”。
(2)广泛使用词根复合法。汉语运用词根复合法，使用词根语素构成词最多，如“江河”、“山峰”等，使用附加法，用词缀语素和词根语素构成的词特别少，比如“袜子、石头“。
【考点】词汇
40.简述倒装句的特点
【答案】
(1)结构可以复位;
(2)语音轻读;
(3)表达重心前置
【考点】句子的变化
关于10月自学考试《现代汉语》部分真题(网友回忆版)，就给大家说到这里了，自考考试成绩一般在考后1-2月左右公布，各地具体规定不一样，大家可以及时关注，祝大家都能取得好成绩!
有配套的指导书啊，书店有买的。